This document discusses mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka, focusing on Aedes, Anopheles culicifacies, and Culex species. It outlines the diseases transmitted by each mosquito (e.g. Anopheles culicifacies transmits malaria), their life cycles, breeding habitats, and control strategies used in Sri Lanka like indoor residual spraying and eliminating larval habitats. The goal is to reduce mosquito densities and break disease transmission cycles to control mosquito-borne illnesses.
This PowerPoint presentation, "Parasites and their biology" is the first from a four-part webinar series on worms. The author is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Vectors of Medical Importance-by-Dr.Purnoor.pptxPurnoorKaur3
## Vectors of Medical Importance.pptx: Dive into the World of Disease Carriers
Introduction:
* Defining vectors and their significance in public health.
* Highlighting the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
Major Vector Groups:
Arthropods:
* Mosquitoes - major players in malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika.
* Ticks - vectors of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, encephalitis.
* Flies - tsetse flies (sleeping sickness), sandflies (leishmaniasis).
* Fleas - plague, murine typhus.
Non-arthropods:
* Snails - schistosomiasis.
* Rodents - plague, hantavirus.
Disease Transmission Mechanisms:
* Different mechanisms for each vector-disease combination.
* Role of vector biology and behavior in transmission.
Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases:
* Global health burden - morbidity, mortality, economic impact.
* Social and economic disparities in disease prevalence.
Vector Control Strategies:
* Insecticides and repellents.
* Bed nets and other protective measures.
* Vaccination and treatment programs.
* Environmental modification and community engagement.
Emerging Challenges:
* Climate change and its impact on vector distribution and abundance.
* Antibiotic resistance in vector-borne pathogens.
* Need for innovative control strategies.
Conclusion
* Importance of continued research and collaboration in vector control.
* Emphasizing the potential for disease prevention and improved public health.
Additional elements:
* Compelling visuals like images of vectors, disease transmission cycles, and maps.
* Data and statistics highlighting the global impact of vector-borne diseases.
* Case studies of specific vector-borne diseases and their control efforts.
* Audience-specific tailoring depending on the intended audience (medical professionals, general public, policymakers).
This PowerPoint presentation, "Parasites and their biology" is the first from a four-part webinar series on worms. The author is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Vectors of Medical Importance-by-Dr.Purnoor.pptxPurnoorKaur3
## Vectors of Medical Importance.pptx: Dive into the World of Disease Carriers
Introduction:
* Defining vectors and their significance in public health.
* Highlighting the global burden of vector-borne diseases.
Major Vector Groups:
Arthropods:
* Mosquitoes - major players in malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika.
* Ticks - vectors of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, encephalitis.
* Flies - tsetse flies (sleeping sickness), sandflies (leishmaniasis).
* Fleas - plague, murine typhus.
Non-arthropods:
* Snails - schistosomiasis.
* Rodents - plague, hantavirus.
Disease Transmission Mechanisms:
* Different mechanisms for each vector-disease combination.
* Role of vector biology and behavior in transmission.
Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases:
* Global health burden - morbidity, mortality, economic impact.
* Social and economic disparities in disease prevalence.
Vector Control Strategies:
* Insecticides and repellents.
* Bed nets and other protective measures.
* Vaccination and treatment programs.
* Environmental modification and community engagement.
Emerging Challenges:
* Climate change and its impact on vector distribution and abundance.
* Antibiotic resistance in vector-borne pathogens.
* Need for innovative control strategies.
Conclusion
* Importance of continued research and collaboration in vector control.
* Emphasizing the potential for disease prevention and improved public health.
Additional elements:
* Compelling visuals like images of vectors, disease transmission cycles, and maps.
* Data and statistics highlighting the global impact of vector-borne diseases.
* Case studies of specific vector-borne diseases and their control efforts.
* Audience-specific tailoring depending on the intended audience (medical professionals, general public, policymakers).
HCM 124 lecture 9 medical entomology.pptxelphaswalela
I. OBJECTIVES
1
•To demonstrate good aseptic technique in culture transfer or inoculation and in
handling sterile materials.
•To demonstrate skil in isolation of organisms from a mixed culture using selectve
and differential media.
•To isoate microorganisms from a wide variety of sources and describe their colonial
morphology.
II. INTRODUCTION
Most environments carry a mixed microbial population. To fully appreciate the
contribution of each group of organisms to the ecology of the mass, one must first
dissect this mixed culture to obtain single colonies. The single colony is transferred
(picked) to a fresh medium to obtain a larger, homogeneous culture that may be studied
and characterized by a variety of techniques. One suchtechnique is caled aseptic
technique. Microbiologists and health workers use this technique to prevent
contamination of cultures from outside sources and to prevent the introduction of
potential disease agents into the human body (nfection can occur through contamination
of your hands and clothing with material from your bacterial cultures).
Aseptic Techniques
Aseptic techniques (also called sterile techniques) are defined as the processes
required for transferring a culture from one vessel to anotherwithout introducing any
additional organisms to the cuture or contaminating the environment with the culture.
The following conditions must exist for aseptic technique to be successful:
1. The work area must be wiped with an antiseptic to reduce the number of potential
contaminants.
2. The transfer instruments must be sterile.
3. The work must be accomplished quicky and efficiently to minimize the time of
exposure during which contamnation of the culture or laboratory worker can occur.
Developing a thorough understanding and knowledge of aseptic techniques and
culture transfer procedures is a prerequisite to working with microbiological cutures. You
wll save yourself a lot of time and energy and avoid erroneous results if a few simple
and common sense rules are observed when working with cultures.
Dr. Eby Bassiri ebassiri@sas.upenn.edu
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. Rumala Morel
Dept. of Parasitology
Peradeniya
Y2S2
Mosquitoes of Medical
Importance in Sri Lanka
Aedes
Anopheles
Culex
2. MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Study of insects and other
arthropods of medical importance
Insects: Mosquitoes, Flies, Midges,
Lice, Bugs, Fleas
Other arthropods: Ticks and Mites
3. Objectives:
List the major mosquito borne diseases
that occur globally
List the mosquitoes of medical importance
in Sri Lanka indicating the diseases they
transmit
Outline the life cycle of a mosquito
Describe the breeding & biting habits of
the medically important mosquitoes in Sri
Lanka
Outline the strategies used for control of
these mosquito species in Sri Lanka
5. Role of mosquitoes in disease transmission
2500 yrs ago Susruta suggested
transmission of malaria by mosquitoes
but no definite proof until end of 19th
C
1859- James Emerson Tennent in
‘Ceylon: An account of the island’
….retiring punctually at sunset and
sleeping under mosquito ‘curtain’ is a
valuable prophylactic against fevers…
6. Medical importance of Mosquitoes
biting nuisance- pests/allergy
vectors of disease
transmit disease causing organisms
Mosquitoes as biological vectors
Essential part of the life cycle takes place in
the vector- multiplication or development
or both
Specific time period necessary
before vector can infect another host
7. Mosquitoes as vectors of disease:
some important discoveries
1878 Patrick Manson- filarial
parasites
1897 Ronald Ross- malaria
1900 Reed & team- yellow fever
1902 Graham- dengue
8. Aedes aegypti Dengue Dengue viruses
Chikungunya Chikungunya virus
A.albopictus Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria repens
Mosquito borne diseases in Sri Lanka
MOSQUITO DISEASE INFECTIVE ORGANISM
Anopheles culicifacies Malaria Plasmodium spp.
Culex quinquefasciatus Bancroftian Wucheraria bancrofti
filariasis
C. gelidus Japanese Jap Encephalitis virus
C. Tritaeniorynchus encephalitis
C.pseudovishnui
Yellow fever – globally impt. mosq.borne disease
Not found in SL
9. Biological characteristics influencing
disease transmission
only females suck blood (blood required for
egg maturation)
breeding habits: preferred water type
host preference – anthropophilic
- zoophilic
blood sucking behavior- daytime/night
indoor/outdoor
survival- 3-4 weeks (to allow development of
pathogen)
flight range- 0.5 - 1.5 km
11. SEX DETERMINATION - Antenna
Classification of mosquitoes -1. SEX
"plumose" (hairy) - male
"pilose" (not very hairy)
female
12. Palps (sensory organs just lateral to the proboscis)
Classification of mosquitoes – 2. GENERA
A female mosquito
with long palps = Anopheles
A female with
short palps =
Culicine
Anopheles mosquitoes
rest and bite with their
bottoms up @ 45 degree
angle to the skin
13. Life span
1 month
150-300
laid every 48-72 h
4 stages
1-3 weeks
2-3 days
2-3 days
Mosquito
Life Cycle
Water is
essential
for breeding
14. Eggs:
laid singly
with floats
Eggs:
in clusters
Larvae:
parallel to
surface
no siphon
tube
Larvae:
siphon tube +
Adult: rests @
45º angle to
surface
Adult: rests
parallel to
surface
15. Aedes rests parallel to surface
Anopheles culicfacies also
rests parallel to surface like culex
16. Anopheles species of importance in Sri Lanka
An. culicifacies- major vector of malaria
vectors of minor importance
An. subpictus
An. annularis
An. vagus
An. tesselatus
Major vectors in other countries
An. gambiae- vector of human malaria and
Bancroftian filariasis in Africa
17. Characteristics of importance for a malarial vector
density
longevity
biting habits- anthropophilic (man
biting)
- outdoor/indoor
night biting mosquitoes
Keys/charts used for species identification
Rests on walls – Indoor Residual Spraying
Effective control method
18. Anopheles culicifacies
Distribution: Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar
Pakistan, Middle East, Nepal, Thailand
Adult: small- medium
wings & female palps - banding
resting position culicine-like
Breeding: shallow, sunlit, clear fresh water
Eg. Edges of slow flowing streams/rivers;
rain water collections in ground pools and pits
19. Dry zone: endemic species
present throughout year but high
densities with rains (NE monsoon Oct-Jan)
Intermediate zone: seasonal breeding
Wet zone: not normally found but breeding
occur with failure of monsoons due to
pooling in river beds
Found up to 900 m height
Distribution in Sri Lanka
Anopheles culicifacies
20. Rain water collections in pits,
construction sites, hoof prints
in dry zone
Stream/river bed pools;
seepage pools at
margins of lakes,
reservoirs;
open irrigation canal
margins
27. Culex quinquefasciatus
Very common urban domestic mosquito throughout
South/SE Asia- vector of bancroftian filariasis
Small, brown, absence of markings
Breeding: eggs in rafts (75-100 eggs)
highly polluted (organic matter) stagnant water
eg. blocked drains, cess pits, waste water pits
Habits: night biter, outdoor/indoor
bites man, cats/dogs
Rests in shade eg. indoors in dark corners
clothes, under furniture etc.
28. Culex quinquefasciatus Biological vector
Lymphatic filariasis:
Microfilaria ingested with the blood meal develop into
Infective larvae L3 in 10-12 days and emerge from
proboscis during the bite
ONLY development NO multiplication
29. Breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus
Stagnant,
polluted water
(sewage)
35. Aedes spp.
Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus
Small, delicate, black & white banding on legs.
wings clear
Vectors of-
Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Dirofilaria repens
Yellow fever (not in Sri Lanka)
Breeding: eggs laid singly (no floats)
damp surfaces that get submerged
rain water collections in containers
36. Vectors of
Dengue & Chickungunya
Aedes aegypti
Ae albopictus
Container breeders, clean water
artificial- tyres, tin cans, plastic waste
Indoors- flower vases etc.
Natural- cut bamboo stumps, leaf axils
37. SL: dengue endemic since 1989
Transovarian transmission of arboviruses
Aedes breeding sites
40. Vector of Brugian filariasis
& Dirorfilariasis
Water plants:
Pistia
Eichornia
Salvinia
Mansonia spp.
M uniformis
M annulifera
Brown, speckled wings (light/dark scales)
Breeding: aquatic plants
eggs laid in clusters on undersurface
leaves of water plants
Larvae/pupae attached to plant roots
41. Armigeres subalbatus
Very common dusk/night biter
Pest & vector of Dirofilaria repens
Breeding: polluted water
Dirofilariasis
Dirofilaria repens: common
parasite of dogs
transmitted
by Aedes,
Armigeres,
Mansonia
Causes subcutaneous
nodules in humans
43. Reduce vector density 1
Adult control – Malaria control
(1) Insecticide impregnated
bed nets – treat every 6/12
(2) Indoor Residual Spraying
44. Reduce vector density 2
Eliminate breeding sites
Destroy larvae
Aedes spp.
• Properly dispose of old tires, cans, bottles,
water-collecting rubbish, and other
unused/unwanted containers.
• Eliminate breeding in standing pools of water
Eg. air conditioners, refrigerators – add surface
oil layer
• Clean birdbaths, vases, plant pots, rain
barrels, kiddie pools etc. ONCE A WEEK
Since 1986, several outbreaks of malaria have occurred in the traditionally non-mal;rious areas. These were related to hydrological changes below dams causing pooling in the rocky and sandy river bed linked with water diversion and aggravated by droughts. In addition human migration between the downstream settlements and upper non malarious areas promoted parasite carriage.
Infection is associated with prolific breeding of the vector in blocked drains, sewage pits and polluted stagnant water collections that are common in the poorly planned urban environment. such sites also favour breeding of Armigeres mosquitoes.
the outdoor agricultural lifestyle and rural dwellings carry high risks of man-mosquito contact.
The global emergence of dengue fevers as an urban public health problem is associated with Aedes breeding. Modern lifestyles with widespread use of 'thowaway containers that end up in refuse are ideal breeding sites. 90% of Aedes breeding in in Sri Lanka occur in discarded receptacles, empty coconut combs and used tyres made use of for varying purposes.