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Quantitative Analysis 2
1.
Number SystemsNumber Systems and
Binary Arithmeticand Binary Arithmetic Quantitative Analysis II Professor Bob Orr
2.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Introduction to NumberingIntroduction to Numbering SystemsSystems We are all familiar with the decimal number system (Base 10). Some other number systems that we will work with are: – Binary → Base 2 – Octal → Base 8 – Hexadecimal → Base 16
3.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Characteristics of NumberingCharacteristics of Numbering SystemsSystems 1) The digits are consecutive. 2) The number of digits is equal to the size of the base. 3) Zero is always the first digit. 4) The base number is never a digit. 5) When 1 is added to the largest digit, a sum of zero and a carry of one results. 6) Numeric values determined by the have implicit positional values of the digits.
4.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Significant DigitsSignificant Digits Binary: 11101101 Most significant digit Least significant digit Hexadecimal: 1D63A7A Most significant digit Least significant digit
5.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Binary Number SystemBinary Number System Also called the “Base 2 system” The binary number system is used to model the series of electrical signals computers use to represent information 0 represents the no voltage or an off state 1 represents the presence of voltage or an on state
6.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Binary Numbering ScaleBinary Numbering Scale Base 2 Number Base 10 Equivalent Power Positional Value 000 0 20 1 001 1 21 2 010 2 22 4 011 3 23 8 100 4 24 16 101 5 25 32 110 6 26 64 111 7 27 128
7.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Binary AdditionBinary Addition 4 Possible Binary Addition Combinations: (1) 0 (2) 0 +0 +1 00 01 (3) 1 (4) 1 +0 +1 01 10 SumCarry Note that leading zeroes are frequently dropped.
8.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Decimal to Binary ConversionDecimal to Binary Conversion The easiest way to convert a decimal number to its binary equivalent is to use the Division Algorithm This method repeatedly divides a decimal number by 2 and records the quotient and remainder – The remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and ones) form the binary equivalent in least significant to most significant digit sequence
9.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Division AlgorithmDivision Algorithm Convert 67 to its binary equivalent: 6710 = x2 Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next row Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next row Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again Step 4: 8 / 2 = 4 R 0 Repeat again Step 5: 4 / 2 = 2 R 0 Repeat again Step 6: 2 / 2 = 1 R 0 Repeat again Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 12
10.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Binary to Decimal ConversionBinary to Decimal Conversion The easiest method for converting a binary number to its decimal equivalent is to use the Multiplication Algorithm Multiply the binary digits by increasing powers of two, starting from the right Then, to find the decimal number equivalent, sum those products
11.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Multiplication AlgorithmMultiplication Algorithm Convert (10101101)2 to its decimal equivalent: Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Positional Values xxxxxxxx 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1Products 17310
12.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Octal Number SystemOctal Number System Also known as the Base 8 System Uses digits 0 - 7 Readily converts to binary Groups of three (binary) digits can be used to represent each octal digit Also uses multiplication and division algorithms for conversion to and from base 10
13.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Decimal to Octal ConversionDecimal to Octal Conversion Convert 42710 to its octal equivalent: 427 / 8 = 53 R3 Divide by 8; R is LSD 53 / 8 = 6 R5 Divide Q by 8; R is next digit 6 / 8 = 0 R6 Repeat until Q = 0 6538
14.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Octal to Decimal ConversionOctal to Decimal Conversion Convert 6538 to its decimal equivalent: 6 5 3 xxx 82 81 80 384 + 40 + 3 42710 Positional Values Products Octal Digits
15.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Octal to Binary ConversionOctal to Binary Conversion Each octal number converts to 3 binary digits To convert 6538 to binary, just substitute code: 6 5 3 110 101 011
16.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Hexadecimal Number SystemHexadecimal Number System Base 16 system Uses digits 0-9 & letters A,B,C,D,E,F Groups of four bits represent each base 16 digit
17.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Decimal to HexadecimalDecimal to Hexadecimal ConversionConversion Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent: 830 / 16 = 51 R14 51 / 16 = 3 R3 3 / 16 = 0 R3 33E16 = E in Hex
18.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Hexadecimal to DecimalHexadecimal to Decimal ConversionConversion Convert 3B4F16 to its decimal equivalent: Hex Digits 3 B 4 F xxx 163 162 161 160 12288 +2816 + 64 +15 15,18310 Positional Values Products x
19.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Binary to HexadecimalBinary to Hexadecimal ConversionConversion The easiest method for converting binary to hexadecimal is to use a substitution code Each hex number converts to 4 binary digits
20.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Convert 0101011010101110011010102 to hex using the 4-bit substitution code : 0101 0110 1010 1110 0110 1010 Substitution CodeSubstitution Code 5 6 A E 6 A 56AE6A16
21.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Substitution code can also be used to convert binary to octal by using 3-bit groupings: 010 101 101 010 111 001 101 010 Substitution CodeSubstitution Code 2 5 5 2 7 1 5 2 255271528
22.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Complementary ArithmeticComplementary Arithmetic 1’s complement – Switch all 0’s to 1’s and 1’s to 0’s Binary # 10110011 1’s complement 01001100
23.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Complementary ArithmeticComplementary Arithmetic 2’s complement – Step 1: Find 1’s complement of the number Binary # 11000110 1’s complement 00111001 – Step 2: Add 1 to the 1’s complement 00111001 + 00000001 00111010
24.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Signed Magnitude NumbersSigned Magnitude Numbers Sign bit 0 = positive 1 = negative 31 bits for magnitude This is your basic Integer format 110010.. …00101110010101
25.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Floating Point NumbersFloating Point Numbers Real numbers must be normalized using scientific notation: 0.1…× 2n where n is an integer Note that the whole number part is always 0 and the most significant digit of the fraction is a 1 – ALWAYS!
26.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Floating Point OperationsFloating Point Operations Before two floating point numbers can be added, the exponents for both numbers must be made equal – hence the term “floating point” NIST Standard Format (32-bit word) 8-bit exponent 23-bit fraction field±
27.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Bias NotationBias Notation The exponent field (8 bits) can be used to represent integers from 0-255 Because of the need for negative exponents to be represented as well, the range is offset or biased from – 128 to + 127 In this way, both very large and very small numbers can be represented
28.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Double PrecisionDouble Precision Double word format that increases both the length of the fraction (precision) but also the size of the bias (magnitude) NIST Standard format (64 bits) 10-bit exponent 53-bit fraction field±
29.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Error ConsiderationsError Considerations The “Hole at Zero” Problem – Regardless of how large an exponent field is, there are still smaller positive and negative numbers about zero that cannot be represented – In bias notation, +2-129 and - 2-129 are beyond the acceptable range – The “Hole at Zero” defines the range of values near zero that cannot be stored
30.
© Copyright 2000
Indiana University Board of Trustees Computational ErrorsComputational Errors When converting base 10 fractions to binary, only those fractions whose values can be expressed as a sum of base 2 fractions will convert evenly All other base 10 fractions feature a least significant bit that is either rounded or truncated – an approximation When two such numbers are multiplied, the rounding error is compounded
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