Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
~ Presentation by Deena Pravinah A/P Nagaratnam ~
Chapter 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
- Sulphuric Acid -
Hope it's beneficial for the viewers.. :)
Sulfuric acid production by contact method (traditional)Mohsen Kianpour
In this slides is about Sulfuric acid production by contact method that is a traditional method to produce sulfuric acid and more about sulfur burning models. In addition you can find more different and new processes to produce it.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
~ Presentation by Deena Pravinah A/P Nagaratnam ~
Chapter 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
- Sulphuric Acid -
Hope it's beneficial for the viewers.. :)
Sulfuric acid production by contact method (traditional)Mohsen Kianpour
In this slides is about Sulfuric acid production by contact method that is a traditional method to produce sulfuric acid and more about sulfur burning models. In addition you can find more different and new processes to produce it.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Temperature excursions in hydrogenation reactors may have several causes, the most common ones being:-
i) Loss of recycle quench system. This could be either the liquid or gas stream. The condition is made worse if the make-up gas keeps flowing.
ii) Excessive temperatures. The loss of cooling medium ........
For example, Canada added ammonium nitrate to Schedule 1 of the Environmental Emergency Regulations (E2) in 2011. We can do the same here in the USA, adding A-N to the list of extremely hazardous substances (EHS) defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002). Appendix 40 C.F.R. 355.
2005 presentation by Jean-Paul Lacoursiere, Eng., Associate Professor, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada. Excellent insight on the explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate resulting in the need for facility and community emergency planning, prevention, preparedness, and mitigation. This information assisted immensely with A-N added to Schedule 1 of the Canada Environmental Emergency Regulations (E2) six years later.
NOTE: NFPA 490 Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate was withdrawn in Annual 2009 and incorporated into NFPA 400 Hazardous Materials Code.
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Nitric acid Industries
1. Nitric acid
Uses of Nitric Acid
• starting material in the manufacture of
nitrogen fertilizers e.g; ammonium
nitrate, nitrophosphates and potassium
nitrates
• the use of ammonium nitrate as a
fertiliser is declining because of
concerns about nitrate groundwater
contamination
• nitrating agent in the preparation of
explosives and organic intermediates
such as nitroalkanes and
nitroaromatics
• in the production of adipic acid
• used as an etchant and pickling agent
for stainless steels
• in rocket fuel production
2. Nitric Acid Production
1. Chilean saltpeter or nitrate
2. Arc process or Birkeland and Eyde process
3. Ostwald's process or Ammonia oxidation process
Nitric Acid Production
1. Chilean saltpeter or nitrate
Nitric acid occurs in nature in the form of nitrate salts. Initially,large scale
production of nitric acid began with sodium nitrate as a feed stock
NaNO3 (s)+ H2SO4 (l) NaHSO4 (s)+ HNO3 (l)
3. Nitric Acid Production
N2 + O2 2NO - heat
2NO + O2 2NO2 + heat
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
2. Arc process or Birkeland and Eyde process
Near the beginning of the 20th century, world reserves of sodium
nitrate were low and processes were being developed. Arc process
was abandoned because of poor energy efficiency.
Production of Nitric Acid
The critical step in nitric acid production, the catalytic combustion of
ammonia,was developed by Ostwald around the turn of the century and
was in production by 1906.
3. The Ostwald Process
1) Catalytic Combustion
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
2) Oxidation of NO
2NO + O2 2NO2 N2O4
3) Absorption
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
4. Raw materials
Three raw materials are needed for the nitric acid
process:
• Ammonia
• Air
• Water
The process
Ostwald Process
5. Production of Nitric Oxide
Catalytic Combustion
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, the
increase in volume in Equation implies that
conversion declines as pressure rises
Combustion of
ammonia is one of
the most efficient
catalytic reactions
with possible
conversions up to
98 percent.
Oxidation of ammonia
Ammonia is oxidised by oxygen in air to make nitrogen monoxide (common name: nitric oxide),
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O ∆Ho
298 = −940 kJ mol−1
The reaction is catalysed by an alloy of platinum and rhodium.
Other reactions also occur such as
4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O ∆Ho
298 = −11268 kJ mol−1
4NH3 + 4O2 2N2O + 6H2O ∆Ho
298 = −1140 kJ mol−1
The yield of nitric oxide depends on pressure and temperature as indicated in the table.
These exothermic reactions release energy to produce steam and/or to preheat the waste gas. After this
energy transfer, the temperature of the gas is 100 to 200 oC, depending on the process. It is cooled further
with water.
Pressure (kPa) Temperature (oC) NO yield (%)
<170 810 - 850 97
170 to 650 850 - 900 96
>650 900 – 940 95
6. Burner Head
Platinum Gauze
Super Heater
Feedwater
Preheater
Nitrous Gas
Outlet
Burner Design
The catalyst is platinum and the
reaction occurs at 900 oC. The
catalyst is a Pt-Rh fine-mesh
gauze, where the Rh provides
strength.
The biggest issue with this
method is the loss of precious
metal at the reactor temperatures.
Recovery gauze is typically used
to absorb platinum oxide vapor
and form an alloy. This gauze
can periodically be removed and
platinum recovered.
Production of Nitric Oxide
Catalytic Combustion
8. Effect of Rh on the Platinum
Gauze
Oxidation of Nitric Oxide
Further air is mixed with the nitrogen monoxide to oxidise it to nitrogen dioxide
2NO + O2 ⇌ 2NO2 ∆Ho
298 = −112 kJ mol−1
Nitrogen dioxide dimerises to dinitrogen tetraoxide
2NO2 ⇌ N2O4 ∆Ho
298 = −57.2 kJ mol−1
The NO is cooled en route to the absorption tower and, if
necessary, compressed.
As a result of this process, part of the NO is oxidized to nitrogen
dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.
To describe the kinetics of NO oxidation, a third-order rate equation
is used.
This reaction is unusual because the reaction is quicker at lower
temperatures. The reaction rate has a negative temperature
coefficient.
9. Absorption
Dissolving oxides of nitrogen in water
The gas entering the absorption tower is a mixture of
nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetraoxide.
A counter-current flow of water is used to absorb the
nitrogen dioxide. A number of reactions happen, but the
overall reaction may be summarised by the equations:
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
2N2O4 + 2H2O + O2 4HNO3
The contributing reactions include:
3NO2 + H2O ⇌ 2HNO3 + NO
N2O4 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3
3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
A secondary air stream is introduced to re-oxidise NO
and to remove move NO2 from the product acid.
Environmental improvements
Special reactors are included in most modern plant
and refitted into older plant to reduce emissions of
oxides of nitrogen. The reduction takes place over a
catalyst, and the reaction may be summarised as:
6NO2 + 8NH3 7N2 + 12H2O
Higher Concentrations of Nitric
Acid
Nitric acid can be concentrated to about 68% in water with the above
described process.
This concentration is adequate for most fertilizer applications but not for
chemical nitration reactions.
However, there are ways to overcome the azeotrope (68% in water) and
go to higher acid concentrations.
Concentrated Acid Processes:
1) Direct - injecting or absorbing NOx into weak nitric acid under pressure.
2) Indirect - extractive distillation and rectification with sulfuric acid or
magnesium
10. Monopressure process
BFW = boiler feed water, CH = high level compression, CM = medium level compression, CW =
cooling water, and D = makeup driver, EX = expander, and F = filter
11. Monopressure (single-pressure)
process
• Ammonia combustion and NOx absorption take
place at the same working pressure.
• These include medium-pressure (230 – 600 kPa)
and high-pressure (700 – 1100 kPa) processes.
• Very few plants currently employ low pressure
(100 – 220 kPa) for both combustion and
absorption.
• Higher operating pressures reduce equipment
size and capital cost.
Monopressure process
• The capital cost of the high monopressure process is
about 10–14% lower than that of the dual-pressure
process.
• Higher gauze temperatures and operating pressures
accommodate a more efficient recovery of process
energy, either as steam or as reheated tail gas, providing
power for air compression.
• Additional cost advantages by going to a vertical
equipment layout, resulting in a smaller process
footprint, less piping, and the elimination of weak acid
pumps.
13. Dual-pressure (split-pressure)
processes
• The absorption pressure is higher than the
combustion pressure.
• Modern dual-pressure plants feature
combustion at 400 – 600 kPa and absorption
at 900 – 1400 kPa.
• Some older plants still employ atmospheric
combustion and medium pressure absorption.
Dual pressure process
• Some older plants still use atmospheric pressure for ammonia
conversion.
• Compared to high monopressure plants, the lower oxidation
pressure improves ammonia yield and catalyst performance.
• Platinum losses are significantly lower and production runs
are extended by a longer catalyst life.
• Reduced pressure also results in weaker nitric acid
condensate from the cooler condenser, which helps to
improve absorber performance.
• Due to the split in operating conditions, the dual-pressure
process requires a specialized stainless steel NOx compressor.