Nuclear power plant - college seminar

1. Prepared By :-
1. Rani Burman
2.Adeep Tamang Lama
3. Dipankar Sadhukhan
4.Sandeep Samanta
5. Dipankar Burman
6. Abirabha Bal
7. Shounak Chakraborty

3. Prototype of A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

4.  Rising Electricity Demand:- World electricity demand is increasing
twice as fast as overall energy use .
 Clean air:- Nuclear energy produces almost no CO2 and no SO2 or
NO. These gases are produced in vast quantities when fossil fuels
are burned.
 Excellent performance:- Nuclear power plants operate at high
level of safety, reliability and affordability and these plants are
among the lowest cost electricity providers.
 Nuclear waste:- one gram of uranium yields about as much
energy as a ton of coal or oil and the corresponding nuclear
waste is about million times smaller than fossil fuel waste.

5. Safe:-Nuclear power is safe as proven by the record
of half a century of commercial operation, with the
accumulated experience of more than 12,000
reactors- years.
Reliable:- Solar power is available only when the sun
is shining or wind energy also depends on climatic
conditions. So these are not so reliable. Whereas
nuclear reactors provides base load power and are
available over 90% of the time.

6. Need of nuclear energy
Competitive:- The cost of nuclear power is competitive
and stable. The cost of nuclear fuel is a small part of a
nuclear kilo watt hour, whereas fossil fueled power,
especially oil and gas, is at the mercy of the market.
Compact:- A nuclear power station is very compact,
occupying typically the area of a football stadium.
While solar cells, wind turbine farms and growing
biomass, all require large area of land.

7. Nuclear fuel reserves in India
India’s domestic fuel reserves are small and the
country is dependent on uranium imports to fuel its
nuclear power industry.
In March 2011 large deposits of uranium have been
discovered in the Tummalapalle belt and in the Bhīma
basin at Gargi in Karnataka by the Atomic Minerals
Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of
India.
In resent years, India has shown increased interest in
thorium fuels and fuel cycles because of large deposits
of thorium(518,000 tonnes) in the form of Monazite in
beach sands .

8. Nuclear agreements with other nations
 Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major supplier of
nuclear fuel to India.
 Following a waiver from the Nuclear Supplier
Group(NSG) September 2008 which allows it to
commence international nuclear trade, India has
signed bilateral deals on civilian nuclear energy
technology cooperation with 14 other countries:
Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, Japan, United
Kingdom, United States, Vietnam, South Korea,
Mongolia.

9. NUCLEAR FUEL
 Nuclear fuel is that
material that can be
consumed to derive
nuclear energy .that most
common type of nuclear
fuel is fissile elements
that can be made to
undergo nuclear fission
chain reactions in a
nuclear rteactor
 The most common nuclear
fuels are 235u and 239u.
Not all nuclear fuels are
used in fission chain

10. • When a neutron strikes an
atom of uranium, the uranium
splits in to two lighter atoms
and releases heat
simultaneously.
• Fission of heavy elements is
an exothermic reaction which
can release large amounts of
energy both as
electromagnetic radiation and
as kinetic energy of the
fragments

11. • Nuclear fission: heavy nuclei split into two smaller
parts in order to become more stable

14. • Uranium exists as an isotope in the form of U235
which is unstable.
• When the nucleus of an atom of Uranium is split,
the neutrons released hit other atoms and split
them in turn. More energy is released each time
another atom splits. This is called a chain reaction.

16. 1. CORE : It’s the focal
point of the
reactor,where fuel is
containe and nuclear
fission reactions take
place.
2. MODERATOR : This is
a material place in the
reactor to slow down
the neutrons produced
by fission, in order to
reach the most suitable
speed allowing the chain
reaction to continue.

17. 3. Heat-transfer fluid (or coolant) - This fluid (liquid or gas) cools the core
and carries outside the heat that is produced there. The most commonly
used fluid is water, but some types of reactors use different fluids (heavy
water, molten sodium, carbon dioxide, helium and other fluids).
4. Control Rods : They
control the rate of reaction by
moving in and out of the
reactor.
• Move in: rate of reaction
• Move out: rate of reaction
• All are moved in: the reactor
is shut down
• They are made of boron or
cadmium that can absorb
neutrons.

18. 5. FUEL RODS : They contain
the nuclear fuel:
uranium (U-235)
They are surrounded by a
moderator (water or graphite) to
slow down the neutrons
released
6. VESSEL : – The large steel
recipient containing the core,
the control rods and the heat-
transfer fluid.
7. RADIATION SHIELD : To
protect the people working from
radiation and
(thermal shielding) radiation
fragments.

19. A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions
are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as
opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs
in a fraction of a second and is Uncontrolled causing an
explosion
TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR :
Main two types are -
* Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
* Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

20. Pressurized Water Reactors (also known as PWRs) keep water under
pressure so that it heats, but does not boil. This heated water is
circulated through tubes in steam generators, allowing the water in the
steam generators to turn to steam, which then turns the turbine
generator. Water from the reactor and the water that is turned into
steam are in separate systems and do not mix.

21. The water is circulated through the reactor where it converts to water
steam mixture.
• The steam gets collected above the steam separator.
• This steam is expanded in the turbine which turns the turbine shaft.
• The expanded steam coming out of the turbine is condensed and is pumped
back as feed water by the feed water pump into the reactor core.

22. (1) Availability of Water Supply.
(2) Distance From Populated Area.
(3) Transportation Facilities.
(4) Nearness to Load Centre
(5) Availability of Space for Disposal of
Waste.
(6) Accessibility
(7) Type of Land.

23. Location of a nuclear power plant is practically independent of
geographical factors, the only requirement being that there should
be good supply of water. The ideal choice for a nuclear power
plant would be near a sea, river or lake and away from thickly
populated area.
Ideal Site Choice for a
Nuclear
Power Plant

24. 1. Less amount of fuel required
2. Economical
3. Continuous production
4. Don’t depends on natural aspect
5. Alternative to fossil fuels
6. Large deposits of nuclear fuels

25. 1. Expensive fuel
2. High capital cost
3 Radioactive pollution
4. Disposal of radioactive waste

26. # Nuclear power id the fourth-largest sources of electricity in India after
thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.
# As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear
power plants , generating 4,780 MW while five others plants are under
construction and are expected to generate an additional 2,720 MW
#India’s nuclear power industry is undergoing rapid expansion with plans
to increase nuclear power output to 64,000MW by 2032. The country
is involve in the development of nuclear fusion reactors through its
participation in the ITER project and is a global leader in the
development of thorium based fast breeder reactors.

27. CONCLUSIONS
 Nuclear power is an efficient and volatile method of creating electricity
using controlled nuclear fission, or, less commonly, nuclear fusion. Most
nuclear power plants create energy by submerging uranium molecules
in water and then inducing fission in the molecules. This process heats
the water, which is transformed into pressurized steam that turns a
turbine powering a generator, creating energy. Some nuclear plants use
plutonium or thorium instead of uranium, while others fuse hydrogen
atoms to create helium atoms, a process that also causes heat and,
subsequently, energy. However, uranium fission is overwhelmingly the
most popular form of creating nuclear power because the element is
more common than plutonium or thorium. Nuclear power plants
produce no controlled air pollutants, such as sulfur and particulates, or
greenhouse gases. It is important to our lives because it can easily
provide electrical energy and no carbon dioxide is given to cause global
warning not just like other power station or electrical commissioning.