1. There are two main types of mating systems - random mating and non-random mating. Random mating involves each gamete having an equal chance to unite with any other gamete. Non-random mating includes assortative mating, where similar individuals mate, and disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals mate.
2. Sewall Wright first proposed five mating systems in 1921 - random mating, genetic assortative mating, genetic disassortative mating, phenotypic assortative mating, and phenotypic disassortative mating. These systems influence the variation, homozygosity, and other genetic characteristics of populations over generations.
3. Random mating maintains diversity but can increase homozygosity in small populations.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Cross- pollinated crops are highly heterozygous due to the free intermating among their plants. They are often referred to as random mating populations because each individual of the population has equal opportunity of mating with any other individual of that population. Such a population is also known as Mendelian population or panmictic population. A population, in this case, consists of all such individuals that share the same gene pool, i.e., have an opportunity to intermate with each other and contribute to the next generation of the population. To understand the genetic make - up of such populations a sophisticated field of study, population genetics, has been developed. The Hardy Weinberg law states that in a large random mating population gene and genotype frequency remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection, mutation, migration or random drift. This is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations. The law is proposed independently by G. H. Hardy (a mathematician) and W. Weinberg (a physician).
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
Cross- pollinated crops are highly heterozygous due to the free intermating among their plants. They are often referred to as random mating populations because each individual of the population has equal opportunity of mating with any other individual of that population. Such a population is also known as Mendelian population or panmictic population. A population, in this case, consists of all such individuals that share the same gene pool, i.e., have an opportunity to intermate with each other and contribute to the next generation of the population. To understand the genetic make - up of such populations a sophisticated field of study, population genetics, has been developed. The Hardy Weinberg law states that in a large random mating population gene and genotype frequency remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection, mutation, migration or random drift. This is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations. The law is proposed independently by G. H. Hardy (a mathematician) and W. Weinberg (a physician).
ASSORTIVE MATING AND GENE FREQUENCY CHANGES (POPULATION GENETICS)316116
This slide briefly the explanation of random mating as deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and also the changes in gene frequency as a result of violation of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions on gene frequency
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
Population Genetics & Hardy - Weinberg Principle.pdfSuraj Singh
This presentation is all about the population genetics.
In this presentation I would like to explain about the population genetics, calculation of allele frequencies, calculation of frequencies of sex - linked alleles.
Also there is a detailed explanation of Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium or principle.
In the last there are few key points regarding with the assumptions and steps for the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Can yyou answer number 5 please advance genetic As discussed in clas.pdfvikasbajajhissar
Can yyou answer number 5 please advance genetic As discussed in class, the dark (melanic)
form of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, has a survival advantage in industrialized regions.
The melanic allele is dominant to the typical (light) allele. In a particular forest within an
industrialized region, the frequency of the melanic allele is 0.7 and the typical allele is 0.3. The
light form of moths have a reproductive success that 47% that of the dark form. What will the
allele frequencies be after one generation of selection? Given a population that up to now had
been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Assume two alleles, one locus, rho = 0.5, and distinctly
different (and unambiguous) phenotypes associated with each genotype. Now assume internal
fertilization and that all matings over one generation are 100% assortative with regard to the trait
in question. What are the genotype frequencies before the round of assortative mating? What are
the genotype frequencies in the generation that follows this round of assortative mating?
Solution
A) The genotype frequencies during the Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium must be favouring
heterozygosity i.e. any individual with any given genotype has the equal chance of mating with
another individual of any given genotype. The equlibrium of individual allele frequencies and the
proportion of the various genotypic combinations is established when p value statistically
significant value is 0.5 the disimilar genotypic populations mates together.
B) Assortive mating leads to an over abundance of homozygous individuals Which are likely to
share similar genotypes as When matings of similar phenotypes occur more frequently than by
random chance, the likelihood of offspring receiving two copies of an identical allele increases,
disrupting the Hardy-Weinberg expectations.
There will be the increase in total population variance as homozygosity will be increased for
example if we have a trait controlled by 2 loci then at equilibrium would deviate one from
another significantly.
Assortative mating can act as a powerful mechanism for genetic change in a population specially
where phenotype can be attributed to the interaction at 2 loci with no dominance, it is easier that
100% assortative mating results in an overall increase in homozygosity and total population
variance thus affecting genotype frequencies..
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and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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1. Types of Mating : (i) Random Mating
and
(ii) Non-Random Mating with suitable
examples
TOPIC
2. Introduction And History
Mating may be defined as the method
by which individuals are paired for
crossing.
Or various schemes which are used for
crossing or mating of individuals.
Five systems of mating was given by
Sewall Wright in 1921
3. American geneticist known for
his influential work on
evolutionary theory.
He was a founder of population
genetics alongside Ronald
Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane,
which was a major step in the
development of the modern
synthesis combining genetics
with evolution.
He gave Five systems of mating
in 1921
Sewall Wright
4. Variation Of Mating Systems in
Plants
Plants vary in their mating system from
completely selfing to completely
outcrossing.
Anther – stigma distance is a useful
measure of mating system.
Anther stigma distance determine if the
mating system differed between the
two species
5. Types of mating Systems
There are five different types of
mating systems
1.Random Mating
2.Genetic Assortative
3.Genetic Disassortative
4.Phenotypic Assortative
5.Phenotypic Disassortative
6. Random Mating System
Each Female gamete has equal chances to unite
with every male gamete.
It’s a form of outbreeding
In plant breeding some form of selection is
practiced such mating system called as random
mating with selection.
With selection-
1. Increase frequency of alleles for which selection is
practiced.
2. Reduce frequency of other alleles
7. 3. Increase variance
4. These changes are more pronounced
when the character is highly heritable
and is governed by one or a few genes.
5. Random mating in small populations is
unable to prevent an increase in
homozygosity due to inbreeding and
genetic drift.
8. Rate of reproduction of each genotype is
equal
Without selection-
1. Gene frequency – constant
2. Variation for character – Constant
3. Correlation between relatives or prepotency
– constant
4. Degree of homozygosity - Constant
9. Uses of Random mating in
Plant Breeding
Used for Progeny testing
Production and maintenance of synthetic
and composite varieties
Production of polycross progenies
Evolutionary advantages – maintained
high level of diversity
10. Genetic Assortative Mating
System
Mating occurs between individuals that are more
closely rated by ancestry than in random mating.
More commonly known as inbreeding.
Without selection –
1. Increased total variability among lines
2. Decreased total variability within lines due to
random fixation of genes in different families.
11. b. With selection –
1. Variability is reduced towards the direction of
selection
2. Homozygosity – Increased due to fixation of genes
3. Heterozygosity – Elimination of heterozygotes from
a population due to fixation of genes.
4. Population mean – Reduced due to decrease in
number of hybrid genotypes which have more
number of dominant genes.
5. Genetic correlation – Increased due to increase in
prepotency.
12. Uses of Genetic Assortative Mating
System
Leads to purity of types.
Useful tool for development of inbred
lines both partial and complete.
13. AA Aa aa
homozygous
gene pairs 1 Homozygous
freq.
p=q=0.50=D
+1/2 H
1 1 2 1 D+ R 50.0 0.50
2 4 + 2 4 2+4 D + 1/2H+R 75.0 0.50
3 24 + 4 8 4+24 D + 3/4H+R 87.5 0.50
4 112 + 8 16 8+112 D+ 7/8 1H+R 93.75 0.50
5 480 + 16 32 16+480 D +15/16 H+R 96.86 0.50
t 2t-1 :2 2'-l 050
Limit D O R D + R
Single locus two alleles case-selfing: Considering the single locus two allelic system and that
each plant produced 4 seeds each generation, the relative frequencies of 3 genotypes under
continued selfing starting to starting from F1hybrid (An) in an ideal population are given below;
Generations Genotypes Freq.of Percentage Gene
14. The selfing of both the homozygotes will breed true whereas the
heterozygotes under selfing will produced ¼ AA,1/4 aa and ½ Aa. Thus it
is obvious that the percentage of homozygous genotype increase in
each generation and heterozygous genotype is decreased. However, this
will not bring a change in gene frequencies.
The heterozygotes are reduced to half, in each generation. The
one half of the heterozygous (Aa) reduced are converted into identical
homozygous for both alleles (AA and aa-both increased in equal
proportion). The relative frequencies of the 3 genotypes in any
generation become 2'-1 : 2 : 2'-1 from the ratio 1:2:1 in the first
generation under random mating.
Thus the proportion of heterozygote in any generation (t)
under selfing in a population become (1/2)t instead of ½ in the first
generation under random mating.
15. The homozygosity is increased at the expense of heterozygotes in
each generation and the proportion of homozygotes in t generation
become 1-(1/2)t. The change is maximum in the first generation after
which the rate of change is decreased, though the proportion of
heterozygotes are reduced to half in each generation. The reduced half
proportion of heterozygotes in each generation is covered into
homozygotes for two alleles (AA and aa) in equal proportion.
Therefore, under continued selfing. the heterozygotes ultimately
are reduced to zero. Consequently the identical homozygotes are
increased at the expense of heterozygotes each generation and become
equal to the proportion of initial gene frequencies. This produces two
distinct lines, one homozygous for AA and other for aa. This leads to
gene fixation which is for different genes in different lines.
16. Conti…..
• For example, consider the initial gene frequencies as p(A) =0.2
and q(a) =0.8. After many generations of selfing ,the
proportion of AA homozygotes will become equal to 0.20 and
of aa homozygotes as 0.80. Thus the consequence of selfing is
to convert a diploid (p2+ 2pq +q2) population into (p+q)
diploid population . Conclusively , the recurrence relationship
of reduction in heterozygosity in any t generation
• (Ht) is : Ht = ½ Ht-1 = (1/2)t H0
• Where H0 is the heterozygosity in base population.
17. Genetic Disassortative mating
system
Such individuals are mated which are less
closely related by ancestry than random
mating.
Commonly called as outbreeding.
Totally unrelated individuals are mated.
These individuals belongs to different
populations.
eg. Intervarietal & Interspecific crosses.
18. A. Variability – Increased due to combination of
two or more genes from two or more different
sources.
B. Heterozygosity – Increased due to combination
of genes from different lines.
C. Homozygosity – Reduced rapidly because
outbreeding favours heterozygotes.
E. Population mean – Increased due
to combining more dominant genes
from different lines
F. Genetic correlation – Decrease due
to decrease in homozygosity.
G. Decrease in prepotency.
19. crosses between genetically contrasting individuals are
made in this type mating that intermediate type.
AA x aa
Aa
intermediate type
20. Phenotypic Assortative mating
System
Mating between individuals which are
phenotypically more similar than would be
expected under random mating
Refers to mating of extreme types, i.e., cross
between AA & AA and aa & aa, also Aa & aa
Only two extreme phenotypes i.e., lowest and
highest remain in the population
Variability : Increase since it divides the
population into two extreme phenotypes.
21. Homozygosity : Leads to complete
homozygosity in single generation
Genetic correlation : Perfect genetic
correlation between number of progenies
is achieved in one generation.
Population mean : Divided into two
according to variability
22. USES OF PHENOTYPIC
ASSORTATIVE MATING SYSTEM
In some breeding schemes like recurrent
selection
Useful in isolation of extreme
phenotypes.
The changes due to this mating system
are disappear randomly when random
mating is restored
23. Examples of assortative mating in humans
Dwarfs: very high positive assortative mating, individual with
achronoplastics dwarfisms pair up much often than would be
expected by chance
IQ : slight positive assortative mating
Height : slight positive assortative mating
Red hair: moderate negetive assortative mating- red hair
haired individual pair up less often than would expected by
chance.
24. PHENOTYPIC DISASSORTATIVE
MATING SYSTEM
Mating between phenotypic dissimilar
individuals belonging to same populations.
I.e., mating between individuals having
genotypes AA & aa and Aa & aa
Variability : Constant, since it reduces
inbreeding.
Heterozygosity : Remains constant or slight
increase
25. Genetic correlation : Decrease due to
decease in prepotency.
Prepotency : Decrease due to decrease in
homozygosity.
Gene frequency : remain constant or
sometime may be slight increase in the
heterozygosity.
Mating of dominant x reccessive are
included in this type of mating
AA or Aa x aa
Aa or aa
26. USES OF PHENOTYPIC DISASSORTATIVE
MATING SYSTEM
In making population stable i.e.,
Maintaining variability
Progeny more desirable than parents.
Useful when desirable type is an
intermediate one and the available parents
have the extreme phenotypes.
Most notable – maintaining variability in
relatively smaller population.