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Nobal prize 2015
- 1. The Nobel Prize 2015 in Physiology or Medicine Made by : Balbeer Singh Nawab Khatoon Subitted to Dr. Kashif
- 2. History Gerhard Domagk Discovered Sulfonamides and was awarded Nobel Prize in 1939 Alexander Fleming Discovered Pencilin
- 3. History Ernst and Howard Flory Discovered active components and showed their therapeutic activity against bacteria Selman Wakman - Isolated Sreptomyces from the soil - Discovered an active drug against tuberculosis known as Streptomycin - won Nobel Prize in 1952
- 4. Nobal Prize Winner William C. Campbell Professor Saroshi Omura Professor Youyou Tu
- 6. Parasites Protozoa: Balantidium Coli, Entamoeba Histolytica Amoebiasis Ectoparasit: Acari, Cimicidae Cimex lectularius Helminths: Tapeworms, Roundworms, Flukes
- 7. River Blindness (Onhcocerciasis) • African River Blindness • Caused by Onchocerca Volvulus • Called as River Blindness as black flies are found near river • O.volvulus double the size of male • Female produces 1000 embryonic microfilaria each day
- 9. Lymphatic Filariasis • Filaiodidea such as Wuchereia banocrofti, Brugi malayi and Brugi timori • Female nematode are larger than their male • 43-55mm long 130-170μm wide • Nematodes surive for 3-6 months
- 11. Discovery of a Microorganism With Unusual Anti-Microbial Properties Collected Soil Samples from Japan Made 1000 Streptomyces Culture Selected 50 cultures that were more prominent
- 12. Discovery of the Antiparasitic Activity of Avermectins • Wiliam C. Campbell • Tested efficacy of bacterial broths made by Omuras culture
- 13. From Avermectin to Levermectin Avermectin have following Activities: Active against intestinal nematodes in different hosts. Having long term activity against blood dwelling microfilariae and other nematodes Highlt active against the nematodes who have acquired resistance from Benimidazole. It was made non-toxic for the host Dr Mohammad Aziz, who was expert in treating River Blindness Carried first human trial in 1982
- 14. Activity of Lvermectin 1. Inhibit glutamate-gated chloride ion channels GABA- activated chloride Channels in the nerve cells 2. This results in the increase of the permeability of the cell membrane to Chloride ions 3. Hyper-polarization causes muscular paralysis and slow death of the parasite 4. Humans have Ligand-gated Cholride channels in the nervous system that are not affected by Ivermectin
- 15. Malaria- Threat to World
- 16. History 1. British Army Surgeon Discovered Mosquitoes as vector for Malaria transmission Awarded nobel Prize in 1902 2. French Physician was a Swis Chemist Discovering the parasites presences in the red blood cells of the patients suffering from Malaria Awarded Nobel Prize in 1948 • Discovery of DDT, serves poison against arthropods such as mosquitos • Awarded Nobel prize in 1948
- 17. Discovery of the Anti-Malarial Activity of Artemisinin Cold extraction method provide 100% result by killing the malarial parasite in infected mice and monkeys Further tested plant extract on malarial infected patients Obtained the juice of the leaves of A.annua in the cold water with ether instead of boiling water with ethanol
- 18. Clinical Efficacy of Artemisnin against Malaria The positive result of the Plant extract leads Youyou to figure out the active component from the plant extract Figured out its chemical structure Artrmisnin contains a class of antimalarial component that destruct the malarial parasitic activity at the early stage Resistance Resistance to Artemisnin is due to the mutation of Kelch 13 protein Youyou has suggested combination therapy of Artemisinin and antimalarial drugs
- 19. Conclusion Avermectin and Artmisinin therapies Malaria kills 500,000 people each year, constitutes of the children under 5 years old Deaths caused by Malaria has been decreased 50% Roundworm diseases infect the children Lymphatic Filariasis infects about 120 million Now the discovery of Ivermectin has become the cure for these diseases Efforts are being conducted by WHO to eradicate the River Blindness and Lymphatic Fliaraias from the world by 2025.
- 20. Thankyou!
Editor's Notes
- Microorganisms such as Bacteria and parasitic worms’ causes harm to the living organisms including human beings that leads to dead. Different scientists have worked and discovered therapeutic agents or drugs for these deadly organism. Some of the Contribution of different scientist is as follow: Gerhard Domagk Discovered Sulfonamides and was awarded Nobel Prize in 1939 Alexander Fleming Discovered Pencilin Ernst and Howard Flory discovered active components and showed their therapeutic activity against bacteria Selman Wakman Isolated Sreptomyces from the soil Discovered an active drug against tuberculosis known as Streptomycin won Nobel Prize in 1952
- Ernst and Howard Flory discovered active components and showed their therapeutic activity against bacteria Selman Wakman Isolated Sreptomyces from the soil Discovered an active drug against tuberculosis known as Streptomycin won Nobel Prize in 1952
- The Nobel Prize 2015 in Physiology or Medicine has been shared between William C. Campbell Professor Saroshi Omura and Professor Youyou Tu . William C. Cambell and Professor Saroshi Omura have discovered “A novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites” where as Professor Youyou Tu contribution has been “A therapy against Malaria”
- The Novel Therapies has been discovered against the diseases such as River Blindness, Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) and Malaria
- Parasites are the organism that live in or upon another organism, gets nutrients from the host organisms and cause live threatening diseases. Parasites attack the domestic animals as well as livestock. Around the world millions of adults and children are affected each year. There are three main classes of parasites that affect human health and causes deadly diseases, they are as follow
- Onchocerciasis is also known as African River Blindness that is caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca Volvulus. Female Black fly transmits the O.Volvolus, i-e third stage filarial larvae on the skin of the host, where it penetrates into the skin through a wound, caused by the bite of the black fly. The larvae get mature in the nodule that they form in the subcutaneous tissue. This is called River Blindness as the black flies are largely found near the river.
- Lymphatic Fliariasis is the disease that is associated with the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system gets infected by the nematodes belonging to the family of Filaiodidea such as Wuchereia banocrofti, Brugi malayi and Brugi timori. Filarial nematodes life cycle is carries out in humans as definite host and in the mosquitos that serves as intermediate host. Female Nematodes are larger than their males.They are 43-55 mm long and 130-170 μm wide. The females release microfilariae that are 177-230 μm long and 5-7 μm wide. These nematodes survive for 3-36 months.
- . These nematodes survive for 3-36 months. Microfilaria travels in deep veins during day and peripheral circulation during night. The mosquito bites the host and gets the micorfilariae from the host it bites and then these microfilariae get mature in the mosquito, the mosquito then transfer the grown micofilariae into another host where it damage the lymphatic System , swells the limb and cause fever that leads to including Elephantiasis (Lymphedema) and Scrotal hydrocele
- Professor Satoshi Omura has a large experience in isolating the natural products and is a trained microbiologist. In 1972 Omura showed his interest in the isolation of Streptomyces Bacteria in the search of a new bioactive compound. He collected the soil samples from japan and isolated microbes from them, which he cultured in his laboratory and made 1000 Streptomyces Culture. Omura selected 50 cultures that were most prominent and one of them had the strain of Streptomyces Avermitilis that became the source for getting Avermectin. The strain of Streptomyces Avermitilis were later termed as Streptomyces Avermectinius
- Lyphplyzed broths added to food Food were given to infected parasite Mouse infected with Nmarospiroides Dubius Wiliam C. Campbell has a great command in the Parasite Biology. He tested the efficacy of the bacterial broths made by Omura’s cultures. The Lyophilized broths were added to the food, that particular food was then given to the parasitic infected mice in order to test whether the parasites are reduced or not. A mouse infected with Nemarospiroides Dubius showed positive results but the mouse died. Omura then refined the culture to remove the toxicity being caused by oligomycin. Campbell along with Thomas W.Miller isolated the effective component “Avermectin” from the refined culture and identified its antiparasitic activity in the domestic and farm animals that were infected with different parasites.
- Campbell modified Avermectin and named the modified as Ivermectin which was made more effective against the infections caused by parasites. Ivermectin was synthetically produced from Avermectin having following activity The patient was given a dose of Ivermectin, the results appeared to be quite clear. It showed elimination of the Microflariae. Ivermectin was also given to patient suffering from Lymphatic Filariasis and it was found that Ivermectin eliminated the Wuchereria bancrofti , Microfilariae from the blood.
- Inhibits the glutamate-gated chloride ion channels and GABA-activated chloride Channels in the nerve cells of the invertebrates and the Mivrofilaria. This results in the increase of the permeability of the cell membrane to Chloride ions leading to the hyper-polarization of the cell. The hyper-polarization causes muscular paralysis and slow death of the parasite. The humans have Ligand-gated Cholride channels in the nervous system but these are not affected by Ivermectin as it does not cross the blood brain barrier. As this cannot cross the blood brain barrier therefore it is selective drug and even at low concentration these are effective.
- Malaria has deep history of affecting Egyptian and Greek since 2000 BC. The name Malaria has been derived from Italian word, “Mal- Aria” which means “Bad Air”. Plasmodium is the single cell parasite that is responsible for causing Malaria. Humans who are affected by Malaria experience shivering, fever and sweating. Death or Cerebral Malaria is a serious condition that is caused by P. Falciparum while other is milder forms of Malaria. People who have Sickle cell Disease, Thalassemia, Anemia or any other blood disorder are more vulnerable to be affected by Malaria. This disease is transmitted by mosquito, female Anophele Mosquito. By biting the human, the female mosquito transmits a Sporozoite, form of malaria into the blood stream of the host. These sporozoites invade the liver cell and reproduce thousands of Merozoites. These merozoites are released into the blood stream when the liver cells are raptured; this infects the red blood cells.
- French Physician was awarded Nobel Prize in 1907 for discovering the parasites presences in the red blood cells of the patients suffering from Malaria. Paul Herman Muller was a Swiss chemist and was awarded Nobel Prize in 1948 for the discovery of DDT , that serves as a poison against arthropods such as mosquitos.
- Professor Youyou Tu and her team took up the project to discover new therapeutic medicine for the treatment of Malaria. She started her work in the search of therapies that were being used to treat fever in the decades. Youyou and her team found out Artemesia Annua, sweet wormwood that was used to treat fever in the ancient days. She found that Artemesia Annua has some additional properties apart from treating the fever there fore she tested the extract of the plant to treat the malaria disease in the rodents and it showed 12% - 40% inhibition of the parasites. This lead Youyou to study the literature of Ge Hong, she came to know that the extract from the leaves of the plant may show efficacy. She obtained the juice of the leaves of A.annua in the cold water with ether instead of boiling water with ethanol. This cold extraction method provided 100% result by killing the malarial parasite in the infected mice and the monkeys. She further testes the plant extract on the malarial infected patients and it was found that the fever along with the parasites were reduced in the blood
- Clinical Efficacy of Artemisinin against Malaria The positive result of the Plant extract leads Youyou to figure out the active component from the plant extract that were responsible for the inhibition of the parasites. They were able to isolate Artemisinin that was the active component of the plant extract. Later they figured out its chemical structure. Artrmisnin contains a class of antimalarial component that destruct the malarial parasitic activity at the early stage. Resistance Youyou found that the resistance to Artemisnin in some part of the world and it is due to the mutation of Kelch 13 protein that causes delays the clearance of the parasites in the blood stream of the infected host. Youyou has suggested combination therapy of Artemisinin and antimalarial drugs. In combination with therapeutic drugs it has been advised to use nets and insecticide.
- The Avermectin and Artmisinin therapies have made a vast change in the treatment of the parasitic diseases that have been infecting large number of people in the vulnerable areas. Malaria kills 500,000 people each year, which largely constitutes of the children under 5 years old. It has been calculated that the deaths caused by Malaria has been decreased 50%. Roundworm diseases infect the children and which leads to disability for the whole life. River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis infects about 120 million around the world each year. These two diseases are the major causes of the disability among the people but now the discovery of Ivermectin has become the cure for these diseases. Efforts are being conducted by WHO to eradicate the River Blindness and Lymphatic Fliaraias from the world by 2025.