This document provides an overview of nuclear power plants. It discusses nuclear fuel, the nuclear fission process, and nuclear chain reactions. It describes the main components of a nuclear power plant including the fuel tubes, shielding, moderator, control rods, coolant, containment, steam generators, turbines, and cooling towers. It also discusses common reactor types like boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors. Finally, it provides information on nuclear power programs worldwide and in Bangladesh specifically, as well as advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.

1. Topic-NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Presented By:
Ratan Kumar Debnath
Dept:EEE
ID:123-33-1136
Daffodil International University

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Nuclear fuel
 Nuclear fission process
 Nuclear chain reaction
 Constituents of Nuclear power plant
 Types of power reactors commonly used
 World’s Nuclear power program
 Bangladesh Nuclear power program
 Advantages and Disadvantages

3. NUCLEAR FUEL
Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear energy. The
most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be made to undergo
nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor.
The most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are
used in fission chain reactions.
NUCLEAR FISSION
When a neutron strikes an atom of Uranium, the Uranium splits into two lighter
atoms and releases heat simultaneously.
Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large
amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the
fragments.

4. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission produce
an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces
neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear
power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons.
U235 + n → fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions doubles
each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions and in 80
generations about 6 x 10 23
(a mole) fissions.

5. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION

6. NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are
initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a
nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a
second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion.

7. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

8. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
 Fuel Tube -
• Tube filled with pellets of Uranium
 Shielding -
• Protection against alpha, beta and Gamma Rays
 Moderator -
• Slow down the neutron release(Heavy water, Beryllium, Graphite)
 Control Rods -
• Control rods made of a material material (boron Carbide, cadmium) that
absorbs neutrons are inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that
can rise or lower the control rods.
• The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like, boron,
cadmium or indium.

9. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
 Coolant -
• To transfer the heat generated inside the reactor to a heat exchanger for
utilization of power generation
• Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant
 Containment -
• Concrete lined cavity acting as a radiation shield
 Steam Generators-
• Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into steam
from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core
 Steam Separator -
• Steam from the heated coolant is fed to the turbines to produce
electricity from generator

10. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
 Steam Turbine -
• A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy
from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical
• Various high-performance alloys and super alloys have been used for
steam generator tubing
 Coolant Pump -
• The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the order of
155bar
• The pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant with the
help of the pump and a pressurizer unit.

11. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
 Feed Pump -
• Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the condenser for
condensation and re-circulated for the next cycle of operation
• The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the working fluid loop.
 Condenser-
• Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor into
liquid
• The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust pressure
to increase the efficiency and to recover high quality feed water in the
form of condensate & feed back it to the steam generator without any
further treatment.

12. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT
 Cooling Towers-
• Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste
heat to the atmosphere
• Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the cooling tower
for cooling and reuse

13. TYPES OF POWER REACTORS COMMONLY
USED
 Boiling water Reactor(BWR)
 Pressurized water Reactor(PWR)
 Sodium Graphite Reactor(SGR)
 Fast Breeder Reactor(FBR)

14. BOILING WATER REACTOR (BWR)
Coolant absorbed the heat in this reactor enriched uranium (enriched uranium
contain more fissionable isotope U(235) than the naturally percentage 0.7%)
is used as nuclear fuel and water is used as coolant. Water enters the reactor at
the bottom. it taken up the heat generated due to the fission of the fuel and
gets
Converted into steam. Steam leaves the reactor at the top and flows to the
Turbine. Water also serves as
moderator. After doing useful
work, steam passes to the
condenser and by feed pump
again goes to the reactor .

15. PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR (PWR)
Coolant absorbed the heat in this reactor enriched uranium (enriched
Uranium contain more fissionable isotope U(235) than the naturally
percentage 0.7%) is used as nuclear fuel and water is used as coolant. Water
Passes through the reactor, core & taken heat from the reactor .in order that
Water may not boil & remain
In liquid state . It is kept under
As pressure of 1200 by the
pressurise.This enable water to
Take up more heat from the
reactor . After doing useful
work, steam passes to the
condenser and by feed pump
again goes to the reactor .

16. FAST BREEDER REACTOR(FDR)
In fast breeder reactor, the core surrounding U(235) is surrounded by a blanket or
Fertile material U(238). In this reactor no moderator is used. The fast moving
reactor liberated due to fission of U(235) are absorbed by U(238) which gets
Converted into fissionable material Pu(239) which is capable of sustaining chain
Reaction. Thus this reactor is important because if breeder fissionable material
From fertile material U(238). This reactor
uses two liquid meta coolant circuits. Liquid
Sodium is used an primary coolant when
circulated through the tubes of intermediate
heat exchange then it transfer heat to
secondary coolant sodium potassium alloy.
The secondary coolant while flowing through
the tubes of steam generator transfer its heat
to feed water.

17. WORLD’S NUCLEAR POWER
PROGRAM

18. Source: International Energy Outlook 2010

19. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT STATUS IN TH E
WORLD
Present Status (As of Aug 2011)
*No of Units in Operation:432
*Total Installed Capacity: 365837 (MWe)
*No of Units under Construction: 62
*Total Installed Capacity: 62862 (MWe) (Source: IAEA)

20. (Source: IAEA)

22. Bangladesh first conceived building a nuclear power plant in 1961. The Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission was established after independence in 1973. The
country currently operates a TRIGA research reactor at the Atomic Energy
Research Establishment in Savar.
More recently, in 2001 Bangladesh adopted a national Nuclear Power Action
Plan.On 24 June 2007, Bangladesh's government announced plans to build a
nuclear power plant to meet electricity shortages.In May 2010, Bangladesh
entered into a civilian nuclear agreement with the Russian Federation. It also has
framework agreements for peaceful nuclear energy applications with the US,
France and China.
In February 2011, Bangladesh reached an agreement with Russia to build the
2,000 megawatt (MW) Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant with two reactors, each of
which will generate 1,200 MW of power. The nuclear power plant will be built at
Ruppur, on the banks of the Padma River, in the Ishwardi subdistrict of Pabna, in
the northwest of the country. The RNPP is estimated to cost up to US$2 billion,
and start operating by 2021.The inter-governmental agreement (IGA) was
officially signed on 2 November 2011.[5]
On 29 May 2013 Bangladesh's Prime Minister declared that a second nuclear power
plant will be constructed on an inland river island in southern region of the
country.

23. ADVANTAGES
 Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide
(CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear
power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.
 This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first.
 It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant.
Highly Concentrated Source of Energy
1 kg wood: 1 kW·h
1 kg coal: 3 kW·h
1 kg oil: 4 kW·h
1 kg uranium: 50 000 kW·h
(3 500 000 kW·h with reprocessing)
 Nuclear Power: a Compact Source
Typical Fossil & Nuclear Sites : 1–4 km²
Solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV ) parks : 20–50 km²
Wind fields : 50–150 km²
Biomass plantations : 4000–6000 km² (a province)

24. DISADVANTAGES
 The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.
 High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security.
 The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce resource,
its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the
actual demand.
 Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste cloud be preferred targets for
terrorist attacks.
 During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is production,
which in turn can be used for production of nuclear weapons.