This document discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes characterized by abnormalities of both the integument and central nervous system arising from defects in ectoderm differentiation. Some key syndromes covered include neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, linear nevus sebaceous syndrome, PHACE syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti. Each syndrome is defined by its clinical features, inheritance, genetic basis when known, diagnostic criteria, management considerations, and associated complications.
Neurofibromatosis cannot be prevented. People with a family history of the disease may choose to undergo genetic testing and counseling to determine if they are at risk for transmitting NF to their offspring.
Neurofibromatosis cannot be prevented. People with a family history of the disease may choose to undergo genetic testing and counseling to determine if they are at risk for transmitting NF to their offspring.
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
AFFIDAVIT ON EXTRAORDINARY BY A PETITIONER-1.docxNeerajOjha17
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
Khagendra Gharti-Chhetry, Esq., the founding partner of Chhetry & Associates P.C. has been practicing law since 1987. He has extensive experience in immigration law matters, including litigation, divorce, business law, real estate and bankruptcy. For over twenty five years, Mr. Chhetry has been providing legal services to individuals, small and medium size businesses and corporations. His adept and successful handling of cases has earned him a good reputation among both his clients and colleagues. Mr. Chhetry is admitted to practice before the courts in the State of New York, United State District Courts for Southern and Eastern Districts, and before the Supreme Court of the United States. He is a member of several prestigious legal organizations, including American Bar Association, New York Bar Association, Nepal Bar Association, Indo-American Lawyers Association. He is also the President of Columbia University Alumni Association’s Nepal Chapter. Mr. Chhetry is the author of articles “Right of Self-Defense under the United Nations Charter” and “Juvenile Court—A Necessity in Nepal.” Mr. Chhetry received his J.D. from Fordham University, School of Law and his LL.M from Columbia University, School of Law, in New York City.
Avima Upreti, Esq., is an attorney at Chhetry and Associates. She has in-depth knowledge and experience in Immigration law, including Asylum, Cancellation of Removal, EB1/EB2, National Interest Waiver, H1B, PERM/Labor certification, F1 visa, VAWA, Adjustment of status, Consular process, Family law and guardianship proceedings.
She started her career as a foreign associate, handling immigration cases. She handles cases efficiently, hears her clients thoroughly, works with them to provide accurate legal solutions, and is determined to provide the best service. She has been working with the firm since 2014.
Ms. Upreti also has extensive experience working as a human right activist and feminist in Nepal and the United States. She worked as a news anchor and legal reporter for the National Television of Nepal. She is currently serving as the President of the Nepali Women’s Global Network (NWGN) (2018-2022), where she is focused on raising issues of Diversity, Equity and Inclusiveness. She also raises issue against violence and gender-based discrimination. She is a passionate public speaker.
Ms. Upreti is licensed to practice law before the New York State courts. She is also admitted to practice law as an advocate in Nepal. She received her LLM (recipient of cum laude) from Fordham Law School, New York, in international law and justice 2016-2017. She also has an LLM from Kathmandu School of law, Nepal, specializing in Human rights and Gender Justice in 2011-2013. Ms. Upreti completed her law degree from Purbanchal University Kathmandu School of law in Nepal in 2011 on a full merit-based scholarship, receiving an award from the Nepal Bar council for getting the Second highest score all over Nepal on the Advocate license exam in 2012. She can be reached at au@chhetrylaw.com
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
UTTAM PANDEY, ESQ.
Uttam Pandey, Esq. is serving clients through Chhetry & Associates, as an Associate from March 2021. He is licensed to practice law in New York on April 2019. Prior to this, Attorney Pandey practiced law in Bhurtel Law Firm PLLC, Jackson Heights, New York since his entrance into the New York State Bar. He is a member of New York State Bar Association.
Attorney Pandey completed LL.M. from St. John’s University School of Law, Queens, New York. He also completed LL.M. from Kathmandu School of Law, Purbanchal University, Nepal in which he bagged Gold Medal by being a top scorer in Examinations. He has also completed Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. His basic Law Graduation was from Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University after completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (B.L.)
Mr. Pandey was also licensed as an Advocate from Supreme Court of Nepal. He then competed in Police Service Examinations for the position of Police Inspector, succeeded and was commissioned as a Senior Police Officer in Nepal Police where he served until June 2013, for 18+ years. Mr. Pandey has also served UN Peace Mission for more than two years in Timor-Leste as an UNPOL Officer. During his tenure, having legal background, he mostly worked in legal and investigations responsibilities. After coming into USA, he successfully pursued the legal education, passed NY Bar Exam and is licensed as an Attorney-at-Law.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROME
• Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormalities of both the integument and
central nervous system.
• Many of the disorders are hereditary and believed to arise from a defect in differentiation of the
primitive ectoderm (nervous system, eyeball, retina and skin).
• Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
• Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)
• Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
• Sturge- Weber syndrome (SWS)
• Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL)
• PHACE syndrome
• Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT)
• Linear nevus syndrome
• Hypomelanosis of Ito
• Incontinentia pigmenti.
3. NEUROFIBROMATOSES
• Autosomal dominant disorders that cause tumors to grow on nerves and result in other systemic abnormalities.
• There are three types, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis
• NF-1: The disease is clinically diagnosed when any two of the following seven features are present:
(1) six or more café-au-lait macules > 5 mm in greatest diameter in prepubertal individuals and > 15 mm in
greatest diameter in postpubertal individuals
(2) Axillary or inguinal freckling consisting of multiple hyperpigmented areas 2-3 mm in diameter .
(3) Two or more iris Lisch nodules, which are hamartomas located within the iris and are best identified by a
slit-lamp examination
(4) Two or more neurofibromas or one plexiform neurofibroma.
(5) A distinctive osseous lesion such as sphenoid dysplasia (which may cause pulsating exophthalmos) or
cortical thinning of long bones with or without pseudoarthrosis (most often the tibia).
(6) Optic gliomas are present in approximately 15–20% of individuals with NF1
(7) A first-degree relative with NF1 whose diagnosis was based on the aforementioned criteria.
4.
5. • NF2 is a less common disorder than NF1; it is also transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, with an
incidence of 1 in 25,000 births.
• Typically, NF2 is diagnosed when one of the following four features is present:
(1) bilateral vestibular schwannomas
(2) a parent, sibling, or child with NF2 and either unilateral vestibular schwannoma or any two of the
following: meningioma, schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or posterior subcapsular lenticular opacities
(3) unilateral vestibular schwannoma and any two of the following: meningioma, schwannoma, glioma,
neurofibroma, or posterior subcapsular lenticular opacities; or
(4) multiple meningiomas (two or more) and unilateral vestibular schwannoma or any two of the following:
schwannoma, glioma, neurofibroma, or cataract.
COMPLICATIONS:
1. Symptoms of tinnitus, hearing loss, facial weakness, headache, or unsteadiness
2. Susceptible to neurologic complications and at risk for hypertension, learning disability.
3. Aneurysms and stenosis of cerebral vessels- Moyamoya disease
4. Precocious puberty -presence or absence of lesions of the optic pathway tumors.
6. MRI studies: abnormal hyperintense T2-weighted signals in the optic tracts, brainstem, globus pallidus,
thalamus, internal capsule, and cerebellum.
MANAGEMENT:
• Yearly ophthalmologic examination, neurologic assessment, blood pressure monitoring, and scoliosis
evaluation.
• Neuropsychological and educational testing should be considered
• Imaging studies: all symptomatic cases(visual disturbance, proptosis, increased intracranial pressure)
• Selumetinib, an oral inhibitor of MAPK kinase 1 and 2 for inoperable plexiform neurofibroma
GENETIC COUNSELLING:
Although NF1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, more than half the cases are sporadic, representing de novo
mutations.
• Patients who meet only one of the criteria for clinical diagnosis
• Those with unusually severe disease
• Those seeking prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis.
7. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
• Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and prevalence of 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 newborns.
• Spontaneous genetic mutations occur in 65% of the cases.
• TSC1 gene is located on chromosome 9q34, and the TSC2 gene is on chromosome 16p13.
• The TSC1 gene encodes a protein called hamartin, while the TSC2 gene encodes a protein called tuberin.
• The hallmark of TSC is the involvement of the CNS.
• The characteristic brain lesion is a cortical tuber- Brain MRI.
• Subependymal nodules are lesions found along the wall of the lateral ventricles, where they undergo
calcification and project into the ventricular cavity, producing a candle-dripping appearance.
8. DIAGNOSIS: Two major or one major plus two minor features are present
MAJOR FEATURES
• Cortical dysplasias
• Subependymal nodules
• Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
• Facial angiofibromas (≥3) or forehead plaque
• Ungual fibromas (≥2)
• Hypomelanotic macules (≥3, ≥ 5 mm in diameter)
• Shagreen patch
• Multiple retinal nodular hamartomas
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma
• Renal angiomyolipoma
• Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis
MINOR FEATURES
• Dental enamel pits (>3)
• Intraoral fibromas (≥2)
• Retinal achromic patch
• Confetti skin lesions
• Nonrenal hamartomas
• Multiple renal cysts
9.
10. CNS MANIFESTATIONS:
• Epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and autism spectrum disorder.
• TSC may present during infancy with infantile spasms and a hypsarrhythmic electroencephalogram pattern.
• The seizures may be difficult to control, and at a later age, they may develop into focal-onset seizures or generalized
myoclonic seizures
• Vigabatrin is the first-line therapy for infantile spasms, ACTH can be used if treatment with vigabatrin fails.
• Everolimus (adjunctive) -refractory seizures.
• Intellectual disability (45%), autism spectrum disorder (50%), ADHD, anxiety, and depression.
SKIN LESIONS:
• Hypomelanotic macules on the trunk and extremities -Wood ultraviolet lamp
• Facial angiofibromas develop between 4 and 6 years of age.
• Shagreen patch- roughened, raised lesion with an orange-peel consistency located primarily in the lumbosacral region.
• Forehead fibrous plaques usually occur on one side of the forehead.
• During adolescence or later, small fibromas or nodules of skin.
OTHER ORGAN INVOLVEMENT
• Cardiac: Rhabdomyomas (50%)
• Kidney: Angiomyolipomas (75-80%)
• Pulmonary: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
11. TREATMENT:
RECOMMENDATION:
• Brain MRI every 1-3 year,
• Renal imaging using ultrasound, CT or MRI every 1-3 year
• Echocardiogram every 1-3 year in patients with cardiac rhabdomyomas; electrocardiogram every 3-5 year
• High resolution chest CT every 5-10 year in females older than 18 year
• Dental examination twice a year
• Skin examinations once a year
• Detailed ophthalmic examination once a year in patients with vision concerns or retinal lesions (sooner if they
are receiving treatment with vigabatrin);
• Neurodevelopmental testing at the time of beginning 1st grade
12. STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME (SWS)
• Segmental vascular neurocutaneous disorder (1 in 20,000-50,000)
• Characterized by capillary malformation in the face and brain as well as abnormal blood vessels of the eye leading to glaucoma.
• Based on the involvement of the brain and the face, there are three types of SWS in the Roach Scale:
• Type I—Both facial and leptomeningeal angiomas present; may have glaucoma.
• Type II—Facial angioma alone (no CNS involvement); may have glaucoma.
• Type III—Isolated leptomeningeal angiomas; usually no glaucoma.
Portwine birthmark:
• Unilateral and ipsilateral to the brain involvement .
• It may also be evident over the lower face and trunk and in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.
Buphthalmos and glaucoma of the ipsilateral eye are common complications.
Neurodevelopment:
• Patients present with seizures, hemiparesis, stroke-like episodes, headaches, and developmental delay.
• Seizures occur in 75–80% of all SWS patients and in over 90% of those with bilateral brain involvement.
• Neurodevelopment -normal in the first year of life,
• Intellectual disability or severe learning disabilities are present in at least 50% of patients in later childhood
13.
14. DIAGNOSIS:
1. Brain MRI with contrast-
• Demonstration of the extension of pial capillary malformation.
• White matter abnormalities are common and are thought to be a result of chronic hypoxia.
• Often, atrophy is noted ipsilateral to the leptomeningeal capillary malformation.
2. CT head: Calcifications can be seen
3. Ophthalmologic evaluation examining for glaucoma
TREATMENT:
• Treatment is aimed at seizure control, relief of headaches, and prevention of stroke-like episodes, as well as
monitoring of glaucoma and laser therapy for the cutaneous capillary malformations.
• If seizures are refractory to anticonvulsant therapy, especially in infancy and the first 1 to 2 year, and arise from
primarily one hemisphere- hemispherectomy.
• Glaucoma-regular measurement of intraocular pressure is indicated.
• Pulsed-dye laser therapy often provides excellent clearing of the PWB, particularly if it is located on the forehead.
15. VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE 1 in 36,000 newborns
• Affects cerebellum, spinal cord, retina, kidney, pancreas, and epididymis.
• Approximately 80% of individuals have an affected parent, and approximately 20% have a de novo gene mutation.
• The major neurologic features: cerebellar hemangioblastomas and retinal angiomas (retinal capillary hemangioblastomas).
CEREBELLAR HEMANGIOBLASTOMA:
• Present in early adult life
• Symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressure.
• Hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord: abnormalities of proprioception and disturbances of gait and bladder function.
• Brain CT or MRI scan: Cystic cerebellar lesion with a vascular mural nodule.
• Total surgical removal of the tumor is curative.
RETINALANGIOMAS:
• Small masses of thin walled capillaries that are fed by large and tortuous arterioles and venules.
• Located in the peripheral retina so that vision is unaffected.
• Exudation in the region of the angiomas may lead to retinal detachment and visual loss.
• Treated with photocoagulation and cryocoagulation
• Cystic lesions of the kidneys, pancreas, liver, and epididymis, as well as pheochromocytoma, are frequently associated.
• Renal carcinoma is the most common cause of death, and CNS hemangioblastomas also contribute to morbidity.
16. LINEAR NEVUS SEBACEOUS SYNDROME
• Sporadic condition is characterized by a large facial nevus, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and systemic defects.
• The nevus is usually located on the forehead and nose and tends to be midline in its distribution.
• It may be quite faint during infancy but later becomes hyperkeratotic, with a yellow-brown appearance.
• Neurologic findings: cortical dysplasia, glial hamartomas, and low-grade gliomas.
• Cerebral and cranial anomalies: hemimegalencephaly and enlargement of the lateral ventricles (72%)
• Epilepsy and intellectual disability
• Focal neurologic signs: hemiparesis and homonymous hemianopia.
• Eyes: strabismus, retinal abnormalities, coloboma, cataracts, corneal revascularization, and ocular hemangiomas),
• Heart: aortic coarctation,
• Kidneys: horseshoe kidney
• Skeleton: fibrous dysplasia, skeletal hypoplasia, and scoliosis/kyphoscoliosis.
17. PHACE SYNDROME:
Posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta and other cardiac defects,
and eye abnormalities.
• Posterior fossa malformation: developmental defects, including sternal clefting and/or a supraumbilical raphe.
• Hemangiomas
• Endocrinopathies (such as hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and diabetes insipidus).
• The facial hemangioma is typically ipsilateral to the aortic arch.
• Brain: Dandy-Walker malformation, hypoplasia or agenesis of the cerebellum, cerebellar vermis, corpus callosum,
cerebrum, and septum pellucidum.
• Abnormal neurodevelopment: 44% with language delay, 36% with gross motor delay, and 8% with fine motor
delay.
• The beta-blocker propranolol is emerging as a treatment for infantile hemangiomas associated with PHACE
syndrome.
18. INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI (IP)
• Rare, heritable, multisystem ectodermal disorder that features dermatologic, dental, ocular, and CNS abnormalities.
1st (bullous) stage:
• Evident at birth or in the first few weeks of life, The 1st stage generally resolves by 4 month of age, Blood eosinophilia as high as 65%.
• Erythematous linear streaks and plaques of vesicles that are most pronounced on the limbs and circumferentially on the trunk.
2nd (verrucous) stage
• Blisters on the distal limbs resolve, they become dry and hyperkeratotic, forming verrucous plaques.
• Involute within 6 months, Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, dyskeratosis, and papillomatosis are characteristic.
3rd (pigmentary) stage- hallmark of incontinentia pigmenti. (The axillae and groin are characteristically affected)
• Begin to appear in the 1st few months of life, Hyperpigmentation is more often apparent on the trunk than the limbs.
• Macular whorls, reticulated patches, flecks, and linear streaks that follow Blaschko lines
• The pigmented lesions, once present, persist throughout childhood, begin to fade by early adolescence and often disappear by age 16 year.
4th (atretic) stage:
• Hairless, anhidrotic, hypopigmented patches or streaks- late manifestation of incontinentia pigmenti
• The lesions develop mainly on the flexor aspect of the lower legs and less often on the arms and trunk.
19. • Alopecia (40%)- scarring and patchy or diffuse, common on the vertex
• Dental anomalies (80%)- late dentition, hypodontia, conical teeth, malocclusion, and impaction.
• CNS manifestations (30%)- seizures, intellectual disability, hemiplegia, hemiparesis, spasticity, microcephaly, and cerebellar ataxia.
• Ocular anomalies (>30%)- retinal neovascularization, microphthalmos, strabismus, optic nerve atrophy, cataracts, retrolenticular masses.
• Less common abnormalities- dystrophy of nails (ridging, pitting), subungual and periungual keratotic tumors, and skeletal defects.
DIAGNOSIS:
• Wood's lamp examination: pigmentary abnormalities.
• Clinical molecular testing is available: 11.7-kb common deletion in IKBKG, (65% of affected females and 16% of affected males)
• Skin biopsy: unclear clinical findings and negative genetic testing.
TREATMENT:
• Dermatology: To characterize the nature of skin lesions, manage extensive skin manifestations
• Medical genetics and genetic counseling: establish a molecular diagnosis, family counseling.
• Ophthalmology: To delineate the presence and extent of retinal neovascularization
• Neurology : Evaluate and treat microcephaly, seizures, and motor abnormalities.
• Dentistry : Teeth implants along with routine care.
• Speech pathologists and nutritionists: If dental abnormalities affect speech or feeding
• Developmental medicine: Recommendations regarding developmental and behavioral concerns.