NON METALLIC MATERIALS

1. NON METALLIC
MATERIALS -
POLYMERS (Plastics, Rubbers and Adhesives)
CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES

2. INTRODUCTION - polymers
• Polymers are widely used in number of
applications ---- including
• toys,
• home appliances,
• structural and decorative items,
• coatings, paints, adhesives,
• automobile tyres
• Foams and packings

3. Meaning
• POLYMER
• POLY – MULTI
• MER – PARTS or UNITS
• Its contain large number of repeating units of
small molecules called Monomers

4. Large size molecule

5. .

6. .

7. All molecule not form polymers

8. POLYMERISATION
• Its reaction of joining of small molecules to
form molecule having higher weight called
polymer.
• Types of Polymers:
– Natural polymers
– Other Natural polymers

9. Classification of Polymers:
• Homopolymers - consist of chains with
identical bonding linkages to each monomer
unit. This usually implies that the polymer is
made from all identical monomer molecules.
These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-
• Copolymers - consist of chains with two or
more linkages usually implying two or more
different types of monomer units.
These may be represented as : -[A-B-A-B-A-B]-

10. .
Polymers are further classified by the reaction
mode of polymerization, these include:
• Addition Polymers - the monomer molecules
bond to each other without the loss of any other
atoms. Alkene monomers are the biggest groups of
polymers in this class.
• Condensation Polymers - usually two different
monomer combine with the loss of a small
molecule, usually water. Polyesters and polyamides
(nylon) are in this class of polymers

11. CLASSIFICATION BASED UPON THE PHYSICAL
PROPERTY RELATED TO HEATING:
• Thermoplastics - plastics that soften when heated
and become firm again when cooled. This is the
more popular type of plastic because the heating
and cooling may be repeated.
•
• Thermosets - plastics that soften when heated
and can be molded, but harden permanently.
They will decompose when reheated. An example
is Bakelite, which is used in toasters, handles for
pots and pans, dishes, electrical outlets and billiard
balls.

12. Terminology used in polymers
• 1.MONOMER

13. TERMINOLOGY
• 2. POLYMER
• It is a macro molecule formed by repeated
linking of many monomers

14. • 3. POLYMERIZATION
It’s a process of forming a polymer
TERMINOLOGY

15. • 4. HOMOPOLYMER
Homopolymers - consist of chains with identical
bonding linkages to each monomer unit. This
usually implies that the polymer is made from all
identical monomer molecules.
These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-
TERMINOLOGY

16. • 5. COPOLYMER
Copolymers - consist of chains with two or
more linkages usually implying two or more
different types of monomer units.
These may be represented as : -[A-B-A-B-
A-B]-
TERMINOLOGY

17. • 6. Degree of polymerization
molecular weight of a polymer
= ---------------------------------------------------
---
molecular weight of a single monomer
TERMINOLOGY

18. • 7. HIGH POLYMER
Solid polymer which have very high
molecular weights ( 10000 to 1000000
g/mol)
TERMINOLOGY

19. • 8. OLIGO POLYMER
They are liquid / gas polymers with very
short chains ( having the molecular weight on
the order of 100 g/mol)
TERMINOLOGY

20. TYPES OF HOMO POLYMERS
9) LINEAR POLYMER
Here the mer(parts) units are joined to
end to end in single chain.
TERMINOLOGY

21. 10) BRANCHED POLYMERS
• Here the side branch chains are connected to
the main chain
TERMINOLOGY

22. • 11) CROSS – LINKED POLYMERS:
Here the adjacent linear chains are joined
one to another at various positions by
covalant bond
TERMINOLOGY

23. • 12) NETWORK POLYMERS
– It has three active covalent bonds (trifunctional
mer units) which form these dimensional
networks instead of the linear chain frame work
TERMINOLOGY

24. Types of copolymers
• 13. RANDOM COPOLYMERS
• Here 2 different units are randomly
dispersed along a chain
TERMINOLOGY

25. 14. ALTERNATING COPOLYMER
• The 2 mer units placed alternatively in a chain.
TERMINOLOGY

26. 15).BLOCK COPOLYMER
• Identical mers are clustered in blocks along the
chain.
TERMINOLOGY

27. 16).GRAFT COPOLYMER
• In this , homopolymer side branches of one
type may be grafted(side branch) to
homopolymer main chains that are composed
of a different mer.
TERMINOLOGY

28. • 17) Isomerism:
–Different atomic configuration are possible
for the same configuration.
– EX: C4H10
TERMINOLOGY

29. POLYMERIZATION
• Polymerization may be defined as the process of growing
large molecules from small ones. Polymerization links
together monomers.
• Monomers are molecules which combined end to end to
form large molecules known as polymer. They are three
general methods (or) mechanism of polymerization.
• Addition of polymerization
• Condensation of polymerization
• Copolymerization

30. ADDITION POLYMERISATION
• Definition: It is known as chain reaction
polymerisation.
–Two or more chemically similar monomers are
polymerized to form a long chain molecules.
–Double covalent bonds are broken in to dingle
bonds.
• Three Stages Of Addition Polymerisation:
–Initiation
–Propagation
–Termination.

31. CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION
• It is otherwise called as STEP-GROWTH
POLYMERISATION
• It involve at least TWO DIFFERENT
MONOMERS.
• It gives some by product.

32. Copolymerization:
• Copolymerization is another kind of addition
polymerization. Many monomers will not
polymerize with themselves, but will
copolymerize with other compounds.
Copolymerization is the addition
polymerization of two or more different
monomers. Examples of butadiene-styrene, a
rubber used in tires.

33. ADDITION POLYMERISATION VS
CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION