This document provides information about nuclear reactors through a presentation with 32 slides. It begins with introducing the basic structure and layout of a nuclear power plant. It then discusses the benefits of nuclear power and how a plant works by using uranium fuel to produce heat through nuclear fission. The presentation explains where the energy comes from during fission and includes diagrams of key reactor components like the core, moderator, and shielding. It also classifies different types of reactors and describes several basic reactor systems in more detail like pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors.
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
PWR is the most common type of nuclear reactor, representing about 60% of all nuclear power reactors in the world.
PWRs keep water under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil.
Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the radioactivity stays in the reactor area.
Light Water Cooled
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
PWR is the most common type of nuclear reactor, representing about 60% of all nuclear power reactors in the world.
PWRs keep water under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil.
Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the radioactivity stays in the reactor area.
Light Water Cooled
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
Nuclear fission is a process by which certain heavy atomic nuclei split into two, most often after collision with a neutron. The process produces heat and also releases neutrons; these neutrons can go on to cause further fissions, allowing a chain reaction to be sustained. Fission is the basic reaction that underlies our use of nuclear energy.
The 4.2km² site is in the Niigata Prefecture city of Kashiwazaki and the town of Kariwa, approximately 135 miles north-west of Tokyo, on the coast of the Sea of Japan.
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is also the world's fourth largest electric-generating station behind three hydroelectric plants: Itaipu on the Brazil-Paraguay border, Three Gorges Dam in China and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
Like all power plants in Japan, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa was built to strict earthquake-resistance standards. However, the 2007 earthquake caused the plant to leak radioactive substances into the air and water. The plant, which has been operating since 1985, was closed until safety checks following the earthquake were completed. The plant was reopened in May 2009.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
8. How a Nuclear Power Plant
Works: Fuel
Uranium-238 atoms are split apart in a process called
nuclear fission.
As more and more atoms split inside the reactor, a large
amount of heat is produced.
28 June 2014 8
11. Where Does the Energy Come From?:
When an 235U atom fissions:-
235U + 1 neutron 2 neutrons + 92Kr + 142Ba + ENERGY
The mass seems to be the same on both sides of the
reaction:
235 + 1 = 2 + 92 + 142 = 236
28 June 2014 11
12. IT SEEMS THAT NO MASS IS CONVERTED INTO
ENERGY. HOWEVER, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY
CORRECT. THE MASS OF AN ATOM IS MORE THAN
THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL MASSES OF ITS
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, WHICH IS WHAT THOSE
NUMBERS REPRESENT. EXTRA MASS IS A RESULT OF
THE BINDING ENERGY THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS
AND NEUTRONS OF THE NUCLEUS TOGETHER. THUS,
WHEN THE URANIUM ATOM IS SPLIT, SOME OF THE
ENERGY THAT HELD IT TOGETHER IS RELEASED AS
RADIATION IN THE FORM OF HEAT. BECAUSE
ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME, THE
ENERGY RELEASED IS ALSO MASS RELEASED.
THEREFORE, THE TOTAL MASS DOES DECREASE A
TINY BIT DURING THE REACTION.
28 June 2014 12
13. MAIN PART OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AND
REACTOR CONTROL
CORE
FULE RODS
Control Rods
MODERATOR
Coolant OUT
Coolant IN
STEAM
TO
STEAM
TURBINE
RADIATION SHIELDREFLECTOR
HEAT
EXCHANGER OR
STEAM
GENERATOR
28 June 2014 13
14. Containment Vessel
1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall
3-foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall
5-foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield
4-foot thick leaded concrete with
1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and
out
Reactor Vessel
4- to 8-inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall
1.5-foot thick concrete
28 June 2014 14
15. Multiple Layers to Safety
45 inch steel-reinforced concrete
1/4 inch steel liner
36 inch concrete shielding
8 inch steel reactor vessel
nuclear fuel assemblies
28 June 2014 15
16. MAIN COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
FUEL
MODERATOR
REFLECTOR
COOLANT
CONTROL RODS
SHIELDING28 June 2014 16
17. FUEL:-
THE FUEL WHICH USUALLY USED IS
NATURAL U-235. IT IS USED IN THE
FORM OF RODS AND MODERATOR
SURROUNDS IT.
28 June 2014 17
18. MODERATOR:-
THE FUNCTION OF MODERATOR IS TO
REDUCE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRON
EVOLVED DURING FISSION INORDER TO
MAINTAIN THE CHAIN REACTION.IT
ALSO REDUCES THE QUANTITY OF FUEL
REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE CHAIN
REACTION.
28 June 2014 18
19. REFLECTOR:-
DURING THE CHAIN REACTION SOME
NEUTORN WHICH ESCAPE FROM THE
SURFACE OF THE CORE WITHOUT
TAKING PART IN THE FISSION ARE
REFLECTED BACK INTO THE CORE TO
TAKE PART IN THE FISSION REACTION.
28 June 2014 19
20. COOLANT:-
THE PURPOSE OF THE COOLANT IS TO
TRANSFER THE GENERATED HEAT TO
GENERATE THE STEAM. THE COOLENT IS
CIRCULATED IN THE REACTOR AND
KEEPS AND KEEPS THE TEMPRATURE OF
THE TEMPRATURE BELOW THE SAFE
LEVEL BY CONTINEOUS REMOVAL OF
ENERGY FROM THE CORE.
28 June 2014 20
21. CONTROL RODS:-
THE CONTROLS RODS HELPS TO VARY
THE OUTPUT ACCORDING TO THE LOAD
AND SHUT DOWN THE REACTOR UNDER
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS. BY
ABSORBING MORE NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS THAN EMITTED AND THE
FISSION REACTION DIES OUT.
28 June 2014 21
22. SHIELDING:-
THE REACTOR IS THE SOURES OF
INTENSE RDIO-ACTIVITY AND THESE
RADIATION ARE VERY HARMFUL TO THE
HUMAN LIFE. TO PREVENT THAT A THICK
CONCRETE LINING OUTSIDE AND THIN
STEEL LINING IS PROVIDED TO AVOID
THE ESCAPE OF RADIATIONS TO THE
ATMOSPHERE.
28 June 2014 22
23. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
On The Basis Of Neutron Energy
IN THERMAL REACTOR / neutron energy ( 0.03 ev)
IN FAST REACTOR / neutron energy (1000 ev)
IN INTERMEDIATE REACTOR / ( in b/w )
On The Basis Of Fuel
One of the material can be use
U-233 , U-235 , PU-239
On The Basis Of Type Of Coolant Used
GAS (CO2, H2)
LIGHT WATER
HEAVY WATER
LIQUID METALHYDRO CARBON
HYDROCARBON
28 June 2014 23
24. On The Basis Of Moderator Used
Light Water
Heavy water
Graphite
Organics
On The Basis of Type of Fuel Enrichment
Natural Fuel
Enriched Fuel
On The Basis of Geometry of Fuel Moderator
Arrangement
Homogeneous( fuel is homogeneously dispersed in the
moderator)
Heterogeneous( fuel in the form of rod or plates in the
matrices of moderator)
28 June 2014 24
25. On The Basis Of Their Applications, Function
And Construction
Research teaching and material testing reactor
Plutonium production reactor which produce fissile
material from fertile material or produce isotopes
Power reactors
Stationary power plant
Center station power reactor
Package reactor for easy mobility, specially for
defense purpose
Mobile reactor , Naval reactor , merchant ship
reactor
Space reactor which are used in space craft
Food irradiation reactor
28 June 2014 25
26. BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM
Pressurized water reactor
Boiling water reactor
Sodium graphite reactor
Fast breeder reactor
Homogeneous reactor
Organic cooled and moderator reactor
Gas cooled reactor
High temperature gas cooled reactor
28 June 2014 26