Chikungunya is a viral disease spread through mosquito bites. It causes fever, rash and severe joint pain. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1952 and has caused several outbreaks in parts of Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and protecting against bites. Symptoms are usually self-limiting, but joint pain can persist for months or years.
Kyasanur forest disease, KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhage caused by kyasanur forest disease virus, a member of virus family of arbovirus & flavivirus and transmitted to man by bite of infected ticks.
Kyasanur forest disease, KFD is a febrile disease associated with haemorrhage caused by kyasanur forest disease virus, a member of virus family of arbovirus & flavivirus and transmitted to man by bite of infected ticks.
Chikungunya Presentation by Belize Ministry of HealthAdele Ramos
This slide presentation was delivered by the Ministry of Health at a sensitization session for health professionals in Belize City. The debilitating disease first detected in the Caribbean in November 2013 is suspected to have affected more than 10,000 in 11 countries.
japenese encephalitis is an important vector borne disease which carries a high mortality as well as high disability. it is a preventable disease and an effective vaccine is available for it.the vaccine is an important part of universal immunization program in india. Environmental modification and control of vector will go long way in the control of this disease.
Chikungunya Presentation by Belize Ministry of HealthAdele Ramos
This slide presentation was delivered by the Ministry of Health at a sensitization session for health professionals in Belize City. The debilitating disease first detected in the Caribbean in November 2013 is suspected to have affected more than 10,000 in 11 countries.
japenese encephalitis is an important vector borne disease which carries a high mortality as well as high disability. it is a preventable disease and an effective vaccine is available for it.the vaccine is an important part of universal immunization program in india. Environmental modification and control of vector will go long way in the control of this disease.
“EVALUACIÓN DE LA APLICABILIDAD DEL MODELO DE GESTIÓN DE INTEGRIDAD PROPUESTO POR LA PRACTICA RECOMENDADA API 1160 EN ESTACIONES DE BOMBEO Y FACILIDADES DE TUBERÍA DE PROCESO “PIPING” Y/O NO MARRANEABLES, RESPECTO A LOS PARÁMETROS DE INSPECCIÓN DE API 570”
EVALUACIÓN DE LA APLICABILIDAD DEL MODELO DE GESTIÓN DE INTEGRIDAD PROPUESTO ...Andrés Molina
EVALUACIÓN DE LA APLICABILIDAD DEL MODELO DE GESTIÓN DE INTEGRIDAD PROPUESTO POR LA PRACTICA RECOMENDADA API 1160 EN ESTACIONES DE BOMBEO Y FACILIDADES DE TUBERÍA DE PROCESO “PIPING” Y/O NO MARRANEABLES, RESPECTO A LOS PARÁMETROS DE INSPECCIÓN DE API 570
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
Just one bite of a mosquito can take us closer to death. Don't let that happen to anyone. Happy World Malaria Day. The only way to celebrate the occasion of World Malaria Day is by joining hands against this disease.
world health day theme presentation
theme: vectro borne diseases
slogan : small bite; big threat..
symposium conducted on thrissur govt college of nursing by MSc nursing students...
Let's talk about Dengue. I made this powerpoint to put some light on Dengue, that is found almost everywhere in the world and responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Please feel free to share but credit
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
Planning, implementation, and evaluation DrFarhat Naz
planning, implementation, and evaluation of strategies for chikungunya virus disease on community and national basis for its prevention, awareness, and planning
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Chikungunya is a relatively rare
form of viral fever ("debilitating
non-fatal viral illness." )
caused by an alphavirus that is
spread by mosquito bites from the
Aedes aegypti mosquito.
5. • Chikungunya was first described in Tanzania, Africa
in 1952.
• An outbreak of chikungunya was discovered in Port
Klang in Malaysia in 1999 affecting 27 people.
• In February 2005, an outbreak was recorded on
the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean.
As of May 18, 2006, 258,000 residents have been
hit by the virus in the past year (out of a
population of about 777,000). 219 official deaths
have been associated with chikungunya.
• In neighboring Mauritius, 3,500 islanders have
been hit in 2005.
• There have also been cases in Madagascar,
Mayotte and the Seychelles.
6. • The name is derived from the Makonde word
meaning "that which bends up" in reference to the
stooped posture developed as a result of the
arthritic symptoms of the disease.
• The disease was first described by Marion Robinson
and W.H.R. Lumsden in 1955, following an outbreak
on the Makonde Plateau, along the border between
Tanganyika and Mozambique, in 1952.
• Chikungunya is closely related to O'nyong'nyong
virus.
• Chikungunya is not considered to be fatal. However,
in 2005-2006, 200 deaths have been associated
with chikungunya on Réunion island.
7. • — first reported in India in 1963 — had returned after a
three-decade dormancy and 121 districts across seven States
were affected by it with a total of 9,74,541 suspected cases.
Of the 10,611 samples sent to laboratories, 992 tested
positive.
• In 2006, there was a big outbreak in the Andhra Pradesh
state in India. Nearly 200,000 people were affected by this
disease in the districts of Praksham and Nellore in this state.
• In Bangalore, the state capital of Karnataka (India), there
seems to be an outbreak of CHIK now (May 2006) with
arthralgia/arthritis, rashes.
• In the 3rd week of May 2006 the outbreak of Chikungunya in
North Karnataka is severe. All the North Karnataka districts
specially Gulberga, Koppal, Bellari, Gadag, Dharwad are
affected.
• A separate outbreak of chikungunya fever was reported from
Malegaon town in Nasik district, Maharashtra state, in the first
two weeks of March 2006, resulting in over 2000 cases. In
Orissa state, amost 5000 cases of fever with muscle achesand
headache were reported between February 27 and March 5,
2006.
14. AEDES MOSQUITOES
• Household container breeders
• Breeds in
– clean water
– In all stored water for drinking, washing and
bathing
– Rainwater collected in unused materials like
coconut shells, mud pots, plastic cups, tyres etc
22. ENVIRONMENT
• Emergence of world as single village
• Unplanned urbanization
• Inadequacy of sanitation,
• Improper disposal of garbage and pollution
of aquatic systems
• Development of resistance in vectors to
insecticides
23. TRANSMISSION
• This virus is transmitted only by mosquitoes
• The mosquito picks up the virus from an infected
person during the viraemic period – within five
days from the day of starting of symptoms
• An infected mosquito will remain infected all its
life span and can transmit the virus each time it
bites
• An infected person cannot spread the infection
directly to other persons
24. • Fever Which Can Reach 39°C, (102.2 °F)
• Petechial or Maculopapular Rash Usually
Involving the Limbs and Trunk
• Arthralgia or Arthritis Affecting Multiple
Joints Which Can Be Debilitating.
• Headache, Conjunctival Injection and Slight
Photophobia.
SYMPTOMS
25. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnostic tests include detection of
antigens or antibodies in the blood, using
• ELISA (or EIA - enzyme immunoassay)
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
27. COMPLICATIONS
• However, neurological complications such as
meningoencephalitis have been reported in a
small proportion of patients
• Mother to child transmission of chikungunya
virus was a new observation recorded during the
recent French Reunion islands outbrea
28. COMPLICATIONS
• Symptoms are generally self-limiting and last
1–10 days.
• Arthralgia may persist for months or years.
• In some patients, minor hemorrhagic signs
such as epistaxis or gingivorrhagia have also
been described
29. IS THERE ANY EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT ?
• There is no active treatment against chikv
• Presently treatment is purely symptomatic -
supportive care and rest and nutrition
• Analgesics, antipyretics and fluid
supplementation are important aspects in
managing this infection.
30. • Self-limiting and Will Resolve With Time.
• No Specific Treatment for Chikungunya.
• Supportive or Palliative Medical Care With Anti-
inflammatories
• Vaccine Trials Were Carried Out in 2000, the Project
Was Discontinued and There Is No Vaccine Currently
Available.
• Supportive care with rest is indicated during the
acute joint symptoms.
• Movement and mild exercise tend to improve
stiffness and morning arthralgia, but heavy exercise
may exacerbate rheumatic symptoms.
• aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,
chloroquine phosphate (250 mg/day) has given
promising results."
TREATMENT
31. Is there any vaccine?
• Currently there is no marketable vaccine
available for man
• Chikungunya confers a life-long immunity on
the infected person.
32. • Analysis of the recent outbreak has
suggested that the increased
severity of the disease may be due
to a change in the genetic sequence,
altering the virus' coat protein,
which potentially allows it to
multiply more easily in mosquito
cells.
33. PREVENTION
• Elimination of stagnant water at home, schools and
work place to avoid breeding of mosquitoes.
• Using insect repellents over the exposed parts of the
body.
• Using mosquito screens or nets in non – Air-
conditioned rooms.
• Wearing the long sleeved clothes like long trousers
of a light shade for protection against mosquitoes.
34. • Properly covering all water tanks so that
mosquitoes cannot get in
• Getting rid of any container capable of
retaining water in the outdoor surroundings
(used tyres, food cans, garbage, saucers under
flower pots, etc)
• Renew water in flower vases at least once a
week
35. CONTROL
• Aedes species is the main target of control
• Source reduction of breeding sites of
mosquitoes
• Requires community involvement to keep
the water storage containers free of
mosquitoes
• Eliminate other breeding places in and
around houses
37. ANTI – MOSQUITOE
MEASURES
• The organophosphorous insecticide ABATE is being
used in a large scale
• ABATE can prevent breeding upto 3 months when
applied to sand granules
• It does not affect man or the taste of water
38. THERMO FOGGING
• ULV treatments 10 days apart has shown
to reduce mosquito densities more tham
98%
• Aerosol spray of ultra low volume [ULV] of
MALATHION or SUMITHION 250 ml/hectare
is effective in interrupting transmission and
stopping epidemics
39. YOUR ROLE?
• Educate community about the disease, mode
of its transmission, availability of treatment
and adoption of control measures.
• Changes in practice of storage of water and
personal protection should be encouraged
• They should also be reassured that this a
preventable disease
40. • Community should be advised to cooperate in
fogging
• Take measures for eliminating breeding
places
• Special campaigns may be carried out
involving mass media including local
vernacular newspapers/magazines, radio and
TV as well outdoor publicity like hoardings,
miking, drum beating, rallies etc
41. • Health education materials should be
developed and widely disseminated in the
form of posters, pamphlets, handbills.
• Interpersonal communication through
group meetings, traditional/folk media
particularly must be optimally utilized.
42. CAUTION
• A person with chikungunya fever should limit
their exposure to mosquito bites in order to avoid
further spreading the infection, and should stay
indoors or under a mosquito net.
• Before using repellents, pregnant women and
children under the age of 12 years should consult
a physician or pharmacist
• For newborn children under three months,
repellents are not recommended ; instead,
insecticide-treated bed nets should be used