This document discusses new generation vaccines and the role of bioinformatics in their development. It defines vaccines and describes problems with conventional vaccines. New generation vaccines include recombinant, DNA, and peptide-based vaccines. Recombinant vaccines use proteins from pathogens produced using genetic engineering. DNA vaccines use only pathogen DNA. Peptide vaccines are built from defined peptide antigens. Bioinformatics plays a key role through genomic analysis, epitope prediction, reverse vaccinology, vaccine design, immunoinformatics, adjuvant prediction, and vaccine surveillance. It integrates various omics data to gain insights into host-pathogen interactions and immune responses to aid vaccine development.

1. NEW GENERATION
VACCINE
Department of Zoology
Course Name: Bioinformatics
Submitted to: Sir Salman Saeed
Submitted by: Iqra Khaliq
Iffat batool & Warisha yaseen
BS- Zoology 8th
University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal

2. Contents
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Define
Problem with
Conventional
vaccine
DNA Vaccine Peptide Vaccine
New
Generation
Vaccine
History
Conventional
vaccine
Recombinant
Vaccine
Role of
Bioinformatics in
New Generation
Vaccine

3. Define
• Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity
to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contain a agent that resembles
a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or
killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The
agent stimulate the body immune system to recognize the agent as a
threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the
microorganisms associated with that agent that is may encounter in the
future.
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4. History Of Vaccine
• Edward Jenner conduct experiment in 1796 that lead to the creation of the
first smallpox vaccine for the prevention of smallpox.
• A vaccine for RABIES is developed by Louis Pasture.
• Vaccine for Colera and Tyohoid were developed in 1896 and Plage vaccine
in 1887.
• The first Diphtheria vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMILADOLPH
BEHRING, WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
• The whole cell Pertusis vaccine are developed in1914.
• A Tetanus vaccine is developed in 1927.
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5. CONVENTIONAL VACCINE
• These are made up of complete
virus or bacteria. These are also
new knows as first generation
vaccine.
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6. Types of Conventional Vaccine
1. Attenuated vaccines- these live attenuated vaccine contain the
major type of pathogens, which have all the immunogenic features
and attenuated on laboratory conditions. These vaccine give long
term safety and also no need of booster dose. E.g. Vaccine for
mumps, measles, rubella, influenza, yellow fever, hepatitis A.
2. INACTIVATED Vaccine- These vaccines involve usage of inactivated
or killed pathogens. However there are some concern, such as
return of virulence, characteristics of pathogens, which lead host
disease and because of non-proliferation pathogens clear rapidly
from body, which could decrease the efficiency and effectiveness of
vaccine. E.g. Vaccine for cholera etc.
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7. PROBLEM WITH CONVENTIONAL VACCINES
There are possibilities of reversion of the
virulence of live vaccine and failure of
inactivation of inactivated vaccines.
Some conventional vaccine produce
secondary effects.
Conventional vaccine need to be kept
refrigerator during their storage and shipment.
It has not been possible, using conventional
techniques, to develop vaccines against all the
porcine diseases.
Conventional vaccine do not allow the
differentiation between vaccinated animals
and sick or carrier animals. 7

8. NEW GENERATION VACCINES-
• New generation vaccine contain the protein of the infectious agent
that are able to induce an immune response in a similar way to that
produce by the whole agent.
• Secondly, identification of those proteins that are not immunogenic,
do not have a role in replication, or that related to virulence; thus
these proteins are not necessary. Using genetic engineering, the gene
code for these proteins can be selected, cloned and expressed using
different vectors; they can also be eliminated by selective deletion. A
variation of this system is the chemical production of tr selected
proteins once they have been identified.
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9. TYPES OF NEW GENERATION VACCINES-
RECOMBINANT
VACCINE
DNA VACCINE PEPTIDE BASED
VACCINE
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10. 1. RECOMBINANT VACCINE-
• This technique is based on the
production of proteins from an
infectious agent without using the
microorganisms.
• Using genetic engineering
techniques, DNA is fragmented
expressed in vitro in different
vectors. Thus, large quantities of a
protein are produced. This can be
used as a subunit vaccine.
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11. TYPES OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE-
1.Subunit vaccine-
Vaccine that use only part of the disease
causing agent which is responsible for creating
disease. The part responsible for creating disease
is a protein, which we call the antigen. Subunit
vaccine contain from 1 to 20 antigens, that are
either taken directly from virus or grown in the lab
sing the virus DNA.
EXAMPLE; hepatitis virus B vaccine.
Advantages-
1.Subunit vaccine can be given to people with
weakened immune system.
2.These vaccines appear to give long-lived
Immunity.
3.Since only parts of the virus are used for these
vaccines, the risks of reactions are very low.
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12. 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines-
• It is now possible genetically engineer
the organisms and use them as live
vaccines, and such vaccines are referred
to as attenuated recombinant vaccines.
The genetic manipulations for the
production of these vaccine are broadly
of two types:
1.Deletion or modification of virulence
genes of pathogenic organisms.
2.Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic
organisms to carry and express antigens
determinants from pathogenic
organisms. The advantages with
attenuated vaccine is that the native
conformation of the immunogenic
determinants is preserved; hence the
immune response is substantially high.
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13. 3. Vector recombinant vaccine-
• These are genetically modified viral
vectors that can be used as
vaccines against certain pathogens.
The desired gene coding for target
antigens of virulent pathogen is
cloned into vector. Then vector is
administered into person. Then
vector slowly replicates inside the
cell and serve as source of antigen.
• “Vector” refers to the virus or
bacterium used as a carrier. Vector
include vaccinia, polio, etc.
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14. 2. DNA VACCINES-
• DNA vaccine are the vaccine which contain DNA that code for specific proteins
from a pathogen.
• DNA vaccine is a technique for protecting an organisms against disease by
injecting with genetically engineered DNA to produce and immune logical
response.
• Genetic material into a living host resulting in specific immune activation of the
host against the gene delivery antigen.
• DNA vaccine in early development includes:TB, Ebola, malaria etc.
Advantages-
Very cheep to make.
Easy transport and store.
Can be made in short time spine.
Disadvantages-
Initial attempt to create DNA vaccine have not worked.
No DNA vaccine has ben licensed for use in human yet 14

15. • DNA vaccine uses only the DNA
from infectious organisms.
• It avoid risk of using actual
infectious organisms.
• Provide both humoral and cell
mediated immunity.
• Refrigeration is not required.
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16. 3. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE-
• Peptide-based vaccines are built of defined, small peptide antigens
engineered to induce the desired immune response However, these
peptide are poorly immunogenic and need to be delivered with additional
immune-stimulating agent such as adjutants or particulate delivery
system/carriers.
• They allow the immune response to focus solely on relevant epitopes,
avoiding those that lead to nonprotective responses, immune evasion, or
unwanted side effects, such as autoimmunity.
• The design of peptide-based vaccine take advantage of an emergent
computational paradigm that couple immunoinformatic prediction
technologies, the most fruitful has been data-driven prediction of T-cell
epitopes.
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17. • The use of peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancer has
expanded since one of the first studies used a MAGE-1
peptide for treatment of melanoma.
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18. Role of Bioinformatics in next Generation
Vaccine
• Bioinformatics plays a critical role in the development of next-
generation vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are a new class of
vaccines that leverage cutting-edge technologies and computational
methods to improve their design, development, and effectiveness.
Bioinformatics, as a multidisciplinary field that combines biology,
computer science, and statistics, is essential in various aspects of the
vaccine development process.
• Here are some key ways bioinformatics contributes to next-
generation vaccine development:
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.Genomic Data Analysis: Bioinformatics allows researchers to analyse
vast amounts of genomic data from pathogens. By studying the
genetic makeup of viruses and bacteria, scientists can identify
potential vaccine targets, such as specific antigens or conserved
regions that are essential for pathogen function and survival
 Epitope Prediction Using computational methods, bioinformatics can
predict potential antigenic regions or epitopes on the pathogen's
surface that can trigger an immunogenic and relevant targets for
vaccine development.
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Reverse Vaccinology: Bioinformatics has enabled the concept of
reverse vaccinology, where researchers use computational analysis to
screen entire pathogen genomes to identify potential vaccine
candidates. This approach has been successful in accelerating vaccine
development for several pathogens.
Vaccine Antigen Design: Bioinformatics helps in designing optimal
vaccine antigens by considering factors such as antigen stability,
immunogenicity, and safety. It aids in modifying antigens to enhance
their efficacy and antigen presentation to the immune system.
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Immunoinformatic:: Immunoinformatic is a subfield of
bioinformatics that focuses on understanding the immune system's
response to pathogens and vaccines. Computational models are used
to simulate and predict immune responses to vaccine candidates,
assisting in vaccine design and evaluation.
Vaccine Adjuvant Prediction: Bioinformatics helps in predicting and
designing suitable adjuvants to enhance the immune response
elicited by the vaccine antigens. Adjuvants are substances that
enhance the immune system's response to the vaccine.
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Systems Biology and Omics Approaches: Bioinformatics integrates
various omics data, such as genomics, proteomics, and
transcriptomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the host-
pathogen interactions and immune responses, leading to the
identification of potential vaccine targets
.Vaccine Surveillance: Bioinformatics tools are used in monitoring
vaccine-preventable diseases, tracking viral mutations, and assessing
vaccine efficacy against emerging variants. This surveillance helps in
adapting and optimizing next-generation vaccines to stay ahead of
evolving pathogens.
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23. CONCLUSION
Vaccine are valuable and specialized product, of great
diversity have already achieved great success in controlling
many diseases of economics importance in farm and
companion animals.
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24. REFERENCES
• https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/next-generation-
covid-19-vaccines
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mco2.138
• https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-0357-2
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25. Thank you
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