Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation, Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal, hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3 arithmetic
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
In this slide we have discussed, different arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division for binary numbers. Addition and subtraction operation is achieved using one's complement and two's complement number system.
Contents:
1.What is number system?
2.Conversions of number from one radix to another
3.Complements (1's, 2's, 9's, 10's)
4.Binary Arithmetic ( Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
In this slide we have discussed, different arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division for binary numbers. Addition and subtraction operation is achieved using one's complement and two's complement number system.
A power point presentation on number system which briefly explains the conversion of decimal to binary, binary to decimal, binary to octal, octal to decimal. Ping me at Twitter (https://twitter.com/rishabh_kanth), to Download this Presentation.
Because binary logic is used in all of today´s digital computers and devices, the cost of the circuit that implement it is important factor addressed by designers- be they computer engineers, electrical engineers, or computer scientist.
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
Inductive programming incorporates all approaches which are concerned with learning programs or algorithms from incomplete (formal) specifications. Possible inputs in an IP system are a set of training inputs and corresponding outputs or an output evaluation function, describing the desired behavior of the intended program, traces or action sequences which describe the process of calculating specific outputs, constraints for the program to be induced concerning its time efficiency or its complexity, various kinds of background knowledge such as standard data types, predefined functions to be used, program schemes or templates describing the data flow of the intended program, heuristics for guiding the search for a solution or other biases.
Output of an IP system is a program in some arbitrary programming language containing conditionals and loop or recursive control structures, or any other kind of Turing-complete representation language.
In many applications the output program must be correct with respect to the examples and partial specification, and this leads to the consideration of inductive programming as a special area inside automatic programming or program synthesis, usually opposed to 'deductive' program synthesis, where the specification is usually complete.
In other cases, inductive programming is seen as a more general area where any declarative programming or representation language can be used and we may even have some degree of error in the examples, as in general machine learning, the more specific area of structure mining or the area of symbolic artificial intelligence. A distinctive feature is the number of examples or partial specification needed. Typically, inductive programming techniques can learn from just a few examples.
The diversity of inductive programming usually comes from the applications and the languages that are used: apart from logic programming and functional programming, other programming paradigms and representation languages have been used or suggested in inductive programming, such as functional logic programming, constraint
programming, probabilistic programming
Research on the inductive synthesis of recursive functional programs started in the early 1970s and was brought onto firm theoretical foundations with the seminal THESIS system of Summers[6] and work of Biermann.[7] These approaches were split into two phases: first, input-output examples are transformed into non-recursive programs (traces) using a small set of basic operators; second, regularities in the traces are searched for and used to fold them into a recursive program. The main results until the mid 1980s are surveyed by Smith.[8] Due to
A power point presentation on number system which briefly explains the conversion of decimal to binary, binary to decimal, binary to octal, octal to decimal. Ping me at Twitter (https://twitter.com/rishabh_kanth), to Download this Presentation.
Because binary logic is used in all of today´s digital computers and devices, the cost of the circuit that implement it is important factor addressed by designers- be they computer engineers, electrical engineers, or computer scientist.
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit I Chapter II Number System and Binary Arith...Arti Parab Academics
Binary Arithmetic:
Binary addition, Binary subtraction, Negative number representation,
Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement, Binary
multiplication and division, Arithmetic in octal number system,
Arithmetic in hexadecimal number system, BCD and Excess – 3
arithmetic.
Inductive programming incorporates all approaches which are concerned with learning programs or algorithms from incomplete (formal) specifications. Possible inputs in an IP system are a set of training inputs and corresponding outputs or an output evaluation function, describing the desired behavior of the intended program, traces or action sequences which describe the process of calculating specific outputs, constraints for the program to be induced concerning its time efficiency or its complexity, various kinds of background knowledge such as standard data types, predefined functions to be used, program schemes or templates describing the data flow of the intended program, heuristics for guiding the search for a solution or other biases.
Output of an IP system is a program in some arbitrary programming language containing conditionals and loop or recursive control structures, or any other kind of Turing-complete representation language.
In many applications the output program must be correct with respect to the examples and partial specification, and this leads to the consideration of inductive programming as a special area inside automatic programming or program synthesis, usually opposed to 'deductive' program synthesis, where the specification is usually complete.
In other cases, inductive programming is seen as a more general area where any declarative programming or representation language can be used and we may even have some degree of error in the examples, as in general machine learning, the more specific area of structure mining or the area of symbolic artificial intelligence. A distinctive feature is the number of examples or partial specification needed. Typically, inductive programming techniques can learn from just a few examples.
The diversity of inductive programming usually comes from the applications and the languages that are used: apart from logic programming and functional programming, other programming paradigms and representation languages have been used or suggested in inductive programming, such as functional logic programming, constraint
programming, probabilistic programming
Research on the inductive synthesis of recursive functional programs started in the early 1970s and was brought onto firm theoretical foundations with the seminal THESIS system of Summers[6] and work of Biermann.[7] These approaches were split into two phases: first, input-output examples are transformed into non-recursive programs (traces) using a small set of basic operators; second, regularities in the traces are searched for and used to fold them into a recursive program. The main results until the mid 1980s are surveyed by Smith.[8] Due to
The 8th Digital Learning session - this time on the Binary number system.
There are walkthroughs on how to carry out the following arithmetic actions in binary:
Conversion
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Aimed at the BTEC Unit 26 Maths for I.T module but great for all related purposes.
UNIT-II ARITHMETIC FOR COMPUTERS
Addition and Subtraction – Multiplication – Division – Floating Point Representation – Floating Point Addition and Subtraction.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
Numbering system, binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, hexadecimal number system.
Code conversion, Conversion from one number system to another, floating point numbers
Introduction to the Data Link Layer, Types of errors, redundancy and coding. Block coding, Error detection, error correction. Linear block codes. Cyclic codes(CRC), Checksum method.
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
Information Systems and Knowledge ManagementMeenakshi Paul
Information Systems and Knowledge
Management, Information, data and Intelligence, The Characteristics of Valuable Information, Relevance, Quality, Timeliness, Completeness, Knowledge Management, Global Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Databases and Data Warehousing, Input Management, Computerized Data Archives Networks and Electronic Data Interchange, The Internet and Research
The Role of Business Research, The Nature of Business Research, Business Research Defined, Applied and Basic Business Research , The Scientific method, Managerial Value of business Research, Identifying Problems or Opportunities, Diagnosing and Assessing Problems or Opportunities, Selecting and Implementing a Course of Action, Evaluating the Course of Action, When Is Business Research Needed?, Time Constraints, Availability of Data, Nature of the Decision, Benefits versus Costs, Business Research in the Twenty-First Century, Communication Technologies, Global Business Research
Analog Transmission, data communication
Digital-to-analog conversion, analog-to-analog conversion, Digital to Digital conversion, Analog to Digital Conversion, Amplitude Shift Keying , Frequency Shift Keying, Phase Shift Keying,Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase Modulation (PM)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. BinaryArithmetic
• Binary arithmetic is essential part of all the digital
computers and many other digital system.
• Binary arithmetic is used in digital systems mainly
because the numbers (decimal and floating-point
numbers) are stored in binary format in most
computer systems.
• All arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division are done
in binary representation of numbers.
3. Binary Addition
The steps used for a computer to complete
addition are usually greater than a human, but
their processing speed is far superior.
RULES
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 (With 1 to carry)
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 (With 1 to carry)
13. Binary Subtraction
Computers have trouble performing
subtractions so the following rule should be
employed:
“X – X is the same as
X + -X”
This is where two’s complement is used.
24. Binary Multiplication
Multiplication follows the general principal of
shift and add.
The rules include:
0 * 0 = 0
0 * 1 = 0
1 * 0 = 0
1 * 1 = 1
25. Binary Multiplication
EXAMPLE 1
Complete 15 * 5 in binary.
3. Convert to binary
15 = 000011112
5 = 000001012
6. Ignore any insignificant zeros.
000011112
000001012
x
26. Binary Multiplication
EXAMPLE 1
2. Multiply the first number.
1 1 1 12
1 0 1 2
1 1 1 1
7. Now this is where the shift and takes place.
x
1111 x 1 = 1111
27. Binary Multiplication
EXAMPLE 1
2. Shift one place to the left and multiple the
second digit.
1 1 1 12
1 0 1 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
x
1111 x 0 = 0000
Shift One Place
28. Binary Multiplication
EXAMPLE 1
2. Shift one place to the left and multiple the
third digit.
1 1 1 12
1 0 1 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
x
1111 x 1 = 1111
Shift One Place
29. Binary Multiplication
EXAMPLE 1
2. Add the total of all the steps.
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
8. Convert back to decimal to check.
+
31. Binary Division
Division in binary is similar to long division in
decimal.
It uses what is called a shift and subtract
method.
32. Binary Division
EXAMPLE 1
Complete 575 / 25 using long division.
2.
0
25 575
Take the first digit of 575 (5) and see if 25
will go into it.
If it can not put a zero above and take the
next number.
02 How many times does 25 go into 57?
2. 25 575
TWICE
33. Binary Division
02 How much is left over?
2. 25 575 57 – (25 * 2) = 7
50
7
02
Drop down the next value
2. 25 575
50
75
35. Binary Division
Complete the following:
25/5
Step 1: Convert both numbers to binary.
25 = 1 1 0 0 1
5 = 1 0 1
Step 2: Place the numbers accordingly:
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
36. Binary Division
Step 3: Determine if 1 0 1 (5) will fit into the
first bit of dividend.
1 0 1 1
1 0 1(5) will not fit into 1(1)
Step 4: Place a zero above the first bit and try
the next bit.
1 1 0 0
37. Binary Division
1 1 0 0
Step 5: Determine if 1 0 1 (5) will fit into the
next two bits of dividend.
0
1 0 1 1
1 0 1(5) will not fit into 1 1(3)
Step 6: Place a zero above the second bit and
try the next bit.
38. Binary Division
• Step 7: Determine if 1 0 1 (5) will fit into the
next three bits of dividend.
• 0 0
• 1 0 1 1
• 1 0 1(5) will fit into 1 1 0(6)
• Step 8: Place a one above the third bit and
times it by the divisor (1 0 1)
1 1 0 0
39. Binary Division
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
A subtraction should take place, however you
cannot subtract in binary. Therefore, the two’s
complement of the 2nd number must be found and
the two numbers added together to get a result.
Step 9: The multiplication of the divisor should be
placed under the THREE bits you have used.
0 0 1
41. Binary Division
0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 1 0
Step 11: Determine if 1 0 1 will fit into the remainder
0 0 1. The answer is no so you must bring down the
next number.
0 0 1
1 0 1
+
42. Binary Division
0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1
+
Step 12: 1 01 does not fit into 0 0 1 0. Therefore, a
zero is placed above the last bit. And the next number
is used.
0 0 1 0
43. Binary Division
0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
+
0 0 1 0 1
+
0 1 1
Step 13: 1 0 1 does fit into 1 0 1 so therefore, a one is
placed above the final number and the process of shift
and add must be continued.
0 0 1 0 1
64. Subtraction by 2’s Complement
• The operation is carried out by means of the following
steps:
• At first, 2’s complement of the subtrahend is found.
• Then it is added to the minuend.
• If the final carry over of the sum is 1, it is dropped and
the result is positive.
• If there is no carry over, the two’s complement of the
sum will be the result and it is negative.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Octal Arithmetic
• Octal rules are similar to the decimal or binary arithmetic.
• This number system is normally used to enter long strings of
binary data into a digital system like a microcomputer.
• This makes the task of entering binary data in a
microcomputer easier.
• Arithmetic operations can be performed by converting the
octal numbers to binary numbers and then using the rules of
binary arithmetic.
73. Hexadecimal Arithmetic
• Hexadecimal rules are similar to the decimal,
octal or binary arithmetic.
• The information can be handled only in binary
form in a digital circuit and it Is easier to enter the
information using hexadecimal number system.
• Arithmetic operations can be performed by
converting the Hexadecimal numbers to binary
numbers and then using the rules of binary
arithmetic.
79. BCD Subtraction
• Rules
– If EAC(end around carry)=1 then transfer true result of
adder 1
• If Cn=1, 0000 added in adder 2
• If cn =0, 1010 added in adder 2
– If EAC=0 then transfer 1’s compliment of result of adder
1
• If cn=1, 1010 added in adder 2
• If cn =0, 0000 added in adder 2
• If any carry generated in adder 2 discard it.
82. Excess3 Addition Rules
Step 1
– Convert the numbers into excess 3 forms by adding 0011
Step 2
– Two numbers are added using the basic laws of binary addition
Step 3
– Now which of the four groups have produced a carry we have to
add 0011 with them and subtract 0011 from the groups which
have not produced a carry during the addition.
Step 4
– The result which we have obtained after this operation is in
Excess 3 form and this is our desired result
84. Excess 3 Code Subtraction
• Step 1
Like the previous method both the numbers have to be converted
into excess 3 code
• Step 2
Following the basic methods of binary subtraction, subtraction is
done
• Step 3
Subtract ‘0011’ from each BCD four-bit group in the answer if the
subtraction operation of the relevant four-bit groups required a
borrow from the next higher adjacent four-bit group
• Step 4
Add ‘0011’ to the remaining four-bit groups, if any, in the result.