Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small repeating units called monomers. There are natural polymers like DNA and collagen as well as synthetic polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and based on how they are formed as addition or condensation polymers. Properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Common applications of polymers include packaging, insulation, fibers, and medical devices.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER.pptxProsperEnayoru
Melting point, boiling point, strength, hardness, density, color, opaqueness, transparency, and electrical conductivity are among the physical properties they might mention. Chemical reactivity such as combustion and biodegradability are common chemical properties.
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER.pptxProsperEnayoru
Melting point, boiling point, strength, hardness, density, color, opaqueness, transparency, and electrical conductivity are among the physical properties they might mention. Chemical reactivity such as combustion and biodegradability are common chemical properties.
* Introduction to polymers.
* Polymerization.
* Characteristics of an ideal polymer.
* Classification of polymer on different bases- Origin, Monomer,
Thermalresponse, Mode of formation,structure & Biodegradability
* Some other parameters of polymer classification - Crystallinity & BackboneAtom
* Conclusion
Short Description related to the rubber filler properties and Rubber filler types ( Reinforcing fillers, Semi- reinforcing fillers and Non-reinforcing fillers). e.g.:- Carbon Black, Silica, Calcium Carbonate, Clay and Miscellaneous Fillers
Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The presentation includes the preparation of MF, its properties and applications.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer science revolves around the study of macromolecules known as polymers, which are formed by linking together repeating units called monomers. Understanding the relationship between polymers and monomers is fundamental to grasping the diverse properties and applications of these materials.
Additionally, we'll delve into the nomenclature of polymers, which involves the systematic naming conventions used to describe their structure and composition. Clear and standardized nomenclature ensures effective communication within the scientific community and facilitates the classification of polymers based on their chemical structure, properties, and applications.
Synthetic polymers - a content written by Dr.Lali Thomas Kotturan about man ...lalikotturan
A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –Composites-
Classifications- Metal Matrix and FRP - Applications of Composites.
Types of fibres,their classification,applications,properties, and structures
Further more polymers,their types and different type chemical bonds present in fibres,
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction to
Polymers
Poly = many, mer = unit, many units
Polymer science is relatively a new branch of
science . It deals with chemistry physics and
mechanical properties of macromolecule .
3. A polymer is a large molecule which is
formed by repeated linking of the small
molecules called “monomers”.
polymer is organic substance made up of many
repeating units or building blocks of molecules
called ‘monomers’
OR
4. POLYMER
• Combine, many monomers to create a polymer.
• Polymer is often used as a synonym for ‘plastic’.
• All plastic are polymers.
Poly mers are made up of many Mono mer
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Many Units One Unit
6. It consist of large no. of repeating units known as monomers
The no. of repeating units in a chain of polymer is known as
degree of polymerization
7. POLYMER
a family of natural and synthetic materials made of repetition of high weight molecules
in a form of flexible chain
NATURAL POLYMER
• Collagen
• Gelatin
• Silk
• Wool
• Natural rubber
• DNA
SYNTHETIC POLYMER
• Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
• High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE)
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
• Low Density
Polyethylene (LPDE)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Polystyrene (PS)
8. MONOMERS
• The smallest unit of polymer which gets polymerised under certain
conditions to form polymer, called monomers.
• EXAMPLE:
• In the above example Ethene is monomer and Polyethene is
polymer
C C
H
H
H
H
n
ethene
high pressure/trace O2
catalyst
C C
H
H
H
H n
poly(ethene)
9. POLYMERISATION
The process of formation of polymers from respective
monomers is called polymerisation.
EXAMPLE :
C C
H
H
H
H
n
ethene
high pressure/trace O2
catalyst
C C
H
H
H
H n
poly(ethene)
11. Characteristics of Polymers
• Low Density.
• Low coefficient of friction.
• Good corrosion resistance.
• Good mould ability.
• Excellent surface finish can be obtained.
• Can be produced with close dimensional tolerances.
• Economical.
• Poor tensile strength.
• Low mechanical properties.
• Poor temperature resistance.
• Can be produced transparent or in different colours.
12. Properties of Polymers
The physical properties of a polymer, such as its strength
and flexibility depend on:
• Chain length - in general, the longer the chains the stronger
the polymer;
• Side groups - polar side groups give stronger attraction
between polymer chains, making the polymer stronger;
• Branching - straight, un branched chains can pack together
more closely than highly branched chains, giving polymers
that are more crystalline and therefore stronger;
• Cross-linking - if polymer chains are linked together
extensively by covalent bonds, the polymer is harder and
more difficult to melt.
16. Natural polymers
• The definition of a natural polymer is a polymer that results from only
raw materials that are found in nature (plants and animals).
• Example:-
• Starch : It is a polymer of α-D-Glucose
• Cellulose : It is a polymer of β-D-Glucose
• Proteins : It is a polymer of α-Amino acid
• Nucleic acid : It is a polymer of Nucleotide
• Natural Rubber : It is a polymer of Isoprene
17. Semi-synthesis polymers
• Chemically treated polymers of natural origin are quite common and of
great practical importance.
• Cellulose, for example, is used in two different ways:
• it is dissolved using some special solvent and precipitated again in a
different physical shape, e.g.
• viscose silk (Rayon)
• Cellulose acetate used as semi-permeable membrane in RO,s
Chemically treated polymers, that are of
natural origin termed as semi synthesis.
18. Synthesis polymers (Man – Made)
• Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by
scientists and engineers in laboratories and industries.
• Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon,
• polyethylene,
• polyester,
• Teflon,
• PVC, etc.
20. Linear polymers
• Monomeric units are linked together to form long and linear chains.
• They are well packed.
• Due to this they have following properties:
• High densities
• High tensile strenght
• High melting point
• E.g
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
• PVC, Nylon, etc.
21. Branched chain polymers
• Polymers with branches at irregular intervals
along the polymer chain are called branched
polymers
• difficult for the polymer molecules to pack in
a regular array
• Less density.
• Amount and type of branching also affects
physical properties such as viscosity and
elasticity (low)
• Branches often prevent chains from getting
close enough together for intermolecular
forces to work effectively (low tensile
strength)
• E.g. Low density polyethylene(LDPE)
22. Cross linked chain polymers
• These are also called three-dimensional
network polymer.
• Contain strong covalent bonds
• Contain short side chains (cross links)
• Connect different polymer chains into a
“network”
• Adding cross-links between polymer chains
makes the polymer hard, rigid and brittle.
• Example : - Bakelite, Melamine-
formaldehyde resins etc.
Cross links
between chains
24. Addition Polymers
• Formed by the direct addition of monomer molecules possessing
double or triple bonds, without the elimination of by product
molecules
• These polymers have same empirical formula as their monomers.
• Example :- Polyethene, PVC, Polystyrene, PAN, Teflon, Natural rubber,
Neoprene, polybutadiene, BuNa-S, BuNa-N, etc.
C C
H
H
H
H
n
ethene
high pressure/trace O2
catalyst
C C
H
H
H
H n
poly(ethene)
25. Condensation polymers
• Formed by condensation reaction between two different bi-functional
monomeric units with the elimination of simple molecules like water
etc. Example :- Terylene (dacron), Nylon-6,6; Nylon-6, Nylon-2,6;
Glyptal etc.
28. Elastomers
• These are rubber – like polymers with elastic properties. In these
elastomeric polymers, the polymer chains are held together by the
weakest intermolecular forces. These weak binding forces permit the
polymer to be stretched.
• A few ‘crosslinks’ are introduced in between the chains, which help
the polymer to retract to its original position after the force is
released as in vulcanised rubber. The examples are BuNa-S, BuNa-N,
Neoprene, etc.
29. Fibres
• Fibres are the thread forming polymers which possess high tensile
strength and high modulus. These characteristics can be attributed to
the strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding between
polymeric chains.
• These strong forces also lead to close packing of chains and thus
impart crystalline nature. The examples are polyamides (Nylon 6, 6),
polyesters (Terylene), PAN (ORLON) etc.
30. Thermoplastic polymers
• These are linear or slightly branched long chain polymers, which can
be softened on heating & reversibly hardened on cooling repeatedly.
• Their hardness is a temporary property & varies with temperature.
• Example:- Polyvinyl chloride, Polyethene, Polystyrene, Teflon
31. Thermosetting polymers
• These polymers are cross linked or heavily branched molecules, which on
heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and again become
infusible.
• These cannot be reused and remoulded.
• Some common examples are bakelite, urea-formaldelyde resins, melamine-
formaldehyde resins, etc.
34. HOMOPOLYMERS
• Consist of chains with identical bonding linkages to each monomer
unit. This usually implies that the polymer is made from all identical
monomer molecules.
• These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-
• Example : Polyethene, PVC, Polystyrene, Teflon, Polyacrylonitrile,
Polybutadiene, Nylon-6, Natural rubber, Neoprene
35. CO-POLYMERS
• Consist of chains with two or more linkages usually implying two or
more different types of monomer units.
• These may be represented as : -[A-B-A-B-A-B]-
• Example : Nylon-6,6; Nylon-2,6; Terelene; Glyptal; PHBV; Bakelite;
Melamine etc.
37. Medicine
• Many biomaterials;
• heart valve replacements
• blood vessels, are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon and
polyurethane.
38. Consumer Science
• Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight and
economically less expensive than the more traditional containers.
• Clothing
• floor coverings
• garbage disposal bags
• packaging are other polymer applications.
39. Industry
• Automobile parts
• windshields for fighter planes
• Pipes
• Tanks
• packing materials
• insulation, wood substitutes
• elastomers are all polymer applications used in the industrial market.
40. Sports
• Playground equipment
• various balls
• golf clubs
• swimming pools
• protective helmets are often produced from
polymers.
41. Strength of Polymers
In general, the longer the polymer chain, the stronger the
polymer. There are two reasons for this:
• longer chains are more tangled
• there are more intermolecular forces between the chains
because there are more points of contact. These forces,
however, are quite weak for polyethene.
• Areas in a polymer where the chains are closely packed in a
regular way are said to be crystalline. The percentage of
crystallinity in a polymer is very important in determining its
properties. The more crystalline the polymer, the stronger and
less flexible it becomes.
42. • When a polymer is stretched (cold-drawn), a neck forms. In
the neck the polymer chains line up producing a more
crystalline region. Cold-drawing leads to an increase in
strength.
• The first polyethene which was made contained many chains
which were branched. This resulted in a relatively
disorganised structure of low strength and density. This was
called low density polyethene (LDPE).
• In the crystalline form, the methyl groups all have the same
orientation along the chain. This is called the isotactic
form. In the amorphous form, the methyl groups are
randomly orientated. This is called the atactic form.
• Polymers with a regular structure are said to be
stereoregular.