Channels of Distribution.pdf
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Distribution is significant rated as a significant function of marketing. After production a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer. ▪ This journey of the product from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer is made possible through certain defined paths, termed as, “Channels of Distribution”
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Channels of distribution
The document discusses channels of distribution and the key considerations in designing a distribution channel strategy. It outlines the different types of intermediaries that can be used like wholesalers, retailers, and agents. It also examines factors to consider when selecting a distribution channel like product characteristics, market factors, company capabilities, and the services offered by potential middlemen.
Channels of distribution
Marketing channels refer to the chain of intermediaries through which a product passes from producer to consumer. They include wholesalers, retailers, and distributors. Choosing distribution channels is a critical decision that affects other marketing decisions and a firm's sales. Channels can be direct, with consumers purchasing directly from manufacturers, or indirect, with consumers buying through wholesalers or retailers. Common intermediaries are merchants like wholesalers and retailers, and agents like brokers. Factors that influence channel choice include the product, market forces, institutional capabilities, and company objectives and policies.
Factors effecting selection of distribution channels
introduction to distribution
distribution channel
market intermediaries
factors affecting selection of distribution channels:-
1. Nature of product
2. Nature of market
3. Nature of middle men
4. Nature of manufacturing units
5. Competition
6. Govt. rules & policies
conclusion
references
Introduction Advertising
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to advertising. It defines advertising as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services by an identified sponsor. The document outlines 10 features of advertising including that it is a means of communication, provides information, and aims to persuade. It also discusses the objectives of advertising which include introducing new products and supporting personal selling. Additionally, the roles of various groups involved in advertising like advertisers, agencies, media, and audiences are described.
Channel conflicts
This document discusses different types of channel conflicts that can occur in marketing channels, including vertical conflicts between manufacturers and retailers, horizontal conflicts between retailers, and multi-channel conflicts when multiple distribution strategies are used. It also describes the stages of conflicts from latent to manifest, and strategies for resolving conflicts such as avoidance, aggression, accommodation, compromise, and collaboration.
Channels of distribution
This document provides an overview of channels of distribution from a presentation on sales and advertising management. It defines channels of distribution as the ways that goods and services are distributed from manufacturers to consumers. The document outlines various definitions of channels of distribution from different authors. It discusses the characteristics and elements of channels of distribution, including that they are routes that goods and services flow through composed of intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers. The document also covers the functions of channels of distribution, factors that determine choice of channels, and factors relating to products, companies, markets, middlemen, and the environment that influence channel selection.
Vertical and horizontal marketing
This document discusses vertical and horizontal marketing systems. It defines vertical marketing systems as consisting of producers, wholesalers, and retailers acting as a unified system to maximize profits for the entire channel. There are several types of vertical marketing systems, including corporate VMS, contractual VMS, and administered VMS. Horizontal marketing systems involve companies at the same level joining together to pursue new opportunities, combining their resources. Both vertical and horizontal systems provide advantages like increased efficiency and satisfaction, but vertical systems also allow for close monitoring and control across levels.
Types of salesperson
This document outlines 4 types of salespeople:
1. Order takers who book customer orders but do not persuade customers, including inside order-takers like retail assistants, outside order-takers who visit customers, and delivery salespeople.
2. Order-creators/missionary salespeople who disseminate product information and build goodwill rather than taking direct orders.
3. Order-getters/front-line salespeople whose primary role is to directly persuade customers to purchase through identifying prospects, providing information, and closing sales.
4. Support salespeople who assist the other types, including technical support salespeople, merchandisers, trade salespeople, and service salespeople interacting with
Recommended
Channels of distribution
The document discusses channels of distribution and the key considerations in designing a distribution channel strategy. It outlines the different types of intermediaries that can be used like wholesalers, retailers, and agents. It also examines factors to consider when selecting a distribution channel like product characteristics, market factors, company capabilities, and the services offered by potential middlemen.
Channels of distribution
Marketing channels refer to the chain of intermediaries through which a product passes from producer to consumer. They include wholesalers, retailers, and distributors. Choosing distribution channels is a critical decision that affects other marketing decisions and a firm's sales. Channels can be direct, with consumers purchasing directly from manufacturers, or indirect, with consumers buying through wholesalers or retailers. Common intermediaries are merchants like wholesalers and retailers, and agents like brokers. Factors that influence channel choice include the product, market forces, institutional capabilities, and company objectives and policies.
Factors effecting selection of distribution channels
introduction to distribution
distribution channel
market intermediaries
factors affecting selection of distribution channels:-
1. Nature of product
2. Nature of market
3. Nature of middle men
4. Nature of manufacturing units
5. Competition
6. Govt. rules & policies
conclusion
references
Introduction Advertising
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to advertising. It defines advertising as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services by an identified sponsor. The document outlines 10 features of advertising including that it is a means of communication, provides information, and aims to persuade. It also discusses the objectives of advertising which include introducing new products and supporting personal selling. Additionally, the roles of various groups involved in advertising like advertisers, agencies, media, and audiences are described.
Channel conflicts
This document discusses different types of channel conflicts that can occur in marketing channels, including vertical conflicts between manufacturers and retailers, horizontal conflicts between retailers, and multi-channel conflicts when multiple distribution strategies are used. It also describes the stages of conflicts from latent to manifest, and strategies for resolving conflicts such as avoidance, aggression, accommodation, compromise, and collaboration.
Channels of distribution
This document provides an overview of channels of distribution from a presentation on sales and advertising management. It defines channels of distribution as the ways that goods and services are distributed from manufacturers to consumers. The document outlines various definitions of channels of distribution from different authors. It discusses the characteristics and elements of channels of distribution, including that they are routes that goods and services flow through composed of intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers. The document also covers the functions of channels of distribution, factors that determine choice of channels, and factors relating to products, companies, markets, middlemen, and the environment that influence channel selection.
Vertical and horizontal marketing
This document discusses vertical and horizontal marketing systems. It defines vertical marketing systems as consisting of producers, wholesalers, and retailers acting as a unified system to maximize profits for the entire channel. There are several types of vertical marketing systems, including corporate VMS, contractual VMS, and administered VMS. Horizontal marketing systems involve companies at the same level joining together to pursue new opportunities, combining their resources. Both vertical and horizontal systems provide advantages like increased efficiency and satisfaction, but vertical systems also allow for close monitoring and control across levels.
Types of salesperson
This document outlines 4 types of salespeople:
1. Order takers who book customer orders but do not persuade customers, including inside order-takers like retail assistants, outside order-takers who visit customers, and delivery salespeople.
2. Order-creators/missionary salespeople who disseminate product information and build goodwill rather than taking direct orders.
3. Order-getters/front-line salespeople whose primary role is to directly persuade customers to purchase through identifying prospects, providing information, and closing sales.
4. Support salespeople who assist the other types, including technical support salespeople, merchandisers, trade salespeople, and service salespeople interacting with
product decisions
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Premium pricing sets a higher price than competitors to position a product as higher quality. Penetration pricing aims to gain market share by initially pricing lower than competitors. Psychological pricing sets prices just below a whole number as customers are less likely to round up. Bundling combines two products into one package at a discounted price to move excess inventory.
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To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
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Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level in an economy over a period of time. It can be caused by demand-pull factors like excess money supply or cost-push factors like increases in production costs. There are three main types of inflation - creeping inflation (under 5%), running inflation (8-10%) and hyperinflation (double or triple digit price increases). Governments use monetary policy like increasing interest rates and fiscal policy like increasing taxes or reducing spending to control inflation. Both demand-pull and cost-push inflation impact the economy by hurting consumers and fixed income groups.
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This document discusses key concepts related to product decisions in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining the concept of a product and characteristics of products. It then discusses levels of a product, classification of pharmaceutical products, and the product life cycle. It also covers product mix, branding, packaging, and labeling. Specifically, it notes that pharmaceutical products go through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases in their life cycle. It also outlines roles and responsibilities of product managers in the pharmaceutical industry in making product-related decisions and strategies.
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In this presentation, we will discuss about various aspects of marketing channels, needs and importance, how physical distribution and channel decision are critical for marketing channels, how does marketing channel functions. We will also talk about the various distributions channel structures.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
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Channels of distribution- 1:DIRECT SELLING, INDIRECT SELLING, TYPES OF MIDDLE...
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Human life is based upon the principle of work.
▪ One has to work to earn his livelihood.
▪ Pharmacy is one of the professions.
▪ The pharmacy council of India has introduced a new subject
named “Drug store and business management”.
▪ Syllabus is divided into two parts – part I commerce and part
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and means to note down various transactions in books of
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Channel of Distribution.pdf
The document provides information about an individual, D. R. Chandravanshi, who is an Assistant Professor (Ad hoc) in the Department of Pharmacy at Guru GhasidasVishwavidyalaya university located in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that have a high degree of specificity (mono-specificity) for an antigen or epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are typically derived from a clonal expansion of antibody producing malignant human plasma cells. The initial monoclonal antibodies were created by fusing spleen cells from an immunized mouse with human or mouse myeloma cells (malignant self-perpetuating antibody producing cells), and selecting out and cloning the hybrid cells (hybridomas) that produced the desired antibody reactivity. These initial monoclonal products were mouse antibodies and were very valuable in laboratory and animal research and diagnostic assays, but were problematic as therapeutic agents because of immune reactions to the foreign mouse protein. Subsequently, production of chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies and means of further “humanizing” them and producing fully human recombinant monoclonal antibodies were developed.
Chapter-1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine.
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EU(European Union) and ICH Guidelines
The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is unique in bringing together the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of drug registration. Since its inception in 1990, ICH has gradually evolved, to respond to the increasingly global face of drug development. ICH’s mission is to achieve greater harmonisation worldwide to ensure that safe, effective, and high quality medicines are developed and registered in the most resource-efficient manner. On 23 October 2015, ICH announced organisational changes as it marks 25 years of successful harmonisation.
Forms of business organization, DSBM D.Pharma 2nd year
The legal entity can be in any form of a business organization. The various forms of organization are as follows: 1) Sole proprietorship 2) Partnership 3) Co-operative Society 4) Joint stock company (Private and Public) These are explained in brief as follows:-3.1 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you will be able to know z Various forms of organization z Its formation & features z Merits & Demerits
Psoriasis: Natural Product and Phytomedicine
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition that affects skin. It is characterized by changes in the skin that include hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and akantosis.
They are attributed to an increased mitosis rate in the basal region of the epidermis, as well as disorders of maturing and differentiating keratinocytes.
These changes in the dermis and epidermis cause the typical desquamation of the stratum corneum observed in psoriasis. The psoriatic lesions indicate an inflammatory reaction caused by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
These cytokines may stimulate the inflammatory response via the lipoxygenase and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
The red, scaling psoriatic plaques often itch and burn. People with psoriasis may suffer discomfort, including pain and itching and emotional distress Psoriasis affects 1% to 2% of the population.
Omega 3 fatty acids d rc
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids,
are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double
bond three atoms away from the terminal
methyl group in their chemical structure.
They are widely distributed in nature, being
important constituents of animal lipid
metabolism, and they play an important
role in the human diet and in human
physiology.
https://www.slideshare.net/DauRamChandravanshi1
Pilot Plant Techniques for SOLID dosage forms
Pilot Plant:-
“Defined as a part of pharmaceutical industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into viable product by the development of liable practical procedure for manufacture”.
Scale-up:-
“The art of designing of prototype using the data obtained from the pilot plant model”
Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography (OPLC)
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC) is a pumped flow chromatography techniques that combine the user – friendly interface of HPLC with the capacity of flash chromatography and multidimensionally of TLC .
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC ) , in a contrast , is a pumped flow chromatography system that uses a planar 2D column format .
The multidimensionally capacity of OPLC is not limited to the separation technique alone , but also to the multitude of sample application and detection methods that are available .
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINE
This document discusses synthetic peptide vaccines and recombinant antigen vaccines. It begins with definitions of vaccines and how they work to induce an immune response. It then describes two types of modern vaccines: synthetic peptide vaccines and recombinant antigen vaccines. Synthetic peptide vaccines use short fragments of viral or bacterial proteins that contain epitopes to induce an immune response, while recombinant antigen vaccines produce antigens through DNA technology by inserting viral or bacterial DNA into cells that then express the antigen protein. Both types of modern vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines like easier production and stability without refrigeration.
New generation vaccines production
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Monoclonal Antibody and Hybridoma technology
Immunity
It can be defined as the resistance to disease, specifically to infectious disease or pathogens. The term “immune” is derived from the Latin word “immunis” that is exempt from charges. In medical term, it refers to the being protected from infectious pathogens.
Immune system
It is adaptive defense system which is able to generate a variety of cell and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of limitless foreign invaders into the system.
In 1975 Georges Kohler and Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies.
antibody
Also known as immunoglobulin is a large, Y shaped glycoprotein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
polyclonal antibodies
A polyclonal antibodies represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition.
SEMs can magnify an object from about 10 times up to 300,000 times. A scale bar is often provided on an SEM image. From this the actual size of structures in the image can be calculated.
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the synergistic combination of two analytical method to separate and identify different substances within a test sample.
Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture in time.
Mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component.
Formulation of parenteral products
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Evaluation of parenterals products
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
Factors affecting Design of Experiment (DOE) and softwares of DOE
What is an experiment ?
An experiment refers to any process that generates a set of data.
An experiment involves a test or series of test in which purposeful changes are made to the input variables of a process or system so that changes in the output responses can be observed and identified.
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Channels of Distribution.pdf
- 1. D. R. Chandravanshi Asst. Professor (Ad hoc) Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur C.G.
- 2. ▪ Introduction ▪ Wholesale trade and wholesaler ▪ Retail trade and retailers ▪ Departmental stores ▪ Multiple shops ▪ Mail order sales houses ▪ Consumer cooperative stores ▪ Super markets ▪ Factors affecting the selection of channel of distribution
- 3. ▪ Distribution is significant rated as a significant function of marketing. After production a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer. ▪ This journey of the product from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer is made possible through certain defined paths, termed as, “Channels of Distribution” Channels of Distribution Direct Channel (Short, Straight & Direct) Indirect Channel (Long, Indirect, Depend on Middle men) One level Two Level Three Level
- 4. ▪ Channels of Distribution- After production, a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer. On the basis of involvement of middle men the channel of distribution can be divided as follows: 1. Direct channel (Zero level). In this case no middle men is involved and produces are sold directly by the manufacturer to the consumer. MANUFACTURER CONSUMER DIRECT NO MIDDLE MEN
- 5. 2. Indirect Channels. These channels are indirect, long and require the aid of specially qualified/skilled people foe the distribution. Since these people act as intermediaries between the producer and consumer for the distribution of goods, these are called as “Middle Men.” Depending on the number of middlemen involved at different levels, these are further classified as: MANUFACTURER CONSUMER RETAILER MIDDLE MEN 1. ONE LEVEL
- 6. 2.TWO LEVEL MANUFACTURERS CONSUMER WHOLESELLERS MIDDLE MEN AT FIRST LEVEL MIDDLE MEN AT SECOND LEVEL RETAILERS 3.THREE LEVEL MANUFACTURERS CONSUMER DISTRIBUTOR MIDDLE MEN AT FIRST LEVEL MIDDLE MEN AT SECOND LEVEL WHOLESELLERS MIDDLE MEN AT THIRD LEVEL RETAILERS
- 7. ▪ Distribution of pharmaceuticals is governed by certain rules under Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1945). ▪ Direct channels are not allowed in pharmaceuticals. ▪ Various channels are as follows: MANUFACTURERS PHYSICIAN CONSUMER MANUFACTUR ERS PHYSICIAN PHARMACIST PATIENT MANUFACTUR ERS WHOLESELLE R PHYSICIAN PATIENT MANUFACTUR ERS WHOLESELLE RS RETAILERS PATIENT
- 8. ▪ Wholeseller is a middle man between manufacturer and retailer and the business is called as wholesale trade. Functions of wholesellers. • Quick Distribution. • Warehousing • Assembling • Advertising • Grading/packaging • Transportation • Risk bearing