The ammonia manufacturing process involves 6 key steps:
1) Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming.
2) Nitrogen from air is added to the synthesis gas.
3) Carbon monoxide is removed through a water gas shift reaction.
4) Water is removed by condensation.
5) Carbon dioxide is removed using an MDEA solution.
6) The purified gas mixture is compressed and catalyzed over iron to produce ammonia.
The document describes different methods for manufacturing ammonium sulfate, an important nitrogenous fertilizer containing 21% nitrogen, including using flue gases from coal burning and smelting, as a byproduct from caprolactam production, through direct neutralization of ammonia and sulfuric acid, and via a gypsum process involving ammonia, carbon dioxide, and gypsum. Key steps for the gypsum process involve forming ammonium carbonate from ammonia and carbon dioxide then reacting it with gypsum to precipitate calcium carbonate and produce ammonium sulfate solution which is concentrated and dried into crystals.
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a white, water-soluble powder with the chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4. It has a density of 1.619 g/cm3 and melts at 155°C. DAP is manufactured using ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and urea through a process involving granulation, drying, screening, and packaging in multi-wall bags. It is commonly used as a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer to temporarily increase soil pH.
This document discusses the production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. It describes that monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is produced with an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of 0.6, yielding a product with 11-12% nitrogen. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is produced with a ratio of 1.4, containing 16-18% nitrogen. The process involves neutralizing phosphoric acid with ammonia in continuous reactors, then granulating and drying the slurry to produce the final fertilizer products.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
The document discusses the production of ammonium chloride. It describes two main production methods: the dual-salt process and direct neutralization of ammonia with hydrochloric acid. The dual-salt process involves saturating brine with ammonia then reacting it with limestone and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in a carbonation tower. The sodium bicarbonate is separated and converted to sodium carbonate for reuse in the process. The direct neutralization method reacts anhydrous ammonia vapor directly with hydrochloric acid gas to produce high purity ammonium chloride.
This document discusses prilling and granulation processes. Prilling involves spraying molten material into a prilling tower where it solidifies into spherical prills due to contact with upward air flow. Granulation converts fine particles into stronger, larger agglomerates using compression or a binding agent. The key difference is that prilling does not use a binder, produces hollow prills of varying sizes with more breakage, while granulation uses a binder to form solid, uniform size particles with less breakage and longer storage life. Granulation is commonly used in pharmaceuticals while prilling is used in fertilizer and explosive manufacturing.
The ammonia manufacturing process involves 6 key steps:
1) Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming.
2) Nitrogen from air is added to the synthesis gas.
3) Carbon monoxide is removed through a water gas shift reaction.
4) Water is removed by condensation.
5) Carbon dioxide is removed using an MDEA solution.
6) The purified gas mixture is compressed and catalyzed over iron to produce ammonia.
The document describes different methods for manufacturing ammonium sulfate, an important nitrogenous fertilizer containing 21% nitrogen, including using flue gases from coal burning and smelting, as a byproduct from caprolactam production, through direct neutralization of ammonia and sulfuric acid, and via a gypsum process involving ammonia, carbon dioxide, and gypsum. Key steps for the gypsum process involve forming ammonium carbonate from ammonia and carbon dioxide then reacting it with gypsum to precipitate calcium carbonate and produce ammonium sulfate solution which is concentrated and dried into crystals.
Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a white, water-soluble powder with the chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4. It has a density of 1.619 g/cm3 and melts at 155°C. DAP is manufactured using ammonia, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and urea through a process involving granulation, drying, screening, and packaging in multi-wall bags. It is commonly used as a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer to temporarily increase soil pH.
This document discusses the production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. It describes that monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is produced with an ammonia to phosphoric acid ratio of 0.6, yielding a product with 11-12% nitrogen. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is produced with a ratio of 1.4, containing 16-18% nitrogen. The process involves neutralizing phosphoric acid with ammonia in continuous reactors, then granulating and drying the slurry to produce the final fertilizer products.
1. Ammonia is produced through the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
2. Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming, and nitrogen is obtained from air.
3. The synthesis gas undergoes several purification steps including desulfurization, shift conversion and CO2 removal before being compressed and fed into the ammonia reactor.
4. In the ammonia reactor, only 10-20% of the gases react to form ammonia, with the unreacted gases recycled and fresh gases added to maintain equilibrium.
The document discusses the production of ammonium chloride. It describes two main production methods: the dual-salt process and direct neutralization of ammonia with hydrochloric acid. The dual-salt process involves saturating brine with ammonia then reacting it with limestone and carbon dioxide to produce ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in a carbonation tower. The sodium bicarbonate is separated and converted to sodium carbonate for reuse in the process. The direct neutralization method reacts anhydrous ammonia vapor directly with hydrochloric acid gas to produce high purity ammonium chloride.
This document discusses prilling and granulation processes. Prilling involves spraying molten material into a prilling tower where it solidifies into spherical prills due to contact with upward air flow. Granulation converts fine particles into stronger, larger agglomerates using compression or a binding agent. The key difference is that prilling does not use a binder, produces hollow prills of varying sizes with more breakage, while granulation uses a binder to form solid, uniform size particles with less breakage and longer storage life. Granulation is commonly used in pharmaceuticals while prilling is used in fertilizer and explosive manufacturing.
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses Raw materials, Flow sheet diagram unit operat...Sumama Shakir
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.
Sodium hydroxide was discovered in 1807 by Humphrey Day in England. It is a white solid compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions. It is produced industrially through electrolysis of brine using the Castner-Kellner or Nelson cell processes. Sodium hydroxide is very basic and has many industrial uses such as in soap production, rayon manufacturing, and petroleum products. It has important chemical properties like reacting with acids to form salts and water. Major sodium hydroxide producers in Pakistan include Sitara Chemicals, Tufail Chemicals, and ICI Pakistan.
Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) is the world’s most widely used phosphorus fertilizer. It’s made from two common constituents in the fertilizer industry, and its relatively high nutrient content and excellent physical properties make it a popular choice in farming and other industries
Single superphosphate (SSP) is a commercially important fertilizer produced by thoroughly mixing finely ground phosphate rock with concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction produces calcium dihydrogen phosphate (CaH4(PO4)2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), water (H2O), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4). The quality of the SSP product depends on the grade of phosphate rock used. Finely grinding the rock increases the reaction rate and allows for use of less sulfuric acid. The fresh mixture is then cured for one hour before being cut into thin slices for use as fertilizer.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Urea is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide. It exists as white crystalline prills or granules and contains 46% nitrogen. Urea is synthesized through a two-stage reaction where ammonium carbamate is first formed and then dehydrated to melt urea. The process occurs in a tower reactor at high pressure and temperature. The molten urea is then prilled or granulated and dried. Urea fertilizer is widely used due to its high nitrogen content and low production cost, though it can decompose rapidly if not packaged properly.
This document provides information about NFL, one of India's largest producers of nitrogenous fertilizers. It details NFL's production processes and facilities, including its use of natural gas as a feedstock. NFL operates four urea production lines with a total daily production capacity of 6,261 tons. The document discusses the chemical reactions involved in urea synthesis, key parameters that affect the reactions such as temperature, pressure and residence time, and specifications for different categories of urea produced.
The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
Sulfonation and sulfation are industrial chemical processes used to make products like dyes, pigments, and detergents. Sulfonation involves attaching a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) to an organic compound, often using sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Sulfation attaches a sulfate group (-OSO2OH) or forms a sulfate bridge between two carbon atoms. These reactions are important industrially but difficult to perform on a large scale due to the exothermic and rapid reaction of SO3. Over 1.6 million metric tons of sulfonates and sulfates are produced annually, primarily for use as surfactants in laundry and cleaning products.
Ammonia is produced industrially via the Haber-Bosch process. It involves reacting nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas at high pressures between 100-1000 atm and temperatures around 450°C with an iron catalyst. The process was developed in 1909 and allows ammonia to be synthesized from nitrogen in the air and hydrogen from methane. It is widely used to produce fertilizers and explosives. Other processes like the ICI process and Braun purifier process are also used but the Haber-Bosch process dominates due to its efficiency. Ammonia finds applications as a fertilizer, refrigerant, and in other industries.
This document summarizes information about sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), including its chemical formula, properties, common names, production methods, and uses. It occurs naturally as a crystalline dehydrate and is highly soluble in water. The most common production methods are the Leblanc process and Solvay process. Sodium carbonate has many industrial and household uses, such as in glassmaking, soap production, water softening, and cleaning products. China is currently the world's largest producer of sodium carbonate.
This document provides information about the training received at National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) in Vijaipur, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India. It discusses NFL's urea production process, including the key reactions, parameters, and equipment involved. It also provides specifications for the prilling tower and categories of urea produced. NFL is one of India's largest nitrogenous fertilizer producers and the first permitted to make neem-coated urea. It has four production units with a total daily urea production capacity of 5740 tons.
Nitric acid is a strong, corrosive mineral acid that is colorless, though older samples appear yellowish. It is produced commercially at 68% concentration through three main methods, including the arc process. The arc process involves passing air through an electric arc chamber where nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures to form nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed to produce nitric acid.
The production of ammonia involves the Haber-Bosch process, which was first developed in 1908 by Fritz Haber and industrialized in 1910 by Carl Bosch. This process involves the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases at high pressures and temperatures over a catalyst to produce ammonia. Modern ammonia plants first produce hydrogen from methane and then combine the hydrogen with nitrogen in the ammonia synthesis loop to produce liquid ammonia. The multi-step modern process removes impurities and achieves the necessary pressure and temperature conditions for the ammonia synthesis reaction.
HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMUsama Pervaiz
Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process:
1. The heat generated by the exothermic reactions is utilized to maintain the high temperature needed for the ammonia oxidation reaction, reducing energy costs.
2. Platinum-rhodium alloy is used as the catalyst. Platinum is very expensive but using it in an alloy with less costly rhodium allows the use of less platinum, lowering material costs.
Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...MuhammadAyyanKhan
Triple superphosphate (TSP) is produced through a two-stage process of reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid, and then reacting the phosphoric acid with more phosphate rock. This results in granular TSP which contains 47% P2O5. TSP has excellent physical properties for storage and application to fields, and is commonly used in blended fertilizers due to its affordable phosphorus content. It also has some non-agricultural uses as a leavening agent and mineral supplement.
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses Raw materials, Flow sheet diagram unit operat...Sumama Shakir
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.
Sodium hydroxide was discovered in 1807 by Humphrey Day in England. It is a white solid compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions. It is produced industrially through electrolysis of brine using the Castner-Kellner or Nelson cell processes. Sodium hydroxide is very basic and has many industrial uses such as in soap production, rayon manufacturing, and petroleum products. It has important chemical properties like reacting with acids to form salts and water. Major sodium hydroxide producers in Pakistan include Sitara Chemicals, Tufail Chemicals, and ICI Pakistan.
Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) is the world’s most widely used phosphorus fertilizer. It’s made from two common constituents in the fertilizer industry, and its relatively high nutrient content and excellent physical properties make it a popular choice in farming and other industries
Single superphosphate (SSP) is a commercially important fertilizer produced by thoroughly mixing finely ground phosphate rock with concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction produces calcium dihydrogen phosphate (CaH4(PO4)2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), water (H2O), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4). The quality of the SSP product depends on the grade of phosphate rock used. Finely grinding the rock increases the reaction rate and allows for use of less sulfuric acid. The fresh mixture is then cured for one hour before being cut into thin slices for use as fertilizer.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
I am damn sure you will be getting everything here searching for.
its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
Urea is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide. It exists as white crystalline prills or granules and contains 46% nitrogen. Urea is synthesized through a two-stage reaction where ammonium carbamate is first formed and then dehydrated to melt urea. The process occurs in a tower reactor at high pressure and temperature. The molten urea is then prilled or granulated and dried. Urea fertilizer is widely used due to its high nitrogen content and low production cost, though it can decompose rapidly if not packaged properly.
This document provides information about NFL, one of India's largest producers of nitrogenous fertilizers. It details NFL's production processes and facilities, including its use of natural gas as a feedstock. NFL operates four urea production lines with a total daily production capacity of 6,261 tons. The document discusses the chemical reactions involved in urea synthesis, key parameters that affect the reactions such as temperature, pressure and residence time, and specifications for different categories of urea produced.
The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
Sulfonation and sulfation are industrial chemical processes used to make products like dyes, pigments, and detergents. Sulfonation involves attaching a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) to an organic compound, often using sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Sulfation attaches a sulfate group (-OSO2OH) or forms a sulfate bridge between two carbon atoms. These reactions are important industrially but difficult to perform on a large scale due to the exothermic and rapid reaction of SO3. Over 1.6 million metric tons of sulfonates and sulfates are produced annually, primarily for use as surfactants in laundry and cleaning products.
Ammonia is produced industrially via the Haber-Bosch process. It involves reacting nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas at high pressures between 100-1000 atm and temperatures around 450°C with an iron catalyst. The process was developed in 1909 and allows ammonia to be synthesized from nitrogen in the air and hydrogen from methane. It is widely used to produce fertilizers and explosives. Other processes like the ICI process and Braun purifier process are also used but the Haber-Bosch process dominates due to its efficiency. Ammonia finds applications as a fertilizer, refrigerant, and in other industries.
This document summarizes information about sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), including its chemical formula, properties, common names, production methods, and uses. It occurs naturally as a crystalline dehydrate and is highly soluble in water. The most common production methods are the Leblanc process and Solvay process. Sodium carbonate has many industrial and household uses, such as in glassmaking, soap production, water softening, and cleaning products. China is currently the world's largest producer of sodium carbonate.
This document provides information about the training received at National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) in Vijaipur, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India. It discusses NFL's urea production process, including the key reactions, parameters, and equipment involved. It also provides specifications for the prilling tower and categories of urea produced. NFL is one of India's largest nitrogenous fertilizer producers and the first permitted to make neem-coated urea. It has four production units with a total daily urea production capacity of 5740 tons.
Nitric acid is a strong, corrosive mineral acid that is colorless, though older samples appear yellowish. It is produced commercially at 68% concentration through three main methods, including the arc process. The arc process involves passing air through an electric arc chamber where nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures to form nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed to produce nitric acid.
The production of ammonia involves the Haber-Bosch process, which was first developed in 1908 by Fritz Haber and industrialized in 1910 by Carl Bosch. This process involves the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases at high pressures and temperatures over a catalyst to produce ammonia. Modern ammonia plants first produce hydrogen from methane and then combine the hydrogen with nitrogen in the ammonia synthesis loop to produce liquid ammonia. The multi-step modern process removes impurities and achieves the necessary pressure and temperature conditions for the ammonia synthesis reaction.
HNO3 MANUFACTURING WITH PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMUsama Pervaiz
Here are two ways expenses are minimized in the Ostwald process:
1. The heat generated by the exothermic reactions is utilized to maintain the high temperature needed for the ammonia oxidation reaction, reducing energy costs.
2. Platinum-rhodium alloy is used as the catalyst. Platinum is very expensive but using it in an alloy with less costly rhodium allows the use of less platinum, lowering material costs.
Manufacture of manufacturing of single superphosphate and triple superphospah...MuhammadAyyanKhan
Triple superphosphate (TSP) is produced through a two-stage process of reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid, and then reacting the phosphoric acid with more phosphate rock. This results in granular TSP which contains 47% P2O5. TSP has excellent physical properties for storage and application to fields, and is commonly used in blended fertilizers due to its affordable phosphorus content. It also has some non-agricultural uses as a leavening agent and mineral supplement.
pdf on modern chemical manufacture (1).pdfgovinda pathak
1. Ammonia is produced by heating nitrogen and hydrogen gases at high pressures of 200-900 atm and temperatures of 380-450°C in the presence of an iron catalyst.
2. Sulfuric acid is produced via the contact process, which involves catalytically oxidizing sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and absorbing it in concentrated sulfuric acid.
3. Sodium hydroxide is produced through the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using a diaphragm cell, where chlorine gas forms at the anode and hydrogen gas forms at the cathode.
The document discusses the process of ammonia synthesis. It begins by providing background on ammonia and describing the Haber process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. It then describes the process for producing hydrogen through steam reforming of natural gas. The ammonia synthesis reaction is explained, noting the need for high pressures and temperatures due to equilibrium limitations. The loop reactor design is summarized, and catalysts used are outlined, including traditional iron-based catalysts as well as alternative ruthenium catalysts.
The document summarizes the manufacturing processes of several common nitrogen, phosphate, and potash fertilizers:
1) Ammonia is produced via the Haber-Bosch process involving high pressure reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonium sulfate uses ammonia and gypsum. Urea involves reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2) Diammonium phosphate is made by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid. Single super phosphate reacts rock phosphate with sulfuric acid.
3) Muriate of potash refines sylvite (potassium chloride) from sylvinite using flotation based on differences in specific gravities.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced via the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation. It is used to make fertilizers and explosives. Hydrochloric acid is a byproduct of chlorine production and is used in steel pickling and PVC production. Both acids are corrosive and their vapors can form toxic gases, so proper storage in acid-resistant containers is needed.
The document provides an overview of the production of nitric acid. It discusses the history of ammonia production via the Haber-Bosch process and the development of the Ostwald process for producing nitric acid using ammonia as a feedstock. The Ostwald process involves three steps: catalytic combustion of ammonia to produce nitric oxide, oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide, and absorption of the gases in water to produce nitric acid. Higher concentrations of nitric acid can be achieved through direct or indirect processes. The largest uses of nitric acid are in fertilizer production and for manufacturing chemicals.
Manufacturing of n2 o and removal of its impuritiesmadhu chaitanya
Nitrous oxide is produced commercially by heating ammonium nitrate to 240°C. The resulting gases are passed through a series of scrubbers to remove impurities like higher oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, and nitric acid, producing purified nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is then compressed and stored in blue cylinders at high pressure as both a liquid and gas. It is a sweet-smelling, colorless gas with anesthetic properties when inhaled above certain concentrations.
Nitric acid is produced commercially using three main methods: the Chile saltpetre method using sodium nitrate, Birkeland-Eyde's method using air, and Ostwald's ammonia oxidation process. The Ostwald process, which involves oxidizing ammonia over a platinum catalyst at 800°C, is now the primary industrial method. Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent and corrosive liquid used to produce fertilizers, explosives, and other chemicals. Proper safety equipment like chemical gloves and goggles should be worn when handling it due to its ability to cause severe burns.
This document discusses sources and control methods for sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions. It begins by describing the main SOx compounds like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and their properties. Natural sources include volcanoes and hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. Major man-made sources are fossil fuel combustion from industries like coal power plants. Control methods discussed include natural dispersion, fuel switching to low-sulfur options, desulfurization of fuels through processes like hydro treating, and flue gas treatment using wet scrubbing with limestone or dry adsorption processes. Specific wet and dry processes are described in detail including reagents, reactions, and regeneration steps.
Scr performance and urea decomposition at low temperatureRutuj900
This document summarizes selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines using urea as a reducing agent. It discusses the SCR mechanism by which NOx is converted to nitrogen and water using ammonia produced from urea decomposition. Experimental results show that a longer SCR catalyst achieves higher NOx conversion below 200°C due to the fast SCR reaction. Nitrous oxide emissions increase with higher urea injection amounts above 200°C. Recent developments aim to improve low-temperature SCR performance using modified catalyst compositions like copper zeolite or layered double hydroxides.
Chemical industries are established to meet the needs of modern societies. The manufacturing of sodium carbonate through the Solvays process will be discussed in detail.
1) Ammonia is synthesized from hydrogen produced from natural gas and nitrogen from air using an iron catalyst. It is then converted to urea through reaction with carbon dioxide.
2) Urea is made through two steps - ammonia and carbon dioxide first react to form ammonium carbamate, which then decomposes to form urea.
3) The urea produced is concentrated and granulated for use as a nitrogen-rich fertilizer.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
Elemental analysis determines the chemical constituents of materials like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. It is useful for determining combustion properties and flue gas composition. The analysis involves laboratory techniques like combustion analysis for carbon and hydrogen, Kjeldahl's method for nitrogen, and bomb calorimetry for sulfur. Elemental analysis provides information on coal quality and classification. Carbonization is the heating of coal in the absence of oxygen to produce coke. Otto Hoffman's carbonization method allows for byproduct recovery like coal gas, tar, and ammonia through controlled heating and gas purification. Metallurgical coke must have high purity, porosity, strength, and heating value to serve as a good fuel in blast furn
Similar to Manufacturing process of n ox, hno3 and nh4 salts (20)
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Presented by
Group 4
Arifa khanom-170512
Mafia aktary-170513
Souvik biswas soumma-170514
Dipta das-170541
2
3. NOx compounds
In atmospheric chemistry, NO x is a generic term for the nitrogen
oxides that are most relevant for air pollution, namely nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide. These gases contribute to the formation of smog and
acid rain, as well as affecting tropospheric ozone.
3
5. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Principle
• The conversion of ammonia to nitric acid simply occurs as a result of
oxidation.
• This particular oxidation reaction gives us the corresponding nitric
oxide.
• Further, when the nitric oxide is oxidized nitrous gases are formed
and those gases can trap water molecule.
• As a result, we obtain nitric acid.
• Catalytic oxidation involving 02 is used where ammonia will give rise
to the product.
5
6. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Raw materials
• Ammonia
• Water
• Air
• Catalyst (platinum-rhodium gas)
6
7. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION
• Oxidation of ammonia NH3
• Oxidation of nitric oxide
• Absorption of NO2
7
8. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
• Ammonia, prepared by Haber's process is scrubbed with sodium
hydroxide and then freed from water by refrigeration. Ammonia, is
purified from oil and Fe203.
• Purified ammonia is vaporized in a continuous steam evaporator.
• Air is compressed to 6.8 atmospheres, filtered and preheated to
about 300 °C by passing through a heat exchanger.
• Ammonia is mixed with purified and preheated air in the proportion
1:10 by volume.
• The mixture of gases (NH3,air) is compressed to a pressure of 100 psi.
8
10. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Primary oxidation (formation of nitric acid):
Oxidation of nitric acid is carried out in catalyst chamber in which one part of
ammonia and eight parts of oxygen by volume are introduced. The
temperature of chamber is about 800°C. This chamber contains a platinum
gauze which serves as a catalyst.
Chemistry of primary oxidation:
Oxidation of ammonia is reversible and exothermic process. Therefore
according to Le-Chateliars principle, decrease in temperature favors the
reaction in forward direction. In primary oxidation, 95% of ammonia is
converted to nitric oxide(NO).
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
10
11. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Secondary oxidation (formation of nitrogen dioxide)
• Nitric oxide gas obtained by the oxidation of ammonia, is very hot. In
order to reduce its temperature, it is passed through a heat
exchanger where the temperature of nitric oxide is reduce to 150°C.
Nitric oxide after the cooling, is transferred to another oxidizing tower
where at about 50°C, it is oxidizing to NO2
2NO + O2 2NO2
11
13. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Absorption of NO2 ( formation of HNO3 ):
• Nitrogen dioxide from secondary oxidation chamber is introduced
into special absorption tower.
• NO2 gas passed through the tower and water is showered over it. By
the absorption, nitric acid is obtained.
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
• Nitric acid obtained is very dilute. It is recycled in absorption tower so
that more and more NO2 get absorbed. HNO3 after recycle becomes
about 60% concentrated.
13
14. Manufacture of HNO3 by Ostwald’s Method
Concentration:
• Nitric acid cannot be concentrated merely by boiling because it forms
constant boiling mixture. Concentration of nitric acid is done by
following methods.
• Concentration of HNO3 by H2SO4 : In this process, concentrated
sulphuric acid (93%) is fed to the top of silicon-iron or stoneware
tower and 61-65 % nitric acid is fed just below the top. The vapors
leaving the tower are 90% HNO3.The H2SO4(70%) obtained at the
bottom is re-evapourated to 93 % or used as such elsewhere in the
plant.
14
15. Manufacture of ammonium salts
There are three kinds of ammonium salts
• Ammonium nitrate
• ammonium sulphate
• ammonium phosphate
15
16. Manufacture of NH4NO3 by Stengel method
Principle:
• Ammonium nitrate plants are operated in conjugation with NH3 and
HNO3 plant, which are the raw materials for its manufacturing.
Raw materials:
• Ammonia NH3 (Haber's Process)
• Nitric acid HNO3 ( Oxidation of ammonia)
Chemical reaction:
HNO3 + NH3 NH4NO3
16
17. Manufacture of NH4NO3 by Stengel method
Process flow chart:
17
Prills are Dried, Coated (by clay) and taken to packing plant for Packing.
Cooler (used to solidify )
Air is blown through melt (so water is removed and melt containing only0.25%
moisture produce directly)
Passed into a cyclone(separate steam and solution quickly)
React in packed tower
Super heated NH3 vapor (145°C) + Preheated conc HNO3(60%)(165°C)
19. MANUFACTURE OF (NH4)2SO4 FROM GYPSUM
Raw Materials :
• Ammonia
• Carbon Dioxide
• Gypsum
Chemical reaction:
2NH3 + H20 + CO2 (NH4)2CO3
(NH4)2CO3+ CaSO4 (NH4)2SO4+ CaCO3
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
19
20. MANUFACTURE OF (NH4)2SO4 FROM GYPSUM
Process flow chart:
20
CaCO3 obtained as by product is used as a raw material for the
dried in a rotary drier at 1500oC to get ammonium sulphate crystal
The solution is evaporated and the crystals are centrifuged
The slurry produced is vacuum filtered and the calcium carbonate cake
washed and dewatered
finely ground gypsum or anhydrite is fed into the aqueous solution of ammonium
carbonate in large reactor,
Liquid ammonia and CO2 is absorbed in absorbing tower and form ammonium carbonate
22. Manufacture of AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
• Monoammonium phosphate (MAP):
Anhydrous ammonia added to liquid phosphoric acid gives
monoammonium phosphate (MAP). It is a fertilizer or fertilizer
intermediate with high P2O5 content of about 55% and nitrogen
content 11-12%.
• Diammonium phosphate (DAP) :
With more ammonia, technical grade diammonium phosphate (DAP)
containing 16 to 18% nitrogen and 20 to 21 % phosphorus (46% P2O5 )
is formed
22
24. Manufacture of AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
Process flow chart:
24
Dried ammonium phosphate is screened and send to storage
Granules of ammonium phosphate dried in a dryer
Product mixture containing ammonium phosphate mixed with KCl which feed to the
granulator
Neutralization reactions take place in reactors
Excess quantity of ammonia is collected from top of the reactor and recycled to before
reactor
In case of production DAP ammonia is feed through 2nd and 3rd reactor
Liquor ammonia is feed through bottom of reactor + phosphoric acid is feed from top