This document discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes including their definitions, genetics, classifications, and key details. It provides in-depth information on Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, Tuberous Sclerosis, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, and Von Hippel-Lindau disease. For each condition, it outlines diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, management approaches, and important follow-up considerations.
Approach to different Demyelinating disorders in the Paediatric age-group. Namely- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, paediatric multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica. Approach, MRI features, differences, clinical features
ATAXIA IN CHILDREN -CAUSES, MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATIONS, TYPES, COMMONEST ATAXIA IN CHILDREN IN DETAIL, HOW WILL YOU FIND OUT THE CAUSE FOR ATAXIA IN CHILDREN FLOWCHART, DEFINITION, TREATMENT
Approach to different Demyelinating disorders in the Paediatric age-group. Namely- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, paediatric multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica. Approach, MRI features, differences, clinical features
ATAXIA IN CHILDREN -CAUSES, MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATIONS, TYPES, COMMONEST ATAXIA IN CHILDREN IN DETAIL, HOW WILL YOU FIND OUT THE CAUSE FOR ATAXIA IN CHILDREN FLOWCHART, DEFINITION, TREATMENT
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. DEFINITION
• Heterogeneous group of disorders
• Abnormalities of both the Integument and CNS
• Most disorders are familial
• Arise from a defect in differentiation of the Primitive ectoderm
10. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
• NF are autosomal dominant Disorders
• Causes tumors to grow on Nerves
• Results in other abnormalities such as
• Skin changes and bone deformities
• Classified into
• Neurofibromatosis 1
• Neurofibromatosis 2
11. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (NF-1)
• Most prevalent type
• Incidence of 1/3,000
• Autosomal dominant disorder
• Over half the cases are sporadic
• Representing De novo mutations
• Chromosome region 17q11.2
• Encodes a protein - Neurofibromin
12. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
2 of the following 7 features are diagnostic
1. Six or more Cafe-au-lait macules
2. Axillary or inguinal freckling
3. Two or more iris Lisch nodules
4. Two or more Neurofibroma or 1 plexiform Neurofibroma
5. A distinctive osseous lesion such as Sphenoid dysplasia
6. Optic gliomas (low-grade astrocytomas)
7. A first-degree relative with NF
13. CAFE-AU-LAIT MACULES
• Six or more
• > 5 mm in prepubertal individuals
• > 15 mm in post pubertal individuals
• Hallmark of almost 100% of patients
• Present at birth but increase in
• Size
• Number
• Pigmentation (esp. during the 1st few years )
• Involves trunk/extremities but sparing the face
14. AXILLARY OR INGUINAL FRECKLING
• Multiple hyperpigmented areas 2-3 mm in diameter
• Skinfold freckling usually appears between 3 and 5 yrs
• Frequency > 80% by 6 yrs of age.
15. IRIS LISCH NODULES
• Hamartomas - located within the iris
• Best identified by a slit-lamp examination
• They are present in >74% of patients with NF-1
• But are not a component of NF-2
• The prevalence increases with age
• 5% of children <3 yrs of age
• 42% of children 3-4 yrs of age
• 100% of adults ≥21 yrs of age.
16. NEUROFIBROMA
• 2 or more neurofibromas or 1 plexiform neurofibroma is significant
• Sites involve the
• Skin, peripheral nerves, blood vessels and viscera
• Hormonal influence
• Small, rubbery lesions with a slight purplish discolouration
• Plexiform neurofibromas are usually evident at birth
• Diffuse thickening of nerve trunks
• Orbital or temporal region of the face
17. • The skin overlying a plexiform neurofibroma may be
• Hyperpigmented then Cafe-au-lait spot
• Plexiform neurofibromas may produce
• Overgrowth and deformity of corresponding bone
19. OPTIC GLIOMA
• Optic Gliomas are mostly low-grade astrocytomas
• Children age 10 yrs or younger with NF-1 undergo
• Annual ophthalmologic examinations
• When they enlarge
• Compresses optic nerves and chiasm
• Impairs visual acuity and visual fields
• Extension into the hypothalamus leads to
• Endocrine deficiencies or failure to thrive
21. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2 (NF-2)
• Rarer condition
• Incidence of 1/25,000
• The NF2 gene (also known as merlin or Schwannomin)
• located on chromosome 22q1.11
• Cafe-au-lait spots and skin neurofibromas are less common
• Posterior subcapsular lens opacities are identified in
• 50% of patients with NF
22. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
1 of the following 4 features is diagnostic
1. Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
2. A parent, sibling, or child with NF-2 plus
• Either unilateral vestibular schwannoma or
• Any 2 of meningioma, Schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or Posterior
subcapsular lenticular opacities
3. Unilateral vestibular schwannoma plus any 2 of following
• Meningioma, schwannoma, Glioma, neurofibroma & posterior Subcapsular
lenticular opacities
4. Multiple meningiomas (2 or more) plus
• Unilateral vestibular schwannoma or any 2 of the following schwannoma,
glioma & neurofibroma
23.
24. MANAGEMENTOF NF-I/NF-II
• Genetic counselling (Half result from fresh Mutation)
• Tests should be ordered if +ve findings
• Prenatal evaluation in familial cases
• Annual evaluation
• Pediatrician/pediatric ophthalmologist
26. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS (TSC)
• Extremely heterogeneous disease
• Has wide clinical spectrum
• From severe MR/Incapacitating Seizures to
• Normal intelligence and a lack of Seizures
• Affects often within the same family.
• The Disease affects
• Heart/Kidney/Eyes/lungs/Bone
• Skin/brain – Not involved
27. Contd.,
• Autosomal dominant trait with variable Expression
• Prevalence of 1/6,000
• Spontaneous genetic mutations occur in 2/3 of the Cases
• TSC1 gene/Chromosome 9q34/Protein - hamartin
• TSC2 gene/Chromosome 16p13/Protein - tuberin
28. Contd.,
• The TSC1 and TSC2 genes are tumor suppressor Genes
• Regulates protein synthesis and cell size
• The loss of tuberin/hamartin results in
• Formation of numerous benign tumors (Hamartomas)
• Definite TSC is diagnosed
• when 2 major Or 1 major plus 2 minor features are present
30. MINOR FEATURES
• Cerebral white matter migration lines
• Multiple dental pits
• Gingival fibromas
• Bone cysts Retinal achromatic patch
• Confetti skin lesions
• Nonrenal hamartomas
• Multiple renal cysts
• Hamartomatous
• Rectal polyps
31. ASH LEAF SKIN LESIONS
• At least 3 hypomelanotic macules must be present
• Hypopigmented in 90% of patients
• Enhanced by wood’s lamp examination
32. RETINAL LESIONS
• Mulberry Tumors
• Retina Nerve fiber and undifferentiated glial tissue
• 1/3 to ½ patients
• Can also be found in Neurofibromatosis and Normal persons
41. STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
• Sporadic Vascular disorder
• With constellation of symptoms and signs
• A facial capillary malformation (port-wine Stain)
• Abnormal blood vessels of the brain (leptomeningeal angioma)
• Abnormal Blood vessels of the eye leading to glaucoma
• 1 per 50,000 LB / Etiology remains unclear
• Anomalous development of the embryonic vascular bed
• In early stages of facial and cerebral development
42. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• The facial port-wine stain
• Capillary malformation
• Overall incidence be 8-33%
• Buphthalmos and glaucoma
• Transient stroke like episodes/visual defects
• Result From thrombosis of cortical veins
• MR or severe learning disabilities 50% in later childhood.
43. PORT WINE STAIN
• Unilateral
• Always involves the upper face/eyelid
• Distribution consistent with
• Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
46. EPILEPSY
• 75-90% in 1st year of life
• Focal tonic-clonic
• Contralateral to the side Of the facial capillary Malformation.
• Refractory to anticonvulsants
• Associated with a slowly progressive hemiparesis
47. DIAGNOSIS
• Based on the involvement of the brain/face
• 3 types according to the Roach Scale
• Type I
• Both facial and leptomeningeal angioma
• May have glaucoma
• Type II
• Facial angioma alone (no CNS Involvement)
• May have glaucoma
• Type III
• Isolated leptomeningeal angioma
• Usually no glaucoma
50. TREATMENT
• Symptomatic and multidisciplinary aimed at
• Controlling seizures
• Treating headaches
• Preventing stroke like episodes
• Monitoring for Glaucoma
• Laser therapy for the cutaneous capillary Malformations
• If the seizures are refractory to AEDs consider hemispherectomy
• Regular measurement of intraocular pressure
• Pulsed dye laser therapy for port-wine stain
52. VON HIPPEL–LINDAU DISEASE
• VHL disease affects
• Cerebellum/spinal cord/retina/kidney/pancreas/epididymis
• Incidence is around 1 : 36,000
• AD mutation affecting a Tumor suppressor gene in Chr 3q25
• Include cerebellar hemangioblastomas and Retinal angiomas
• Cystic lesions of the kidneys/pancreas/liver/epididymis
• Frequently A/W Pheochromocytoma
• Renal carcinoma is the most common cause of Death
53. CEREBELLAR HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
• Raised Intra Cranial Pressure
• Cystic cerebellar lesion with a vascular mural nodule
• Secretes Erythropoietin like protein
• Spinal Cord
• Abnormalities of proprioception
• Disturbances of bladder control and gait impairment
54. RETINAL GLIOMA
• Retinal Angioma
• Peripheral - Initially vision is unaffected
• Grow, bleed, leave serous fluid - Retinal detachment
• Small-Laser photocoagulation
• Large-Freezing probe from outside the globe
• 25% of retinal angioma patients will have extra ocular manifestation
• 60% with non-ocular manifestations will have Retinal Angioma
56. ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA
• AR / Progressive Degenerative disease / Major systems
• AT is usually noticed in 2nd yr of life as
• Child develops problems with balance/Slurred Speech
• lack of muscle control caused by ataxia
• The ataxia - degeneration of cerebellum
• Affects conjunctiva/nose/ears/skin creases
• About 70% with AT are Immunodeficient - Recurrent infection
57. TREATMENT OF AT
• Currently - no cure for A-T - no way to stop its progression
• But treatment can help Kids manage symptoms
• Physical therapy and occupational therapy
• Speech therapy can helps slurring and Other speech problems
58. LINEAR NEVUS SYNDROME
• Sporadic condition - Facial nevus - Neurodevelopmental defects
• The nevus – forehead / nose / midline in its distribution
• 84%-Face / 50%-Scalp(devoid of hair), Neck and face
• Seizures in 75% - Infantile spasm / Gen Tonic / Tonic Clonic
• CN palsies VI, VII / Cortical Blindness / Hemiparesis
• Mental Retardation-in young children upto70%
59. HYPOMELANOSIS OF ITO
• Mosaicism - Family history is rare
• Neurological Association
• Mental retardation (70%)
• Seizures (40%)
• Microcephaly(25%)
• Developmental delay
• Deafness
• Visual problems
• Headache
• Tooth or mouth problems
64. STAGE 3
• Hyperpigmentation
• Macular whorls / linear streaks
• Lines of Blaschko.
• Sites are not necessarily same
• Invariably affects axilla and groin
• Fade by Early adolescence