The document summarizes information about the Kakrapar Nuclear Power Plant located in Gujarat, India. It consists of two 220 MW pressurized heavy water reactors (KAPS 1 and 2) and plans are underway to construct additional reactors KAPS 3 and 4 with a capacity of 700 MW each. Key details provided include the plant layout, construction details of various components, operating statistics and safety records. Both the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power are briefly discussed as well as India's current nuclear energy program.

1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
AT KAKARAPAR
(SUBJECT:POWER PLANT ENGINGEERING)
GUIDED BY : PROF. J.P.HADIYA
PREPARED BY - NAITIK SHAH
(15ME529)

2. WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY?
• Nuclear energy is a powerful source of energy, generated during a nuclear reaction, by change
in the nucleus of an atom. The source of nuclear energy is the mass of the nucleus and energy
generated during a nuclear reaction is due to conversion of mass into energy.
• Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear
power plants provide about 5.7% of the world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity.
There were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation Iin the world, operating in 31 countries.

3. TWO WAYS TO OBTAIN NUCLEAR ENERGY:
1. Nuclear fission 2. Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fission reaction,
the nucleus of a heavy radioactive
element like uranium, plutonium or
thorium splits up into smaller
nuclei, when bombarded by low
energy neutrons. A huge amount of
heat is generated in this process,
which is used in nuclear power
plants to generate electricity.

4. APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR FISSION
• USE IN ATOMIC BOMB USE IN NUCLEAR REACTOR

5. NUCLEAR FUSION
Nuclear fusion reaction
involves the combination or
fusion of two light elements to
form a heavier element and
release uncontrollable energy.
When two hydrogen atom react
with each other and form helium
and release energy equal to
loss in mass.

6. SOURCE OF SUN’S ENERGY
The heat and light that we get from Sun, is
all due to the continuous reactions going on
inside it. By this reaction, loss of mass of
atom is coverted to heat and light(By law
of albert Einstein e= 1/2mv2)

7. BOTH NUCLEAR PLANT
AND NUCLEAR WEAPON
USES SAME ATOMIC
THEORY FOR RELEASE
ENERGY

8. Nuclear map of India

10. • Kakrapar Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power station in India, which lies in the
proximity of the city of Vyara in the state of Gujarat. It consists of two 220 MW
pressurized water reactors with heavy water as moderator (PHWR). The construction costs
originally were estimated to be 3.8252 billion rupees, the plant was finally finished at a
price of 13.35 billion rupees. Construction of units 3&4 started in November 2010. In
January 2003, KAPS Unit-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 because of a leakage in the
cooling loop and began commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May
1993. KAPS Unit-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production in
September 1, 1995. CANDU Owners Group (COG) declared K.A.P.S. as the best
performing pressurized heavy water reactor.
About Plant

11. • Nuclear power corporation of India limited(NPCIL) is Public Sector Enterprise
under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy
(DAE),Government of India. It was established on 17th September, 1987.There are
20 units running under the NPCIL all over the India. Approximated installed
capacity is 4780Mwe.
• All the Nuclear power plants are ISO-14001 and IS-18001 certified. The nuclear
power plants under NPCIL are situated at Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkum,
Narora, Kakrapar and Kaiga. The type of reactors is BWR or PHWR.
• By the safety point of view, the kakarapar nuclear plant has best safety technics in
india.

12. LOCATION : KAKRAPAR, SURAT, GUJARAT
Unit Reactor Type Capacity(MWe) Date of Commercial
Operation
1 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR) 220 May 6, 1993
2 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR) 220 September 1, 1995

14. KAKARAPAR PLANT

15. Constructional Data of Units
Main plant area: - 1000 * 700 m2 Excavation earth and rock: - 387000 m3
Concrete / Cement: - 235000 MT / 131000MT
Structural steel/RE steel: - 15000 MT/ 25000MT Piping/ SS tubing: -55 km
Power and control cable: - 190km and 250km Tallest Structure: - Unit 1 NDG (126.5m)
Technical Data
Type of reactor: - PHWR
Gross electricity generation: - 2* 200MWe Type of Fuel: - Natural Uranium
Primary coolant: - Heavy water(D2O)
Number of bundles: - 3672 Number of coolant channel: - 306 Length of bundle: - 49.5cm
Diameter of bundle: -8.15cm Weight of bundle: - 16.5kg
Weight of uranium oxide cell: -15kg

16. Units under Construction:-
In Kakrapar nuclear power plant there are two PHWR reactors named as KAPS-1 and
KAPS-2. Both can generate electricity of 200MWe to 220MWe.KAPS-3 and KAPS-4
plants are under construction and their capacity to produce electricity of 700MWe.
Expected date of commercial operation of KAPS – 3 AND KAPS – 4 are June – 2015 and
December – 2015 respectively.
Calandria:
End Shield:
Channel:
Made of stainless steel, 6.05m of diameter, 4.65m of length
Diameter of end shield is 5.2m
5.33 m of zircoallytube (coolant tube)
Details of Constructional Element

17. The plant consists of following components:-
1.Reactor Building (RB) – 1 & 2
2.Turbine Building (TB) – 1 & 2
3.Service Building
4.CW Pump House
5.Natural Draft Cooling Tower (NDCT) – 1 & 2
6.Induced Draft Cooling Tower (IDCT) – 1 & 2
7.Demineraliser Plant (DM Plant)
8.220 KV Switch yard
9.Stack
10.Canteen Building
11.Administrative Building
12.Ware House

18. 1.Reactor building (RB) – 1 & 2 :-
It consists of
a.Calandria
b.Primary Heat Transport Pump and Moderator System
c.Control and Shutdown
a. Calandria :-
This contains Uranium-236 R as a fuel integral with end shields.
b.Primary Heat Transport Pump and Moderator System:-
Primary heat transport system circulates heavy water through the fuel in the coolant
channels to extract the heat generated in the fuel by fission.
c.Control and Shutdown :-
Power generation is controlled and adjusted through reactivity regulating system. It consists
two shutdown systems, primary shutdown system consists 14 nos. Of mechanical rods & secondary
comprises of 12 nos. Of liquid poison tubes.

19. 2.Turbine Building (TB) – 1 & 2:-
The heat energy from reactor is transferred by PHT systems to light water in steam
generators. Steam with 40 kg/sq.cm and temperature of 250 Celsius is
supplied to the turbo generator through main steam headers.
There are two types of turbines are used in plant:
a.impulse turbines
b.reaction turbines
3.Service Building:-
It includes new fuel room, spent fuel storage bay, light water auxiliary cooling
equipment, chemical laboratory, ventilation system and access to the reactor
building.
4.Natural Draft Cooling Tower (NDCT) – 1 & 2:-
“It is naturally drawn cooling tower. It possess a typical structure with large base
for strength & roof
comparatively smaller for venturrie effect”.

20. 5.Induced Draft Cooling Tower (IDCT) – 1 & 2:-
It is mechanically drawn cooling tower with smaller height as compare to NDCT. In this cooling tower
water is splited into droplets for decreasing it's temperature.
6.Demineraliser Plant (DM Plant):-
This plant demineralises water for controlling its conductivity and protecting the pipe from
cavitation.Pipes are made from NIOBIUM for controlling ductile to brittle transition.
7.220 Kv Switchyard:-
The switchyard has 13 bays. Each bay contains isolators , current transformers, lighting arrestors, wave
traps and capacitor voltage transformer.
Station electric power is evacuated through seven nnumber of 220KV lines connecting to the Gujarat electricity
board grid network, two lines to Haldarva (near Bharuch), two to Vapi, two to Vav (near Surat) and one to Ukai
Thermal power station (interconnection).
8. STACK:-
Stack provide for the controlled release of gaseous effluents after filtration and dilution which is made of
prestressed concrete of 100 m height.

21. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A
NUCLEAR REACTOR

22. Previous Years Generation Statistics
Uni
t
Year Gross
Generation(MUs)
Capacity Factor
(%)
Availability Factor
(%)
1 2016-2017 0 0 0
1 2015-2016 1608 83 82
1 2014-2015 1943 101 99
1 2013-2014 1862 97 94
2 2016-2017 0 0 0
2 2015-2016 421 22 24
2 2014-2015 1586 82 88
2 2013-2014 1891 98 100

23. Nuclear power is 4th source of power generation in India.
 Total installed capacity is 4780MW.

24. ADVANTAGES
Almost 0 emissions (very low green house gas emission).
They can be sited almost anywhere unlike which is mostly
imported.
The plants almost never experience problems if not from human
error, which almost never happens anyway because the plant
only needs like 10 people to operate it.
A small amount of matter creates a big amount of energy.
A lot of energy is generated from a single power plant. Current
highest nuclear waste in the US

25. Modern reactors have two to ten times
more efficiency than the old generation
reactors currently.
New reactor types have been designed to
make it physically impossible to melt down.
As the core gets hotter the reaction gets
slower, hence a run-away reaction leading
to a melt-down is not possible.

26. DISADVANTAGES
Nuclear plants are more
expensive to build and maintain.
Waste products are dangerous
and need to be carefully stored for
long periods of time. The spent
fuel is highly radioactive and has
to be carefully stored for many
years or decades after use. This
adds to the costs.

27. There is presently no adequate safe long-term
storage for radioactive and chemical waste
Nuclear power plants can be dangerous to its
surroundings and employees. It would cost a
lot to clean in case of spillages.
There exist safety concerns if the plant is not
operated correctly or conditions arise that
were unforeseen when the plant was
developed, as happened at the Fukushima
plant in Japan.

28. nuclear plants can render hundreds of square
miles of land uninhabitable and unsuitable for any
use for years, decades or longer, and kill off
entire river systems .
A lot of waste from early reactors was stored in
containers meant for only a few decades, but is
well past expiration and, resulting, leaks are

29. INDIA’S NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source ofelectricity
in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable
sources of electricity.
As of 2012, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation
in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780 MW
while seven other reactors are under construction
and are expected to generate an additional
5,300 MW.
India has been making advances in the field ofthorium-
based fuels, working to design and develop a prototype
for an atomic reactor.

30. The country has also recently re-initiated
its involvement in the LENR research
activities , in addition to supporting work
done in the fusion power area through
the ITER initiative.
Using thorium and low-enriched
uranium, a key part of India's three
stage nuclear power programme .