This document defines key terminology related to non-metallic polymer materials. It discusses that polymers are composed of large molecules made by linking many small monomer units through polymerization reactions. The document defines common polymer terminology like monomer, polymer, homopolymer, copolymer, and polymerization. It also describes different types of polymer structures and polymerization mechanisms, such as addition polymerization which forms chains and condensation polymerization which removes byproducts.
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
This presentation is the basic of engineering materials. More presenetation will be added soon. If you like the work, please click on like button and do share. Thanks
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –Composites-
Classifications- Metal Matrix and FRP - Applications of Composites.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. INTRODUCTION - polymers
• Polymers are widely used in number of
applications ---- including
• toys,
• home appliances,
• structural and decorative items,
• coatings, paints, adhesives,
• automobile tyres
• Foams and packings
3. Meaning
• POLYMER
• POLY – MULTI
• MER – PARTS or UNITS
• Its contain large number of repeating units of
small molecules called Monomers
7. POLYMERISATION
• Its reaction of joining of small molecules to
form molecule having higher weight called
polymer.
• Types of Polymers:
– Natural polymers
– Other Natural polymers
11. • 4. HOMOPOLYMER
Homopolymers - consist of chains with identical
bonding linkages to each monomer unit. This
usually implies that the polymer is made from all
identical monomer molecules.
These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-
TERMINOLOGY
12. • 5. COPOLYMER
Copolymers - consist of chains with two or
more linkages usually implying two or more
different types of monomer units.
These may be represented as : -[A-B-A-B-
A-B]-
TERMINOLOGY
13. • 6. Degree of polymerization
molecular weight of a polymer
= ---------------------------------------------------
---
molecular weight of a single monomer
TERMINOLOGY
14. • 7. HIGH POLYMER
Solid polymer which have very high
molecular weights ( 10000 to 1000000
g/mol)
TERMINOLOGY
15. • 8. OLIGO POLYMER
They are liquid / gas polymers with very
short chains ( having the molecular weight on
the order of 100 g/mol)
TERMINOLOGY
16. TYPES OF HOMO POLYMERS
9) LINEAR POLYMER
Here the mer(parts) units are joined to
end to end in single chain.
TERMINOLOGY
17. 10) BRANCHED POLYMERS
• Here the side branch chains are connected to
the main chain
TERMINOLOGY
18. • 11) CROSS – LINKED POLYMERS:
Here the adjacent linear chains are joined
one to another at various positions by
covalant bond
TERMINOLOGY
19. • 12) NETWORK POLYMERS
– It has three active covalent bonds (trifunctional
mer units) which form these dimensional
networks instead of the linear chain frame work
TERMINOLOGY
20. Types of copolymers
• 13. RANDOM COPOLYMERS
• Here 2 different units are randomly
dispersed along a chain
TERMINOLOGY
23. 16).GRAFT COPOLYMER
• In this , homopolymer side branches of one
type may be grafted(side branch) to
homopolymer main chains that are composed
of a different mer.
TERMINOLOGY
24. • 17) Isomerism:
–Different atomic configuration are possible
for the same configuration.
– EX: C4H10
TERMINOLOGY
25. POLYMERIZATION
• Polymerization may be defined as the process of growing
large molecules from small ones. Polymerization links
together monomers.
• Monomers are molecules which combined end to end to
form large molecules known as polymer. They are three
general methods (or) mechanism of polymerization.
• Addition of polymerization
• Condensation of polymerization
26. ADDITION POLYMERISATION
• Definition: It is known as chain reaction
polymerisation.
–Two or more chemically similar monomers are
polymerized to form a long chain molecules.
–Double covalent bonds are broken in to single
bonds.
• Three Stages Of Addition Polymerisation:
–Initiation
–Propagation
–Termination.
30. CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION
• It is otherwise called as STEP-GROWTH
POLYMERISATION
• It involve at least TWO DIFFERENT
MONOMERS.
• It gives some by product.