This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing methods, focusing on magnetic particle inspection and radiographic testing. It describes the basic principles and processes for each method. Magnetic particle inspection uses dry or wet magnetic particles to detect surface or subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Radiographic testing relies on differential absorption of X-rays or gamma rays to evaluate internal flaws by transmitting radiation through a component. The document explains the basic equipment used and safety precautions for both non-destructive testing methods.

1. NON –DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
1.MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
2.RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
COURSE GUIDE:
Prof. S.S Mane
Prepared by:
Pallavi Pranav Jayade (A-32)
Shravani Prakash Lingade (A-56)

2. INTRODUCTION:
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is the process of
inspecting ,testing components for discontinuities or
flaws without destroying the serviceability of the part.
METHODS:
 Magnetic particle inspection
 Dye Penetrant Inspection
 Sonic Inspection
 Ultrasonic Inspection
 Radiography
 Eddy Current testing
 Visual Inspection

3. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION:
(MAGNAFLUX)
Magnetic particle
inspection is a non
destructive testing
process for detecting
surface and slightly
sub-surface
discontinuities in
ferromagnetic
materials .

4. PROCESS:
Demagnetization of component
Detection of flaws /cracks
Observing
Application of inspection media (Dry/Wet)
Magnetization of component

5. METHODS OF GENERATING MAGNETIC FIELD:
Direct
Magnetization
Clamping
between two
electrical
contacts
Indirect
Magnetization
Permanent
magnets
Coils and
solenoids

6. TYPES:
 Dry Method:
In this method, fine ferromagnetic
powder is applied on the component.
 Wet Method:
In this method , liquid containing fine
ferromagnetic particles suspended in carrier such
as kerosene or petroleum oil is applied on
component.

7. EXAMPLES:
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

8. EQUIPMENTS USED:
 Field indicators
 Hall effect meters
 Portable coils
 Conductive cables

9. REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS:
 Bridges
 Underwater Utilities
 Pressure Vessels
 Boilers

10. DEMAGNETIZATION OF COMPONENT:
 By subjecting the component to
continuously reversing and steadily
decreasing magnetic field.
OR
 By slowly withdrawing the component
through an open solenoid while the
alternating current is flowing.

11. RADIOGRAPHIC
TESTING

12. PRINCIPLE OF RADIOGRAPHY:
(DIFFERNTIAL ABSORBTION)
 1.Xray or G-ray are imposed on the object to be
tested.
 2.Radiation is trasmitted to varying degrees
dependent upon density of material through which it
is travelling.
 3. Thinner areas and materials of less density show
as darker area in graph and vise versa

13. PROCESS:
 The electron of high velocity
travelling from cathod are
stopped at the anode. Hence
X-rays are produced.

14. EQUIPMENT:
1.X-ray tube:
Consists of an evacuated glass envelope which insulates
the anode at one end from the cathode at the other end.
2.Radiographic source:
X-ray ,G-ray
Irridium-192,cobalt-60,cs-137 etc.
3.High voltage source and power source:
4.Cathode anode connections:
5.Highly sentitive film:

15.  The intensity and the quality of X-rays depend on the following
factor:
1.Number of electron hitting the anode i.e the cathode current,
2.Velocity of electron,which depends onthe applied potential.
3.Atomic number of the target.
Basically source depends upon
-type of material
-location of material
-material thickness
Thickness Energy penetration Hazardous rays

16. PROCESS OF RADIOGRAPHY
X-RAYS G-RAYS

17. ADVANTAGES
G-rays over
X-ray
Have shorter wavelength ,hence
penetration power is more
Scattering of G-rays
isless,hencecomponent of non-
uniform section size can be
tested satisfactorily
Many components can be
inspected at the same time using
cobalt 60
X-rays over
G-rays
It is fast method and requires less
time exposure
Component less than 50mm can be
inspected in better way.

18. EXPOSURE OF TIME
 It depend on
1.Material of object
2.Material thickness
3.Film density
4.Source.

19. DEFECTS INSPECTED IN RADIOGRAPHIC
TESTINGS
 Cracks
 Blow holes
 Sand inclusion
 Shrinkage
 Welding defects
 Inclusions

20. APPLICATIONS
 Inspection of products
 Inspection of welds
 Airport security:hold luggage and hand luggage
 Non-instrusive cargo scanning: G-rays and high-
energy X-rays are used to scan intermodal freight
cargo container.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
 1.electric shock and radiation injury
 2.Cathode ends
 3.Lead sheets
 4.Handling of cobalt-60

21. THANK YOU