Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
Main topic of the presentation is 'Conversion of Rubber'. You can easily found;
How conversion process are realized?
What type of process are used?
Application areas of conversion rubber.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
If you like it, please would you like it and comment.
Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
geopolymer concrete ppt
geopolymer concrete journals
geopolymer concrete pdf
making geopolymer concrete
diy geopolymer concrete
geopolymer concrete price
geopolymer solutions
geopolymer cement recipe
Takko Fashion - Die internationale Expansion - André Pleines - Deutscher Hand...Vorname Nachname
Vortrag von André Pleines, Head of Development Westeuropa, Takko Fashion, auf dem Deutschen Handelsimmobilien-Kongress 2013 im März 2013 in Berlin zum Thema "Takko Fashion - Die internationale Expansion".
Weitere Infos zum Kongress und zu weiteren Veranstaltungen von Management Forum der Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt finden Sie unter: www.managementforum.com
Rubber extruders have a varied field of application. So, when you come across a rubber profile, strip, hose, cable, wire, cord coating, tire tread, v-belt, tube, or blank remember that they are only a few handful of products manufactured using extrusion process. In this Knowledge On-The-Go Special Supplement, we bring to you a ‘collector’s edition’ on Extruders and Extrusion incorporating the fundamentals.
A report on Industrial Attachment Training at Abdul Monem Limited (Igloo ice cream and milk unit). Timeframe: 5 February 2017 to 18 March 2017.
The training includes Production (ice cream & milk), Quality control & assurance, Engineering, Plastic, Distribution and HR department.
Introduction to Techsil's Hotmelt Adhesive and Glue Gun RangeTechsil Ltd
An introduction to Techsil's range of different Hotmelt adhesives and glue guns and their applications in manufacturing sectors. Contains a useful selection guide.
Sorbead India is one of best supplier of LDPE bags which are USFDA approved and anti static, use to pack pharmaceutical tablets and capsules this plastic low density polyethylene bags.
This presentation include all the information that you are looking about cement from its manufacturing to its types and need of it. even the future advancements in this field is elaborated very nicely.
The book Adhesive Technology and Formulations Hand Book covers almost all the basic and advanced details to setup own Gums and Adhesive Unit. The new edition of the book is covering latest methods including Introduction, Historical Development of Adhesives and Adhesive Bonding, Types of Adhesives, Emulsion and Dispersion Adhesives, Testing of Adhesives,
Protein Adhesives for Wood, Hot Melt Adhesives, Animal Glues and Adhesives,
Polyvinyl Acetate/Alcohol Based Adhesives, Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate
Copolymers, Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives, Silicone Adhesives, Epoxide
Adhesives, Polyester Adhesives, Furane Adhesives, Phenolic Resin Adhesives,
Cellulose Derivative Adhesives, Epoxy Polyurethane Adhesives,
Polyisocyanate/Polyurethane Adhesive, Amino (Urea & Melamine)
Formaldehyde Adhesives, Paper, Board & Packaging Adhesives, Remoistenable Adhesives, Gum Arabic etc. Adhesives, Footwear Applications
of Adhesives, High-Temperature Adhesives, Dispensing of Adhesives, Natural
Rubber–Based Adhesives, Polysulfied Sealants and Adhesives, Phenolic Resin
Adhesives, Urea–Formaldehyde Adhesives, Melamine–Formaldehyde Adhesives, Polyurethane Adhesives, Unsaturated Polyester Adhesives, Reactive Acrylic Adhesives, Technology of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives for
Industrial Assembly, Silicone Adhesives and Sealants, Epoxy Resin Adhesives,
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Adhesives in the Automotive Industry, Adhesive
Based on Vinyl Acetate, Printing Gums (Guar Gum Based), Leather Based
Adhesive, Latex Rubber Based Adhesive, Office Paste, Starch and Dextrin
Based Adhesive, Adhesive for Corrugation Dry Powder and Paste, Adhesive
(Different Type), Adhesive Industries (Laminated, Fevicol, Sticker DDL and
Other Types of Adhesive), Rubber Adhesive, Adhesive (Polyvinyl Butyral
Based), Self Adhesive Labels, Ester Gums (Food Grade), Vulcanizing Rubber
Solution/Cement for Automobile Tyres, Industrial Adhesive Based on Starch
Gum, Dextrin Silicate, Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Suppliers of Raw
Materials.
The book has been written for the benefit and to prove an asset and a
handy reference guide in the hands of new entrepreneurs and well established
industrialists.
Director
Geopolymer cement concrete is made from utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Fly ash is the waste product generated from thermal power plant and ground granulate blast furnace slag is generated as waste material in steel plant.
geopolymer concrete ppt
geopolymer concrete journals
geopolymer concrete pdf
making geopolymer concrete
diy geopolymer concrete
geopolymer concrete price
geopolymer solutions
geopolymer cement recipe
Takko Fashion - Die internationale Expansion - André Pleines - Deutscher Hand...Vorname Nachname
Vortrag von André Pleines, Head of Development Westeuropa, Takko Fashion, auf dem Deutschen Handelsimmobilien-Kongress 2013 im März 2013 in Berlin zum Thema "Takko Fashion - Die internationale Expansion".
Weitere Infos zum Kongress und zu weiteren Veranstaltungen von Management Forum der Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt finden Sie unter: www.managementforum.com
Rubber extruders have a varied field of application. So, when you come across a rubber profile, strip, hose, cable, wire, cord coating, tire tread, v-belt, tube, or blank remember that they are only a few handful of products manufactured using extrusion process. In this Knowledge On-The-Go Special Supplement, we bring to you a ‘collector’s edition’ on Extruders and Extrusion incorporating the fundamentals.
A report on Industrial Attachment Training at Abdul Monem Limited (Igloo ice cream and milk unit). Timeframe: 5 February 2017 to 18 March 2017.
The training includes Production (ice cream & milk), Quality control & assurance, Engineering, Plastic, Distribution and HR department.
Introduction to Techsil's Hotmelt Adhesive and Glue Gun RangeTechsil Ltd
An introduction to Techsil's range of different Hotmelt adhesives and glue guns and their applications in manufacturing sectors. Contains a useful selection guide.
Sorbead India is one of best supplier of LDPE bags which are USFDA approved and anti static, use to pack pharmaceutical tablets and capsules this plastic low density polyethylene bags.
This presentation include all the information that you are looking about cement from its manufacturing to its types and need of it. even the future advancements in this field is elaborated very nicely.
The book Adhesive Technology and Formulations Hand Book covers almost all the basic and advanced details to setup own Gums and Adhesive Unit. The new edition of the book is covering latest methods including Introduction, Historical Development of Adhesives and Adhesive Bonding, Types of Adhesives, Emulsion and Dispersion Adhesives, Testing of Adhesives,
Protein Adhesives for Wood, Hot Melt Adhesives, Animal Glues and Adhesives,
Polyvinyl Acetate/Alcohol Based Adhesives, Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate
Copolymers, Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives, Silicone Adhesives, Epoxide
Adhesives, Polyester Adhesives, Furane Adhesives, Phenolic Resin Adhesives,
Cellulose Derivative Adhesives, Epoxy Polyurethane Adhesives,
Polyisocyanate/Polyurethane Adhesive, Amino (Urea & Melamine)
Formaldehyde Adhesives, Paper, Board & Packaging Adhesives, Remoistenable Adhesives, Gum Arabic etc. Adhesives, Footwear Applications
of Adhesives, High-Temperature Adhesives, Dispensing of Adhesives, Natural
Rubber–Based Adhesives, Polysulfied Sealants and Adhesives, Phenolic Resin
Adhesives, Urea–Formaldehyde Adhesives, Melamine–Formaldehyde Adhesives, Polyurethane Adhesives, Unsaturated Polyester Adhesives, Reactive Acrylic Adhesives, Technology of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives for
Industrial Assembly, Silicone Adhesives and Sealants, Epoxy Resin Adhesives,
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Adhesives in the Automotive Industry, Adhesive
Based on Vinyl Acetate, Printing Gums (Guar Gum Based), Leather Based
Adhesive, Latex Rubber Based Adhesive, Office Paste, Starch and Dextrin
Based Adhesive, Adhesive for Corrugation Dry Powder and Paste, Adhesive
(Different Type), Adhesive Industries (Laminated, Fevicol, Sticker DDL and
Other Types of Adhesive), Rubber Adhesive, Adhesive (Polyvinyl Butyral
Based), Self Adhesive Labels, Ester Gums (Food Grade), Vulcanizing Rubber
Solution/Cement for Automobile Tyres, Industrial Adhesive Based on Starch
Gum, Dextrin Silicate, Suppliers of Plant & Machineries and Suppliers of Raw
Materials.
The book has been written for the benefit and to prove an asset and a
handy reference guide in the hands of new entrepreneurs and well established
industrialists.
Director
Chemical engineering Introduction to Process Calculations StoichiometryHassan Salem
Introduction to Process Calculations Stoichiometry
Chemical engineering
https://www.scribd.com/doc/245696881/Introduction-to-Process-Calculations-Stoichiometry
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge .
Manufaturing Process Of Cement
Contents-
What is CEMENT ?
Introduction
Diff. B/w Cement and Portland Cement
Components Of Portland Cement
History of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Manufacturing of PORTLAND CEMENT.
Components
Processes
Dry Process
Wet Process
MANUFACTURING AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT CEMENT ITS COMPOSITION, INTERNAL MECHANICS, VARIOUS METHODS OF MANUFACTURING, USES AND VARIOUS COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CEMENT AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CHECKOUT MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL
http://www.youtube.com/c/beaCIVILEngineergovindsir_onlineclasses
Introduction- Classification of cements - Portland Cement
Raw materials of Portland cement - Cement Manufacturing Process - Flow chart of Portland Cement manufacturing process - Cement Manufacturing Video - Mixing and Crushing
Dry Process - Wet Process - Burning Process - View of complete setup - Rotary Klin zones - Chemical Reactions -
Grinding and Packaging - Setting and hardening - Flow chart
Sequence - Chemical Reactions - Special Cement -
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Cement Industries
1. 13/12/2013
1
Cement Industries
Introduction
• Cement
– inorganic material
– having adhesive and cohesive properties
– sets and hardens when mixed with water (hydrolysis and
hydration)
• Uses
– buildings, roads, bridges, dam etc
• Types
– hydraulic (Portland cement)
• harden because of hydration, can harden underwater or when
constantlyexposed to wet weather
– non hydraulic (Lime and gypsum plaster)
• slaked limes harden by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide
3. 13/12/2013
3
History
• 1796 Roman cement James Parker
– natural cement made by burning certain clay deposits (containing
minerals and calcium carbonate)
• 1817 Artificial cement Louis Vicat
– by burning chalk and clay mixture
• 1822 British cement James Frost
– similar
• 1824 Portland cement Joseph Aspdin
• 1841 Modern Portland cement William Aspdin
Introduction
• Types
– Natural cement : Hydraulic lime
• burning of 20-40% clay, carbonate of lime and small
amount of magnesium carbonate
– Artificial cement :
• Calcination of calcareous (Ca) material followed by the
clinkering process with argillaceous (Al + Si) material at
high temperature
4. 13/12/2013
4
Based on the application, appearance
and constituents
• Acid resistance cement
• Blast furnace cement
• Coloured cement
• White cement
• Rapid hardening cement
• High alumina cement
• Puzzolana cement
• Hydrophobic cement
• Expanding cement
• Low heat cement
• Quick setting cement
• Sulfate resisting cement
Chemical composition of grey cement
Nomenclature Molecular
formula
Cement
chemists
notation
Concentratio
n range (w/w
%)
Tricalcium silicate 3CaO•SiO2 C3S 40-80
Dicalcium silicate 2CaO•SiO2 C2S 10-50
Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO•Al2O3 C3A 0-15
Tetracalcium aluminoferite 4CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3 C4AF 0-20
Calcium oxide CaO 0-3
Magnesium oxide MgO 0-5
Potassium sulphate K2SO4 0-2
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 0-1
5. 13/12/2013
5
Compounds
• Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)
– Hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and early
strength
• Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
– Hardens slowly and contributes largely to strength increases at
ages beyond 7 days
• Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
– Liberates a large amount of heat during the first few days of
hardening and together with C3S and C2S may somewhat
increase the early strength of the hardening cement
• Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF)
– acts as a flux during manufacturing. Contributes to the colour
effects that makes cement gray.
Chemical composition of white cement
Characteristics Molecular formula Typicalconcentration(w/w %)
Chemicalcomposition (%) SiO2 22.5-23.8
Al2O3 2.3-6.2
Fe2O3 0.19-0.4
CaO 66.3-68.0
MgO 0.48-1.0
SO3 0.65 – 2.8
F 0.24 – 0.85
K2O 0.12-0.14
Na2O 0.17
Potential compound
composition (%)
3CaO•SiO2 70
2CaO•SiO2 19
3CaO•Al2O3 8
4CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3 1
Except for colour, white cement has the same properties as grey cement.
highly pure limestone,
white clays, kaolin, quartz
sand, feldspar,
diatomaceousearth, low
contentsof metals such
as iron and manganese.
6. 13/12/2013
6
Principle constituents
• Lime
– calcining the lime stone (CaCO3) at temperature that it will slake, when brought in contact with water. It is
principal constituent of cement. Proper amount of lime is important as excess of it reduces the strength as
well as lesser amount also reduces the strength and makes its quick setting.
• Silica
– It imparts strength to cement.
• Alumina
– It works as an accelerator and makes the cement quick settling.
• Gypsum (Calcium sulfate)
– It retards the setting action of cement but enhances the initial setting time.
• Iron oxide
– It provides colour, strength and hardness of cement.
• Magnesia
– If present in small amount impart hardness and colour to cement
• Sulfur trioxide
– If present in small amount it imparts soundness to cement but excess of it is undesirable
• Alkalis
– Most of the alkalis present in raw materials are carried away by the flue gases during heating and cement
contains only a small amount of alkalis. If present in excess causes the dehydration in cement.
Manufacturing process
• The basic chemistry of the cement manufacturing
process begins with the decomposition of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) at about 900 °C to calcium oxide
(CaO, lime) and liberated gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2);
this process is known as calcination.
• This is followed by the clinkering process in which the
calcium oxide reacts at a high temperature (typically
1400 – 1500 °C) with silica, alumina, and ferrous oxide
to form the silicates, aluminates, and ferrites of
calcium which comprise the clinker.
• The clinker is then ground or milled together with
gypsum and other additives to produce cement.
7. 13/12/2013
7
Manufacturing process
• It involves the following steps
– Storage and preparation of raw materials
– Burning
– Grinding
– Storage and packaging
Process routes
• The choice of process is, to a large extent, determined by the state
of the raw materials (dry or wet).
– The dry process, in which the raw materials are ground and dried to
raw meal in the form of a flowable powder. The dry raw meal is fed to
the preheater or precalciner kiln or, more rarely, to a long dry kiln.
– The semi-dry process, in which the dry raw meal is pelletised with
water and fed into a preheater before the kiln or to a long kiln
equipped with crosses.
– The semi-wet process, in which the slurry is first dewateredin filter
presses. The resulting filter cake is extruded into pellets and then fed
either to a preheater or directly to a filter cake dryer for raw meal
production.
– The wet process, in which the raw materials (often with a high
moisture content) are ground in water to form a pumpable slurry. The
slurry then is either fed directly into the kiln or first to a slurry dryer.
* Wet processes are more energy consuming, and thus more expensive.
8. 13/12/2013
8
Raw materials
– Clay
– Limestone
– Gypsum
– Water
Dry process
• Lime stone or chalk and clay are crushed into gyratory crusher to get 2-5
cm size pieces.
• Crushed material is ground to get fine particle in ball mill or tube mill.
Materialsafter screening stored in a separate hopper.
• Typical dry grinding systems used are:
– Tube/ballmill, centre discharge
– Tube/ballmill, airswept
– verticalroller mill
• Classification of the powder is carried out using air separators.
• The powder is mixed in require proportions to get dry raw meal which is
stored in silos and kept ready to be fed into the rotary kiln. Raw materials
are mixed in required proportions so that average composition of the final
product is maintained properly.
• For raw meal transport to storage silos, pneumatic and mechanical
conveyor systems are used.
9. 13/12/2013
9
Wet process
• Calcareous raw material is crushed, powdered and stored in silos.
• Clay is washed with water in wash mills to remove adhering organic
matter. The washed clay is stored separately.
• Powdered lime stone and wet clay are allowed to flow in channel
and transfer to grinding mills (closed circuit milling systems) where
they are intimately mixed and paste is formed known as slurry.
• Grinding may be done either in ball mill or tube mill or both. When
sufficiently fine, the material passes through screens in the wall of
the wash mill and is pumped to storage.
• Then slurry is led to correcting basin where chemical composition
may be adjusted. The slurry contains 38-40% water stored in
storage tank and kept ready for feeding to a rotary kiln.
Clinker burning
• This part of the process is the most important in terms
of emissions potential and of product quality and cost.
In clinker burning, the raw meal/slurry is fed to the
rotary kiln system where it is dried, preheated, calcined
and sintered to produce cement clinker.
• Cyclone preheater
– The raw materials are preheated or calcined in preheater
or series of cyclones before entering to the rotary kiln. A
preheater, also called as suspension preheater is a heat
exchanger in which the moving crushed powder is
dispersed in a stream of hot gas coming from the rotary
kiln. Common arrangement of series of cyclones is shown
in figure.
10. 13/12/2013
10
Preheater/Precalciner
• The heat transfer of hot kiln gases to raw meal takes place in co-current.The raw
materialsare heated upto 800 °C within a less than a minutes.About 40% of the
calciteis decarbonatedduring the heat transfer.
• The quality and quantity of fuel used in the kiln can be reduced by introducing a
proportion of the fuel into preheater.50 – 65 % of the total amount of fuel is
introducedinto preheater or precalciner which is often carried out by hot air
ducted from cooler.
• The fuel in the precaliner is burnt at relativelylow temperature,there so heat
transfer to the raw meal is very efficient.The material has residence time in the
hottestzone of a few seconds and its exit temperature is about 900 °C, 90 – 95% of
calciteis decomposed.Ash from the fuel burn in the precalcineris effectively
incorporatedinto mix.
• Advantagesof precalination
– Decrease the size of kiln
– Decrease in capital cost
– Increase in rate of material passes to the kiln.
– Decrease in rate of heat provided which ultimately lengthens the life of refractory lining
– Less NOx is formed, since much of the fuel is burnt at a low temperature, and with some
designs NOx formed in the kiln may be reduced to nitrogen.
Clinker burning
• It is essential to maintain kiln charge temperatures in the sintering
zone of the rotary kilns at between 1400 and 1500 °C, and the
flame temperature at about 2000 °C. Also, the clinker needs to be
burned under oxidising conditions. Therefore, an excess of air is
required in the sintering zone of a cement clinker kiln.
• The rotary kiln consists of a steel tube with a length to diameter
ratio of between 10 : 1 and 38 : 1. The tube is supported by two to
seven (or more) support stations (roller bearings), has an inclination
of 2.5 to 4.5 % and a drive rotates the kiln about its axis at 0.5 to 5.0
revolutions per minute.
• The combination of the tube’s slope and rotation causes material to
be transported slowly along it. In order to withstand the very high
peak temperatures, the entire rotary kiln is lined with heat resistant
bricks (refractories). All long and some short kilns are equipped
with internals (chains, crosses, lifters) to improve heat transfer.
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Clinker burning
• Due to inclined position and slow rotation of the kiln,
the material charged from upper end is moving
towards lower end (hottest zone) at a speed of 15m/h.
In the upper part, water or moisture in the material is
evaporated at 400 °C, so it is known as drying zone.
• In the central part (calcination zone), temperature is
around 1000 °C, where decomposition of lime stone
takes place. After escapes of CO2, the remaining
material in the forms small lumps called nodules.
– CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Clinker burning
• The lower part (clinkeringzone) have temperature in between 1500-1700
°C where lime and clay reacts to yielding calcium aluminates and calcium
silicates. The aluminates and silicates of calcium fuse togather to form
small and hard stones are known as clinkers. The size of the clinker is
varies from 5-10 mm.
– 2CaO + SiO2 Ca2SiO4
– 3CaO + SiO2 Ca3SiO5
– 3CaO + Al2O3 Ca3Al2O6
– 4CaO + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 Ca4Al2Fe2O10
• The hot clinkers coming from burning zone are cooled down by air
admitting counter current direction at the base of rotary kiln. Resulting
hot air is used for burning powdered coal or oil.
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Clinker coolers
• The clinker cooler is an integral part of the kiln system and has a decisive
influenceon performance and economy of the pyroprocessing plant. The
cooler has two tasks: to recover as much heat as possible from the hot
(1450 °C) clinker so as to return it to the process; and to reduce the clinker
temperatureto a level suitable for the equipment downstream.
• Heat is recovered by preheating the air used for combustion in the main
and secondary firing as close to the thermodynamic limit as possible.
• Rapid cooling fixes the mineralogical compositionof the clinker to improve
the grindability and optimise cement reactivity.
• Typical problems with clinker coolers are thermal expansion, wear,
incorrectairflows and poor availability
• There are three types of coolers: rotary, grate and verticle/gravitycoolers.
– Rotary coolers : tube and planetary coolers
– Grate coolers : travelling, reciprocating,third generationgrate coolers
Clinker grinding
• Portland cement is produced by intergrinding cement
clinker with sulphates such as gypsum and anhydrite.
• Grinding plants may be at separate locations from
clinker production plants.
• Commonly used finish grinding systems are:
– Tube/ball mills, closed circuit (mineral addition is rather
limited, if not dry or pre-dried)
– vertical roller mills (best suited for high mineral additions
due to its drying capacity, best suited for separate grinding
of mineral addition)
– roller presses (mineral addition is rather limited, if not dry
or pre-dried).
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Typical process flow diagram
Comparison of dry and wet process
Criteria Dry process Wet process
Hardness of raw material Quite hard Any type of raw material
Fuel consumption Low High
Time of process Lesser Higher
Quality Inferior quality Superior quality
Cost of production High Low
Overall cost Costly Cheaper
Physical state Raw meal (solid) Slurry (liquid)
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Ordinary Portland cement
Chemical Analysis Typical EN 197-1 52.N & BS 12-1996 IS 12269
Loss on Ignition % 3.3 5.0% Max. 4.0% Max.
Insoluble residue % 0.95 0.95% Max. 2.0% Max.
Sulphate as SO3 % 2.5 4.0% Max. 3.0% Max.
Chloride % 0.05 0.1% Max. 0.1% Max.
MgO % 2.25 --- 6.0% Max.
LimeSaturation Factor % 0.93 --- 0.8Min - 1.02% Max.
Alkali Equivalent % 0.57 0.60% Max. --
Physical Properties
Fineness by Blaine cm2/g 3200-3000 --- 2250
Setting & Soundness Behaviour
Initial Setting Time (minutes) 180 45 min (Min.) 30 min (Min.)
Final Setting Time (hours) 4:30 h:m -- 600 min (Max.)
Lechatlier's Expansion 1:00 mm 10 (Max.) 10 mm (Max.)
Autoclave Expansion 0.05% -- 0.80% (Max.)
Compressive StrengthPerformance Mortar EN 196-1 Testing Method
Typical Results EN 197-1 52.5 N & BS 12-1996
Earlystrength – 2days (N/mm2) 22.5 20.0 Min.
Standard Strength – 28days (N/mm2) 56 52.5 Min.
Typical Results IS 12269 53 grad
3days (N/mm2) 38 27.0 Min
7days (N/mm2) 47 37.0 Min.
Standard Strength - 8days (N/mm2) 56 53.0 Min.