Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Presentation by Jacob van Etten.
CCAFS workshop titled "Using Climate Scenarios and Analogues for Designing Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture," 19-23 September in Kathmandu, Nepal.
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
Presentation by Jacob van Etten.
CCAFS workshop titled "Using Climate Scenarios and Analogues for Designing Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture," 19-23 September in Kathmandu, Nepal.
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
Population Genetics & Hardy - Weinberg Principle.pdfSuraj Singh
This presentation is all about the population genetics.
In this presentation I would like to explain about the population genetics, calculation of allele frequencies, calculation of frequencies of sex - linked alleles.
Also there is a detailed explanation of Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium or principle.
In the last there are few key points regarding with the assumptions and steps for the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Cross- pollinated crops are highly heterozygous due to the free intermating among their plants. They are often referred to as random mating populations because each individual of the population has equal opportunity of mating with any other individual of that population. Such a population is also known as Mendelian population or panmictic population. A population, in this case, consists of all such individuals that share the same gene pool, i.e., have an opportunity to intermate with each other and contribute to the next generation of the population. To understand the genetic make - up of such populations a sophisticated field of study, population genetics, has been developed. The Hardy Weinberg law states that in a large random mating population gene and genotype frequency remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection, mutation, migration or random drift. This is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations. The law is proposed independently by G. H. Hardy (a mathematician) and W. Weinberg (a physician).
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that can be used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Submitted to:-
Dr. M.P.Patel
Professor & H.O.D,
Dept. of GPB
SDAU, S.K. Nagar
Submitted by:-
Vaghela Gauravrajsinh K
M.Sc. (Agri.)
Reg.no:-04-AGRMA-01840-2018
SDAU, S.K. Nagar
Non Random Mating to change
Genetic Equilibrium through Inbreeding
in small population
3. WHAT IS RANDOM MATING?
Each male of a population has equal
chance of mating with any female of
population or vice-versa called as Random
mating or Mendelian population or
Panmixia or Panmictic population.
4. WHAT IS NON-RANDOM MATING?
When the probability that two individuals in a
population will mate is not the same for all
possible pairs of individuals.
OR
In a population male does not mating with any
female of population is called as non-random
mating.
5. Types of Non-Random Mating
Disassortative- Individuals only mate with
others who are phenotypically different from
themselves for selective traits (opposites).
Assortative- Individuals mate with others who
are like themselves phenotypically for selected
traits (similar).
6. Assortative Mating
There are only three possible mating patterns
with respect to genotypes for traits controlled by
two alleles (A and a).
AA × AA Aa × Aa aa × aa
7. Net affect of Assortative Mating
Progressive increase in the number of homozygous
genotypes (AA & aa).
Corresponding decrease in the number of heterozygous
genotype (Aa).
This trend will continue from generation to generation.
POSITIVE ASSORTATIVE MATING
Possible parent
mating pattern
Expected off spring genotypes
AA Aa aa
AA × AA 4
Aa × Aa 1 2 1
aa × aa 4
Total 5
(42%)
2
(17%)
5
(42%)
8. Disassortative Mating
There are six possible mating patterns with
respect to genotypes for traits controlled by two
alleles (A and a).
AA × Aa Aa × aa aa × AA
AA × aa Aa × AA aa × Aa
9. Net affect of Disassortative Mating
Progressive increase in the frequency of
heterozygotes (Aa).
Corresponding decrease in the number of
homozygous genotypes (AA and aa).
This trend will continue from generation to
generation.
It has the opposite effect as Assortative mating.
10. Net affect of Disassortative Mating
NEGATIVE ASSORTATIVE MATING
Possible parent
mating pattern
Expected off spring genotypes
AA Aa aa
AA × Aa 2 2
AA × aa 4
Aa × AA 2 2
Aa × aa 2 2
aa × AA 4
aa × Aa 2 2
Total 4
(17%)
16
(67%)
4
(17%)
11. WHAT IS GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM?
1st reported by Yule (1902), Castle (1903) and Pearson
(1904).
W.E.Castle actually founder of genetic equilibrium
principle.
Genetic Equilibrium means no change in genetic
structure of population (Gene & Genotype Frequency)
from one generation to the next.
The principle of genetic equilibrium in a large random
mating population can be applied for any value of gene
frequencies.
Therefore, this law of genetic equilibrium under random
mating is known as the Hardy-Weinberg law or
Hardy-Weinberg principle.
12. INBREEDING
Mating between two individuals related by descent
(i.e having a common ancestor)
To study the Inbreeding , there are three types of
population :-
1) Idealized population
2) Isolates
3) Real population
13. TYPES OF POPULATION
Idealized population :- In which all types of mating
occur including self- fertilization. The average rate of
change in heterozygosity can be illustrated very simply
and clearly in an idealized population.
Isolates :- Only the most distinct relatives may be
mating with maximum avoidance of inbreeding.
OR
Continue mating of close relative breaks the entire
population into lines of descents as Isolates or groups.
14. Real population :- In natural or Real population , the
total no of individuals may be large but they all may not
contribute to the genetic composition of the next
generation because some of the them may not reach the
sexual maturity, other may not be able to mate while
other which mate may not leave offspring that survive to
maturity in the next generation.
Inbreeding changes genotype frequencies not allele
frequencies.
15. Idealized Population
RATE OF INBREEDING INCREMENT:-
Consider that in an idealized population there are N
individuals, each shedding equal number of gametes
which unite at random.
The male & female gametes produced by N individuals
can be shown as under ;
Individuals 1 2 3 Nth
Male gametes A1A2 A3A4 A5A6 A2N-1A2N
Female gametes A1A2 A3A4 A5A6 A2N-1A2N
CONT.
16. Any random pairs of opposite sex gametes will have
(1/2N) chance for carrying identical genes.
F1 = 1/(2N)
In second generation, identical homozygotes will be
produced from inbreeding in the 1st generation & from
new replication of genes.
Probability of random pairs to be identical:- 1/(2N)
{newly replicated genes}
Probability of remaining pairs(1-1/2N) to be identical:-
(1-1/2N)F1 {due to previous inbreeding}
F2=1/2N + (1-1/2N)F1
Ft=1/2N + (1-1/2N)Ft-1
=New Inbreeding + Old Inbreeding
CONT.
18. Ft= 1/2N + (1-1/2N)Ft-1
= ΔF + (1-ΔF) Ft-1
= ΔF +Ft-1 –ΔF Ft-1
= Ft-1 +ΔF (1-Ft-1)
Thus, ΔF = Ft -Ft-1
1-Ft-1
Therefore, the rate of inbreeding increment (ΔF) each
generation in an idealized population is:-
ΔF = 1/2N
= 1- Ft-1
2N
ΔF = 1 Ht-1
2N
19. Isolates
The continued mating of close relatives breaks the entire
population into lines of descents called as Isolates or
Group.
The isolate size N = 2k which is the number of mating
individuals in a group or isolate.
The N remain constant from generation to generation.
The different isolates / groups are of different size , viz
Selfed individual with N = 20 = 1.
Full sibs with N = 21 = 2
Double first Cousin = 22 = 4
Quadruple second Cousin = 23 = 8
Octuple third Cousin = 24 = 16
Most distant Cousins have an isolate size of N = 2k
20. For an example, in an isolate of size 4 (double first
cousin mating's) it was observed that,
H1 = 1/2 Ht-1 + 1/4 Ht-2 + 1/8 Ht-3
The expressions of change (decrease) in heterozygosity
per generation under different systems of close
inbreeding.
In deriving these expressions it was obvious that
coefficient of loss in H (ΔH) was (
1
2
)2-K for distantly
related cousin mating.
This coefficient is 1/4 times the reciprocal of isolate size
N.
Therefore, (
1
2
)2+K =
𝟏
𝟒𝐍
and hence,
21. ΔH = -
1
2
2+K
= -
𝟏
𝟒𝐍
Since N= 2k, the multiple of 2.
The heterozygosity in t generation ;
Ht = Ht-1 -
1
2
2+K Ht-(2+k)
= Ht-1 -
𝟏
𝟒𝐍
Ht-(2+k)
= (𝟏 −
𝟏
𝟒𝐍
) Ht-1 approximately.
This indicates that H is decreasing at a rate of 1/4N per
generation.
22. Real Population
Real population do not have self fertilization, have
unequal number of breeding males and females, have
varying number of breeding individuals in different
generation, differential contribution of parents,
overlapping generations, and minimum inbreeding.
In natural or Real population, the total no of individuals
may be large but they all may not contribute to the
genetic composition of the next generation because
some of the them may not reach the sexual maturity,
other may not be able to mate while other which mate
may not leave offspring that survive to maturity in the
next generation.
23. In this male has lesser in number of contribution to
equal to that of female which are more in number.
So number of individuals affecting genetic constitution
of next generation may be lesser than the real
population.
Effective population size was introduced by Wright
(1931).
In small population, there is increase in homozygosity
(inbreeding effect) and a random drift in gene
frequencies due to sampling variance.
24. The concept of effective population size can be made
more clear by considering the different situations of real
population that differ from ideal population.
The different equations for different deviated situations
will be derived situations will be derived to convert the
actual number (N) to the effective number (Ne) so as the
rate of inbreeding increment become equal in real and
ideal populations.
The is ΔF is related to population size in an ideal
population as :- ΔF = 1/2 N
The effective size is related is ΔF as Ne = 1/2 ΔF.
The rate of inbreeding (ΔF) can be estimated after
knowing the effective population size as :-
ΔF = 1/2Ne
25. REFERENCES
1. Text book of Population Genetics (Vol. I.
Qualitative Inheritance) By S.S.Tomar.
2. Genetics By B.D.Singh