Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A presentation done by Undergraduates in Chemical and Process Department in University of Moratuwa on engineering aspects of Sodium Hydroxide Production.
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
A presentation done by Undergraduates in Chemical and Process Department in University of Moratuwa on engineering aspects of Sodium Hydroxide Production.
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methodsrita martin
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
Manufacturing of chlorine using diaphragm cell, membrane cellrita martin
Chlorine is an important industrial chemical. Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using a diaphragm cell and a membrane cell. Both cells rely on the same underlying chemistry, but differ in detail.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. The manufacturing of sodium carbonate through the Solvays process will be discussed in detail.
3 modren sodium hydroxide manufacturing methodsrita martin
Sodium hydroxide also known as caustic soda with chemical formula NaOH found in many forms caustic soda lye, flakes, granules and solid. Produced using three different process Mercury Cell, Diaphragm cell, Membrane Cell methods
Manufacturing of chlorine using diaphragm cell, membrane cellrita martin
Chlorine is an important industrial chemical. Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using a diaphragm cell and a membrane cell. Both cells rely on the same underlying chemistry, but differ in detail.
Manufacturing nitric acid by ostwald processrita martin
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid most commonly manufactured by Ostwald process which converts ammonia to nitric acid, nitric acid used for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. The manufacturing of sodium carbonate through the Solvays process will be discussed in detail.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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3. Introduction
• Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) also known as washing soda or
soda ash, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid.
• Commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which
readily effloresces to form a white powder, the
monohydrate.
• Sodium carbonate is domestically well known as a water
softener.
• It can be extracted from the ashes of many plants.
• Commercially it is produced from salt and limestone in a
process known as the Solvay process.
• Soda ash is the most important high tonnage, low cost,
reasonably pure, soluble alkali available to the industries as
well to the laboratory.
4. Uses
• fluxing agent in glass manufacture
• alkali in many soap and detergent applications.
• flue gas desulfurization
• sulfite paper pulp process
• green liquor recovery section of the Kraft pulping
process
• production of sodium hydroxide by the lime soda
process
• production of baking powder
• as a dry-powder fire extinguisher
6. Leblanc process
• Raw materials
– Common salt -- sea water, salt lake and sub soil
water
– Sulfuric acid -- contact process
– Lime stone -- after removing clay, slit and sand
from mineral calcite or aragonite
– Coke
10. Leblanc process
• Common salt is first mixed with the conc. H2SO4
in equivalent quantities and heated in a cast iron
salt cake furnace by flue gases from adjacent coal
of fire.
NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
• HCl is passed to tower packed with coke and is
absorbed through a spray of water.
• The paste of NaHSO4 is taken out and heated to a
high temperature on the hearth of a furnace
along with some more common salt.
NaHSO4 + NaCl Na2SO4 + HCl
11. Leblanc process
• The salt cake is broken or pulverized, mixed with coke
and limestone and charged into black ash rotary
furnace consisting of refractory lined steel shells.
• The mass is heated by hot combustion gases entering
at one end and leaving at the others.
• The molten porous gray mass thus formed known as
black ash is separated from the calcium sludge and
then crushed and leached with water in absence of air
in a series of iron tank.
Na2SO4 + 2C Na2S + 2CO2
Na2S + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaS
12. Leblanc process
• The extract containing Na2CO3 , NaOH and other
impurities is sprayed in counter current to the flow of
hot gases from the black ash furnace in a tower.
• The sodium carbonate thus obtained is concentrated in
open pans and then cooled to get sodium carbonate.
• The product is calcined to get soda ash which is re-
crystallized to Na2CO3 .10H2O.
• The sludge containing mostly CaS is left behind as alkali
waste.
• The liquor remaining after removal of first batch of
soda ash crystals is purified and then causticized with
lime to produce caustic soda.
13. Leblanc process
Recovery of sulfur from alkali waste
• Alkali waste is charged into cylindrical iron vessels
arranged in series and CO2 delivered from lime kilns is
passed through it, the H2S gas thus obtained is then
conduced together with a regulated amount of air in a
Claus kiln containing iron oxide as catalyst.
• The exothermic reaction proceeds without further
external heat.
CaS + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + H2S
2H2S + O2 2H2O + 2S
• Recovered sulfur is used in the manufacture of sulfuric
acid.
14.
15.
16. • Poor economics and excessive pollution
caused by the hydrochloric acid and calcium
sulfide by-product led to the eventual demise
of the Leblanc process.
20. Solvay's ammonia soda process
Preparation and purification of brine
• Crude sodium chloride brine is first purified to prevent
scaling of downstream process equipment and to prevent
contamination of the final product.
• Magnesium ions are precipitated with milk of line, Ca(OH)2,
and the calcium ions are precipitated with soda ash.
Ammoniation of brine:
• NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) + 34900 kJ
Most of the ammonia is recycled from downstream steps,
although some make-up is required.
21. Solvay's ammonia soda process
Precipitation of Bicarbonate
• The ammoniated brine is then sent to the
carbonating columns where sodium bicarbonate
is precipitated by contacting the brine with
carbon dioxide
2NH4OH + CO2 (NH4)2CO3 + H2O + heat
(NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NaCl NH4Cl + NaHCO3
ammonium chloride is a marketable fertilizer product
22. Solvay's ammonia soda process
• NaHCO3 is less soluble and precipitates on the
internals of the carbonating column.
• At the end of the make cycle, the slurry is drained
and the solid NaHCO3 is filtered. However,
considerable amounts of NaHCO3 remain in the
column after the slurry is drained.
• A series of five or more columns with appropriate
piping interconnections are used for continuous
operation.
• The carbonation is favored by higher pressures
and low temperature.
23. Solvay's ammonia soda process
Filtration of bicarbonate
• The slurry from the carbonating columns is fed to continuous
vacuum filters or centrifuges where NaHCO3 crystals are recovered.
• The filter cake is carefully washed to control residual chloride while
maintaining acceptable yield.
• Yield losses on washing are on the order of 10%.
Calcining the Bicarbonate to Soda Ash
• The filtrate is then calcined at 175–225◦C to produce sodium
carbonate, carbon dioxide and water vapor:
• 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
• CO2 is recovered, compressed and recycled back to the carbonating
columns as needed.
24. Solvay's ammonia soda process
Recovery of Ammonia
• The traditional Solvay process recovers
ammonia by reacting the ammonium chloride
in the filtrate liquor with milk of lime
• 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
25. Solvay's ammonia soda process
Production of milk of lime
• The milk of lime and much of the carbon dioxide needed in
the Solvay process are produced from limestone. The
reaction is carried out in a kiln at 950–1100◦C.
• CaCO3 CaO + CO2
• C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)
• Usually metallurgical grade coke is mixed with the
limestone as a fuel.
• CO2 is recovered from the exhaust by filtration to remove
entrained dust, compressed and sent to the carbonization
columns. The lime is cooled and slaked with water.
• CaO(s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2
28. Major engineering problem
• The carbonation tower should be constructed to
permit the downward travel of growing NaHCO3
crystals.
• This is done by having each unit simulate a very
large single bubble cap with down sloping floors.
• The absorption is carried out in towers filled with
liquid. Hence CO2 must be compressed.
• Due to the compression the partial pressure and
solubility of CO2 increased at the end of
carbonating cycle.
29. Major engineering problem
• NaHCO3 formed in the making tower is drawn off as a
suspension, it is necessary to ensure that the
precipitated NaHCO3 is easily filterable and efficiently
washable.
• It is carried out by regulating the temperature and
concentration in the making tower.
• During the precipitation cycle, the temperature
gradient is maintained at 20°C at the both ends and
45°C in the middle and fine crystals of NaHCO3 are
allowed to grow.
• The temperature is increased from 20°C to 45-55°C by
heat of reaction and reduced by using coils.
30. Major engineering problem
Development of suitable calcining equipment
• Moist NaHCO3 will cake on sides of kiln, preventing effective
heat transfer through shell.
• Kiln must be equipped with heavy scraper chain inside and
wet filter cake must be mixed with dry product to avoid
caking.
• These problems can be avoided by using fluidized bed
calciner.
Filtration unit
• Filtration should be carried out by using vacuum on the
drum filter. As it helps in drying NaHCO3 and in recovering
NH3
31. Major engineering problem
Ammonia recovery
• NH3 recovery costs 4-5 times more than that of Na2CO3
so losses must be kept low.
• By proper choice of equipment design and
maintenance, losses can be as low as 0.2% of recycle
load.
Waste disposal
• Large quantities of CaCl2-NaCl liquor is generated
during the process.
• Either used elsewhere or disposed as waste.
32. Advantage of Solvay process
• Less electric power
• Less corrosion problem
• Use of low grade brine
• Not a problem of disposal of co-product
• Does not require ammonia plant
33. Disadvantage of Solvay process
• Higher salt consumption
• Waste disposal of CaCl2-brine stream
• Higher investment in ammonia recovery units
than crystallization unit of NH4Cl
• Higher capacity plant set up require for
economic break even operation
34. • This process combines
Na2CO3 production with
NH4Cl production.
• The importance of the
process in Japan is due
to the high cost of
imported rock salt and
use of the ammonium
chloride as a fertilizer.
Solution A: 4.1 mol/L NH4Cl + 1.05 mol/L NaCl; =1.108 g/cm3; t =20 ◦C
Solution B: 3.45 mol/L NH4Cl + 1.1 mol/L NaCl; =1.110 g/cm3; t =5◦C
Solution C: 1.86mol/L NH4Cl + 3.73 mol/L NaCl; =1.187 g/cm3; t =10 ◦C
Dual Process
35. Dual Process
• NH3 is absorbed by the NaHCO3 mother liquor,
and solid NaCl is added.
• On cooling, NH4Cl separates, is recovered in
centrifuges, and is then dried in rotary dryers
with air at 150 ◦C.
• The mother liquor is recycled to the
carbonation towers where sodium NaHCO3 is
precipitated.
36.
37.
38. Dual Process
Difference compared to Solvay’s process
• In the dual process, NH3 is not recovered; hence no
NH3 recovery tower (distillation equipment)t is
required.
• Also, lime kilns are not required if other sources of
CO2 are available.
• As the mother liquor is recycled, special attention
must be paid to the water balance of the system.
• The amount of water introduced into the system (e.g.,
for washing NaHCO3 and NH4Cl) must be controlled
continuously to maintain the correct quantity and
composition.
39. Major engineering problem
Salt purification
• Solid salt which is used to obtain better crystallization yields of NH4Cl
cannot be purified compared to brine feeds in Solvay process.
• Only purification method is mechanical washing and dewatering.
Corrosion
• NH4Cl solution is quite corrosive to equipment involved in crystallization
and solids recovery.
• So, corrosion resistant material or rubber-lined units are preferred.
Refrigeration Cost
• Actual refrigeration cost is variable but to maintain the temperature
around 0°C, the electric requirements are still double than Solvay's
operation.