~ Presentation by Deena Pravinah A/P Nagaratnam ~ Chapter 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY - Sulphuric Acid - Hope it's beneficial for the viewers.. :)

1.  Sulphuric acid is an oily, colorless liquid with no odor.
It is a key component in batteries, wastewater
treatment, ore production, and fertilizer creation. Sixty-
five percent of all fertilizers available on the market
today are created from a combination of this acid and
other chemicals. It is created from inorganic materials
through a process that utilizes a special type of
chemical reaction. A variety of substances can be mixed
with sulfuric acid in order to create new products. Sox
refers to all sulphur oxides , the two major ones being
sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and sulphur trioxide (SO3).

4. Properties
of
Sulphuric
Acid
Soluble
in water
Diprotic
acid
Viscous
colourless
liquid
Oily
liquid
Highly
corrosive
Non-
volatile
acid
Dense

5. Uses of
Sulphuric
Acid
Manufacture
pesticides As an
electrolyte in
lead- acid
accumulators
Manufacture
paint
pigments
Manufacture
Synthetic
Fibres
Manufacture
DetergentsManufacture
fertilizers
Remove metal
oxides from
metal surfaces
before
electroplating
As a Catalyst
As a drying or
dehydrating
agent
Act as a
strong acid

7. In the surface, molten sulphur is
burnt in dry air to produce sulphur
dioxide,SO2. The gas produced is
purified and cooled.

8. In the converter, SO2 and excess
oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a
few plates of Vanadium (V) oxide,
V2O5 catalyst at 450 degree Celsius
to produce sulphur trioxide, SO2.

9. In the absorber, the sulphur
trioxide, SO3 is first reacted with
concentrated sulphuric acid,
H2SO4 to form a product called
oleum, H2S2O7.

10. The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted
with water to produce concentrated
sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large
quantities.

11.  Main source of Sulphur Dioxide : Burning of fossil
fuels like petroleum and from manufacture of plastic or
rayon.

12.  Ammonia is a chemical compound that consists of
one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms
tightly bonded, which gives it the chemical symbol
NH3. It can take the form of a strong-smelling
liquid or gas. Many consumer and commercial
products contain this alkaline substance, including
many products that are used to clean grime or
fertilize crops. This chemical is hazardous, and
even in low concentrations, inhaling it or getting
the solution on the skin can cause burning, fainting
or possible death. Caution should always be used
when one is handling this chemical.

13. Manufacture fertilizers
Manufacture of synthetic
fibers
Manufacture of explosives

14. The Haber process involves the production of ammonia form
nitrogen and hydrogen.
This is a reversible reaction. This reaction
is very slow at room temperature and most
of the ammonia that is produced reverses
back to hydrogen and nitrogen straight
away.
After many years of work, a man named
Fritz Haber managed to solve this problem
by using the following conditions:
• An iron catalyst
• A temperature of 450 degree Celsius
• A pressure of 200 atmospheres

15.  The two raw materials for the Reaction are obtained-nitrogen and hydrogen. They
undergo a process known as “scrubbing”, where all impurities are removed from
the gasses, and they are purified.
 Having been scrubbed, both gasses are mixed, and the mixture is piped into a
compressor. Here, the mixture is compressed to a pressure of 200 Atm, which is
200 times greater than the pressure you are currently subject to on earth. This
forces the temperature of the mix up, as the particles gain more kinetic energy- to
about 300 degrees Celsius, causing the hydrogen and nitrogen molecules to split
up.
 The compressed mixture of gas is then lead to a converter, where all the magic
happens. The converter is a tank, heater to 450 degrees Celsius, and is pressurized
at 200 Atm. Inside it, on shelves, lie beds of hot iron- that acts as a catalyst of the
reaction, it speeds it up the reaction, but not participate in it. The nitrogen and
hydrogen react at its surface to from ammonia-however not completely all of the
hydrogen and nitrogen reacts together, and some of the ammonia created
decomposes back to its constituents. As a result, only 15% of the mixture exiting
the converter is ammonia.
 The mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia is removed from the converter,
and cooled, where the ammonia produced liquefies and is collected. However the
nitrogen and hydrogen remain as gasses- as they have lower melting points, and
they are directed back into the converter for another chance to react, where steps 3
and 4 are repeated.
 Ammonia is collected in tanks as a liquid, and stored under pressure.

16. Properties of
Ammonia
Colourless
gas
High
boiling
point
Irritating
and
choking
smell
Covalent
compound
Extremely
soluble in
water
High
density
Liquid
ammonia is
a weak
conductor of
electricity
Gas at room
temperature
Alkaline
solution

17. 1. It dissolve in water to form an aqueous
alkaline solution.
2. It react with acid to form ammonium salt.
3. It react with metal ions to form complex
salt.
4. It is corrosive to some metals.
5. Ammonia is quite reactive.
6. The volatility increases with increasing
pH.

18. BY:
DEENA
PRAVINAH