ppt about nuclear power plants

1. Nuclear
Power
Plant
ATHUL RAJ.R
S4 EEE
Roll No : 6
VAST – TC
10 February 2024

2. •It is a thermal power station in which the heat source is
a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional
thermalpower stations the heat is used to generate steam
which drives a steam turbine connected to
a generator which produces electricity.
•As of 16 January 2013, the IAEA report there are
439 nuclear power reactors in operation operating in
31 countries.
•Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base
load stations, since fuel is a small part of the cost of
production.
Nuclear Power Plants
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3.  Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source
of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewabl
e sources of electricity.
 As of 2014, India has 21 nuclear reactors in operation in
7 nuclear power plants, generating 5,780 MW while five other
plants are under construction and are expected to generate
an additional 5700 MW.
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Nuclear Power Plants

4. FIRST NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN
INDIA
 Tarapur Atomic Power Station
(T.A.P.S.) was the first nuclear power
plant in India. The construction of the
plant was started in 1962 and the
plant went operational in 1969.
 The 320 MW Tarapur nuclear power
station housed two 160 MW boiling
water reactors (BWRs), the first in
Asia.
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5. World Nuclear Power Plants
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6. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
POWER
PLANT
STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL
CAPACITY
(MW)
TARAPUR Maharashtra BWR
PHWR
160 X 2
540 X 2
1400
KAIGA KARNATAKA PHWR 220 X 4 880
KAKRAPAR GUJARAT PHWR 220 x 2 440
KALPAKKAM TAMILNADU PHWR 220 x 2 440
NARORA UTTAR
PREDESH
PHWR 220 x 2 440
RAWATBHATA RAJASTHAN PHWR 100 X 1
200 X 1
220 X 4
1180
KUDANKULAM TAMILNADU VVER-1000 1000 X 1 1000
TOTAL 21 5780
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7. • In a nuclear-fueled power plant – much
like a fossil-fueled power plant – water
is turned into steam, which in turn
drives turbine generators to produce
electricity. The difference is the source
of heat. At nuclear power plants, the
heat to make the steam is created when
uranium atoms split – called fission.
There is no combustion in a nuclear
reactor. Here’s how the process works.
The Process
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8. NUCLEAR FISSION
When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the
uranium splits into two lighter atoms and releases
heat simultaneously.
Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic
reaction which can release large amounts of
energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as
kinetic energy of the fragments
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9. NUCLEAR FISSION
 235U + 1n 141Ba +92 Kr + 3n
 ENERGY FORMED = M X 931.5 MeV
 MASS DEFECT, M= TOTAL MASS OF REACTANTS –TOTAL
MASS OF PRODUCTS
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FISSION

10. Nuclear Energy Comes
From Fission
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Uranium atom
Neutrons
Spit atoms

11. Heat
Splitting Atoms Releases
Neutrons, Making Heat
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Neutrons

12. Heat Produces Steam,
Generating Electricity
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Heat
Steam
produced
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Electricity

13. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION
 A chain reaction refers to a process in which
neutrons released in fission produce an
additional fission in at least one further
nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces
neutrons, and the process repeats. If the
process is controlled it is used for nuclear
power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear
weapons
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14. CHAIN REACTION
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15. SYSTEMS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Nuclear reactors
Steam turbine
Generator
 Cooling system
Safety valves
Feed water pump
Emergency power supply
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16. 10 February 2024

17. NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear
chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and
sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a
nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs
in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled
causing an explosions.
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18. NUCLEAR REACTOR
2 types,
Boiling water reactor
Pressurized water reactor
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19. Pressurized Water Reactor
Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs) keep water
under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil. This heated
water is circulated through tubes in steam generators, allowing
the water in the steam generators to turn to steam, which then
turns the turbine generator. Water from the reactor and the water
that is turned into steam are in separate systems and do not mix.
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20. Boiling Water Reactor
In Boiling Water Reactors (also known as BWRs),
the water heated by fission actually boils and turns
into steam to turn the turbine generator. In both
PWRs and BWRs, the steam is turned back into
water and can be used again in the process.
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21. FUEL
 Uranium(92U233 ,92U235 ,92U238) ,
Thorium(90Th232), Plutonium(94PU239,
94PU240 ,94Pu242) Isotopes are using as
fuel.
 Uranium Is Encased in Solid Ceramic
Pellets
 Fuel Rods Filled With Pellets Are
Grouped Into Fuel Assemblies
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22. FUEL
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23. CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs
neutrons are inserted into the bundle using a
mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods.
The control rods essentially contain neutron
absorbers like, boron, cadmium or indium.
When the rods are lowered into the reactor, they
absorb more neutrons and the fission process slows
down. To generate more power, the rods are raised
and more neutrons can crash into uranium atoms.
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24. MODERATOR
 NEUTRONS PRODUCED BY THE FISSION PROCESS ARE
EJECTED FROM THE NUCLEUS AT A VERY HIGH VELOCITY
ABOUT 1.5 X 107 m/s . FOR MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF THESE
NEUTRONS, WE NEED TO SLOW DOWN THE FAST NEUTRONS
TO SPEED CORRESPONDS TO THE SPEED OF MOLECULES IN
GAS AT NTP. (ABOUT 2.2 X 103 m/s)
 GRAPHITE, ORDINERY WATER , HEAVY WATER ARE
COMMONLY USING MODERATORS.
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25. MODERATOR
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26. STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device
that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and converts it into
useful mechanical
 Various high-performance alloys and
super alloys have been used for steam
generator tubing.
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27. Generator
 The generator converts kinetic energy
supplied by the turbine into electrical
energy.
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28. COOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant
to pressures of the order of 155bar.
The pressure of the coolant loop is
maintained almost constant with the help of
the pump and a pressuriser unit.
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29. FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows
through the condenser for condensation
and recirculated for the next cycle of
operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed
water in the working fluid loop.
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30. CONDENSER
 Condenser is a device or unit which is
used to condense vapor into liquid.
 The objective of the condenser are to
reduce the turbine exhaust pressure to
increase the efficiency and to recover high
quality feed water in the form of condensate
& feed back it to the steam generator
without any further treatment.
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31. COOLING TOWER
 Cooling towers are heat removal devices
used to transfer process waste heat to the
atmosphere.
 Water circulating through the condenser is
taken to the cooling tower for cooling and
reuse
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32. Emergency power supply
 The emergency power supplies of a nuclear power
plant are built up by several layers of redundancy,
such as diesel generators, gas turbine generators
and battery buffers.
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33. Safety Is Engineered Into
Reactor Designs
Containment Vessel
1.5-inch thick steel
Shield Building Wall
3 foot thick reinforced concrete
Dry Well Wall
5 foot thick reinforced concrete
Bio Shield
4 foot thick leaded concrete with
1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out
Reactor Vessel
4 to 8 inches thick steel
Reactor Fuel
Weir Wall
1.5 foot thick concrete

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35. SELECTION OF SITE
 AVAILABILITY OF WATER
 DISTANCE FROM POPULATED AREA
 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
 NEARNESS TO LOAD CENTRE
 AVAILABILITY OF SPACE FOR WASTE DISPOSAL
 ACCESSIBILITY
 TYPE OF LAND
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36. ADVANTAGES
 Amount of fuel required is quite small.
 Demand of coal, oil, and gas will reduced.
 Need less area. A 2000 MW nuclear power plant need 80 acres
whereas coal fired steam plant required 250 acres of land.
 Because of negligible cost of transportation of fuel, can located
near load centres . So primary distribution coast is reduced.
 These plants are most economical and in large capacity
 The output control system extremely flexible.
 Large deposits of nuclear fuel is available all over world. So plant
can ensure continuous supply of electricity for thousands of years.
 a coal fired plant need thousands of tonnes of coal per day. But
nuclear plant need very less quantity of fuel. So it will be very neat
and clean.
 Operating coast is very less, once the installation completed, the
loading of power plant will have no effect on generation coast. So
nuclear power plant is always using as a base load plant.
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37. DISADVANTAGES
 Nuclear plants are more expensive to build and maintain.
The initial cost is very high
 Waste products are dangerous and need to be carefully
stored for long periods of time. It can cause dangerous
amount of radioactive pollution.
 Wastes are commonly disposed in deep trenches or in sea
away from populated area.
 Fuel is very expensive.
 The fuel is highly radioactive and has to be carefully stored
for many years or decades after use. This adds to the costs.
 Maintenance charges are very high, salary for maintenance
staff is also high as specially trained persons are required to
handle the plant.
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38. DISADVANTAGES
 Nuclear power plants can be dangerous to its
surroundings and employees. It would cost a lot to clean
in case of spillages.
 There exist safety concerns if the plant is not operated
correctly or conditions arise that were unforeseen when
the plant was developed, as happened at the
Fukushima plant in Japan; the core melted down
following an earthquake and tsunami the plant was not
designed to handle despite the world's strongest
earthquake codes.
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39. Yucca Mountain
Nuclear Waste Storage

40. CONCLUSION
 The countries of the world are each planning
their own course of nuclear plant
development or decline. Newer designs are
being sought to make them more economical
and safer. So the nuclear power can be give
all the nessessary electricity for us in cheap
cost , if we use it in good way. If nuclear
power use as weapon, result should be total
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41. REFERENCE
 www.Wikipedia.com
 www.Seminarpaper.com
 www.slideshare.com
 www.planningcommision.gov.in
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