CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS
CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ......
ITS A VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ABOUT HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY .. THEIR PRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION ALSO ....
Monoclonal Antibodies as drug delivery systemNithin Kurian
in current scenario apart of traditional route of drug administration monoclonal antibodies can be used which are proved to be more effective in many cases.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
2/22
Introduction
Antibodies
Structure and its function
Methods of Antibody Engineering
Hybridoma Method
Chimeric Method
Humanised Method
Applications
Conclusion
4. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
4/22
In recent years, antibodies have become
increasingly accepted as therapeutics for human
diseases, particularly for cancer, viral infection
and autoimmune disorders.
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have been used as
diagnostic and analytical reagents since
hybridoma technology was invented in 1975.
“man-made antibodies.” was named by Cesar
Milstein, who was one of the inventors of
monoclonal antibody technology.
Until the late 1980’s, antibody technology relied
primarily on animal immunization and the
expression of engineered antibodies.
5. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
5/22
Antibodies Are Made Up Of:
2 Light Chains (identical) ~25 KDa
2 Heavy Chains (identical) ~50 KDa
Each Light Chain Bound To Heavy Chain By Disulfide (H-L)
Heavy Chain Bound to Heavy Chain (H-H)
First 100 a/a Of Amino Terminal Vary of Both H and L Chain Are
Variable
Referred To As VL , VH, CH And CL
CDR (Complementarity Determining Regions) Are What Bind Ag
Remaining Regions Are Very Similar Within Same Class
6. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
6/22
Repeating Domains of ~110 a/a
Intrachain disulfide bonds within each domain
Heavy chains
1 VH and either 3 or 4 CH (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4)
Light chains
1 VL and 1 CL
Hinge Region
Rich in proline residues (flexible)
Hinge found in IgG, IgA and IgD
Proline residues are target for proteolytic digestion (papain and pepsin)
Rich in cysteine residues (disulfide bonds)
IgM and IgE lack hinge region
They instead have extra CH4 Domain
7. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
7/22
Digestion With Papain Yields
3 Fragments
2 identical Fab and 1 Fc
Fab- Fragment That is Antigen Binding
Fc - Found To Crystallize In Cold Storage
Pepsin Digestion
F(ab`)2
No Fc Recovery, Digested Entirely
Mercaptoethanol Reduction (Eliminates Disulfide Bonds) And
Alkylation Showed
9. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
9/22
Hybridoma development
Novel mAb development technology
Purification
Antibody heterogeneity
Recombinant
Chimeric antibodies
Human antibodies
11. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
11/22
Several monoclonal antibody technologies had been
developed recently, such as phage display, single B cell
culture,single cell amplification from various B cell
populations and single plasma cell interrogation
technologies.
Different from traditional hybridoma technology, the
newer technologies use molecular biology techniques to
amplify the heavy and light chains of the antibody
genes by PCR and produce in either bacterial or
mammalian systems with recombinant technology.
One of the advantages of the new technologies is
applicable to multiple animals, such as rabbit, llama,
chicken and other common experimental animals
12. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
12/22
The production of recombinant monoclonal
antibodies involves repertoire cloning or phage
display/yeast display technologies. Recombinant
antibody engineering involves antibody production
by the use of viruses or yeast, rather than mice.
These techniques rely on rapid cloning of
immunoglobulin gene segments to create libraries
of antibodies with slightly different amino
acid sequences from which antibodies with desired
specificities can be selected
13. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
13/22
Production of chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies.
Chimeric mouse-human heavy- and light-chain expression vectors are
produced.These vectors are transfected into Ab myeloma cells.
Culture in ampicillin medium selects for transfected myeloma cells that
secrete the chimeric antibody.
While structurally similar, differences between mouse and human
antibodies were sufficient to invoke an immune response
when Murine monoclonal antibodies were injected into humans,
resulting in their rapid removal from the blood, as well as systemic
inflammatory effects and the production of Human Anti-Mouse
Antibodies (HAMA).
Recombinant DNA has been explored since the late 1980s to increase
residence times. In one approach, mouse DNA encoding the binding
portion of a monoclonal antibody was merged with human antibody-
producing DNA in living cells. The expression of this "chimeric" or
"humanised" DNA through cell culture yielded part-mouse, part-human
antibodies.
15. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
15/22
Ever since the discovery that monoclonal
antibodies could be generated, scientists have
targeted the creation of "fully" human products to
reduce the side effects of humanised or chimeric
antibodies. Two successful approaches have been
identified: transgenic mice and phage display.
As of November 2016, 13/19 cells "fully" human
monoclonal antibody therapeutics on the market
were derived from transgenic mice technology.
These antibodies have been approved to
treat cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory
diseases, macular degeneration, transplant
rejection, multiple sclerosis and viral infection.
16. HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES
FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4
CDR1 CDR2 CDR3
CONSTANT
CONSTANT
CONSTANT
FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4
CDR1 CDR2 CDR3
Mouse
Human
Humanized
16/22RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
18. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
18/22
Reduce the HAMA
response.
Maintain effector
functions.
Increase the half life
of the antibody.
Maintain
binding affinity.
Easy to
construct.
22. RAMAIAH COLLEGE OF ARTS,SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY
22/22
Immunology – Kuby 5th Edition.
Roitt’s Essential immunology by lvan M. Roitt, Peter J.
Delves, 10th edition.
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi
Antibody Engineering Textbook by Carl
A.K.Borrebaeck.
Antibody Engineering Article By – Hyo Jeong Hong and
Sun Taek Kim in Biotechnology and Bioprocess
Engineering 2002,7:150- 154
AntibodyEngineering for the development of
Therapeutics Antibody –Molecules and cells @ KSMCB
2005