Fertiliser from air and water with low carbon electricityIlkka Hannula
Nitrogen is an essential element of life and a part of all plant and animal proteins. It is commercially recovered from the atmosphere by combining it with hydrogen. Ammonia production, transport, and consumption is roughly a $100 billion annual worldwide business (2009) with an average scale of typical ammonia plant roughly 1000 MTPD. Approximately 80 % of ammonia is used as a fertilizer for crops, particularly corn and wheat. Currently hydrogen for ammonia manufacture is recovered from natural gas, but water could be utilized as an alternative source. In fact at least five commercial ammonia plants were in operation in 1980 all based on water electrolysis. The energy use and capital cost are roughly comparable with electrochemical and steam reforming routes (in 1980 the cost of an electrolysis-based ammonia plant rated at 300 MTPD was stated to be $80M, which is $174M in 2013 currency). Based on techno-economic calculations, electroammonia becomes interesting when long-term renewable electricity prices are below 30 $/MWh.
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
Fertiliser from air and water with low carbon electricityIlkka Hannula
Nitrogen is an essential element of life and a part of all plant and animal proteins. It is commercially recovered from the atmosphere by combining it with hydrogen. Ammonia production, transport, and consumption is roughly a $100 billion annual worldwide business (2009) with an average scale of typical ammonia plant roughly 1000 MTPD. Approximately 80 % of ammonia is used as a fertilizer for crops, particularly corn and wheat. Currently hydrogen for ammonia manufacture is recovered from natural gas, but water could be utilized as an alternative source. In fact at least five commercial ammonia plants were in operation in 1980 all based on water electrolysis. The energy use and capital cost are roughly comparable with electrochemical and steam reforming routes (in 1980 the cost of an electrolysis-based ammonia plant rated at 300 MTPD was stated to be $80M, which is $174M in 2013 currency). Based on techno-economic calculations, electroammonia becomes interesting when long-term renewable electricity prices are below 30 $/MWh.
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
1. Production of Nitric Acid
Lecture Outline
History of Ammonia Production
History of Nitric Acid Production
Production of Nitric Acid, 68 percent
Higher Concentrations of Nitric Acid
Markets and Uses of Nitric Acid
2. History of Ammonia Production
Free ammonia was prepared for the first time in 1774 by J. Priestly and C.
Berthollet using ammonium carbonate
By the 1840’s, additional ammonia was recovered from coke oven plants and
gas works as a by-product of the destructive distillation of coal.
Early 1900, American Cyanamid was formed. Producing calcium cyanamide
from calcium carbide and nitrogen at 1000ºC.
About 1900 Fritz Haber began investigating the ammonia equilibrium reaction
and evaluating effect of temperature. (Making ammonia from the elements)
In 1908 BASF and Haber entered into a agreement to work towards an
industrial scale production plant.
Working with Karl Bosch’s group within BASF over the next 5 years the
process was fully developed.
In 1913 the first commercial Plant was started in Ludwigshafen (30 tons per
day).
3. NH3 Synthesis
F. Haber won the
1918 Noble Prize
In Chemistry for his
work.
Drivers:
-Fertilizer
-Refrigerant
4. History of Nitric Acid Production
Nitric acid occurs in nature in the form of nitrate salts. Initially, large scale
production of nitric acid began with sodium nitrate as a feed stock.
Near the beginning of the 20th century, world reserves of sodium nitrate were
low and processes were being developed to replace nitrate with nitrogen.
Nitric acid was needed for explosives, munitions, and developing dyestuffs
business
Three techniques were used industrially:
1) Production of NO by reacting N2 and O2 at greater that 2000 oC,
abandoned because of poor energy efficiency.
2) Production of ammonia by hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide, not widely
accepted.
3) Production of ammonia from N2 and H2. (Haber-Bosch Process)
Fe
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
5. Production of Nitric Acid
The critical step in nitric acid production, the catalytic combustion of
ammonia, was developed by Ostwald around the turn of the century and
was in production by 1906.
The Ostwald Process
1) Catalytic Combustion
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
2) Oxidation of NO
2NO + O2 2NO2 N2O4
3) Absorption
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
7. Production of Nitric Oxide
Catalytic Combustion
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
The combustion of ammonia is one of the most efficient catalytic reactions
with possible conversions up to 98 percent.
The catalyst is platinum and the reaction occurs at 900 oC. The catalyst is a
Pt-Rh fine-mesh gauze, where the Rh provides strength.
The biggest issue with this method is the loss of precious metal at the reactor
temperatures.
Recovery gauze is typically used to absorb platinum oxide vapor and form an
alloy. This gauze can periodically be removed and platinum recovered.
13. Oxidation of Nitric Oxide
2NO + O2 2NO2 N2O4
The NO is cooled en route to the absorption tower and, if necessary,
compressed.
As a result of this process, part of the NO is oxidized to nitrogen
dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.
To describe the kinetics of NO oxidation, a third-order rate equation
is used.
This reaction is unusual because the reaction is quicker at lower
temperatures. The reaction rate has a negative temperature
coefficient.
14. Production of Nitric Acid
Absorption
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
Finally the gas is sent to an absorption tower, where it is cross-
exchanged with water.
The reaction model is quite complicated because of the number of
components reacting (NO, NO2, N2O3, N2O4, etc)
Main Reactions:
N2O4 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3
3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
16. Production of Nitric Acid
Absorption
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
The absorption tower is governed by the calculations for the oxidation
process. Oxidation proceeds more slowly as the NOx concentration
decreases in the top of the tower, therefore the spacing between the
plates increase.
Acid formation takes place chiefly in the bottom third of the reactor,
whereas NOx is reduced in the upper two thirds.
As a result, most of the heat of reaction is withdrawn in the lower third of
the tower.
The coils on the upper plates work to keep the NO gas cool for fast
reaction.
19. Higher Concentrations of Nitric Acid
Nitric acid can be concentrated to about 68% in water with the above
described process.
This concentration is adequate for most fertilizer applications but not for
chemical nitration reactions.
However, there are ways to overcome the azeotrope (68% in water) and go
to higher acid concentrations.
Concentrated Acid Processes:
1) Direct - injecting or absorbing NOx into weak nitric acid under pressure.
2) Indirect - extractive distillation and rectification with sulfuric acid or
magnesium
20. Markets and Uses of Nitric Acid
The largest use of nitric acid is in the fertilizer industry, 74-78 percent
The second largest use is for manufacture of chemicals. Some examples
are cyclohexanone, dinitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene
Finally explosives, metal nitrates, nitrocellulose, nitrochlorobenzene, a
metal treatment solvent, rocket propellants, and nuclear fuel processing.