The document discusses various topics related to neuroscience and the brain. It includes questions about different types of brain imaging techniques, CNS structures and their locations, brain development, and cell types in the brain. It also covers topics like functional MRI, spinal anesthesia, brain injuries, and the differences between the central and peripheral nervous system responses to injury.
CT imaging of Brain in Clinical Practice by Dr. Vaibhav Yawalkarvaibhavyawalkar
Cranial CT is a useful diagnostic tool in the emergency room that physicians need to be able to accurately interpret without specialist assistance. CT imaging works by passing collimated X-rays through the patient which are detected on the other side and assembled into cross-sectional images. Different tissues absorb X-rays to different degrees, appearing as different shades of grey on the image. The "blood can be very bad" mnemonic directs physicians to examine the blood, cisterns, brain, ventricles, and bone for abnormalities such as hemorrhage, increased intracranial pressure, infarcts, and space-occupying lesions. Contrast injection helps identify enhancing lesions including tumors, abscesses, and infections
- The document provides guidance on systematically reading a CT scan of the head, including checking patient information, the scout image, and cervical spine alignment.
- It recommends an initial "first pass" overview followed by a more detailed analysis, using the mnemonic "ABBCS" to focus on asymmetries, blood, brain appearance and displacement, CSF spaces, and skull/scalp.
- Specific structures, abnormalities, and imaging features are described for each letter of the mnemonic to guide the reader's analysis of the head CT scan.
CT Brain Interpretation document provides information about CT imaging of the brain. It discusses the basic principles of CT imaging including how cross-sectional images are obtained. It describes how to interpret a normal CT brain scan using different window settings. The document outlines neuroanatomy and labels structures visible on CT images at different brain levels. It provides guidance on reporting findings from a CT brain scan.
Cortical dysplasia is a malformation of cortical development caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during brain development. It can cause intractable epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. The lecture discusses normal brain development and corticogenesis. It then covers specific malformations including focal cortical dysplasia, describing their histopathology and clinical correlates. Recent research suggests focal disruptions of cortical layering found in children with autism may represent early cortical dysplasia, providing insight into a potential cause of autism.
This document contains a series of CT images with labels of brain anatomy. It also includes short descriptions of various brain injuries and conditions that can be seen on CT such as skull fractures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, diffuse axonal injury, cerebral contusion, intraventricular hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage. The document was created by Dr. Ebrahim Jalili and contains educational information aimed at interpreting CT scans of the brain.
1. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays to produce images based on differential tissue absorption, with darker shades corresponding to less attenuation. Slice thickness is typically 5-10mm for head CTs.
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes the magnetic properties of hydrogen protons to produce images. Different sequences like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR provide contrast between tissues. Diffusion weighted imaging detects restricted diffusion seen in acute ischemia.
3. Neuroimaging techniques like CT, MRI, DWI, perfusion imaging, and MRS are used to evaluate conditions like stroke, tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases and more by visualizing anatomical structures and physiological properties
This document provides an overview of how to systematically analyze a head CT scan. It begins with identifying patient information and scan parameters. It then describes how to examine different regions of the brain from midline structures outward, including ventricles, cisterns, brain parenchyma, sulci, sinuses, bones, and soft tissues. Key things to evaluate for in each region are discussed, such as midline shift, masses, hemorrhages, fractures, and more. Two case examples are then presented to demonstrate application of the approach.
This document discusses the use of computerized tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in evaluating the central nervous system. CT is useful for imaging many neurological conditions such as trauma, tumors, strokes, and infections. It provides anatomical details quickly and is widely available, but MRI generally provides better soft tissue contrast. PET combined with CT or MRI provides functional imaging of brain metabolism and is useful for conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizures, and cancers. Both CT and PET have advantages and limitations and are generally used together with other clinical information for diagnosis and management of neurological diseases.
CT imaging of Brain in Clinical Practice by Dr. Vaibhav Yawalkarvaibhavyawalkar
Cranial CT is a useful diagnostic tool in the emergency room that physicians need to be able to accurately interpret without specialist assistance. CT imaging works by passing collimated X-rays through the patient which are detected on the other side and assembled into cross-sectional images. Different tissues absorb X-rays to different degrees, appearing as different shades of grey on the image. The "blood can be very bad" mnemonic directs physicians to examine the blood, cisterns, brain, ventricles, and bone for abnormalities such as hemorrhage, increased intracranial pressure, infarcts, and space-occupying lesions. Contrast injection helps identify enhancing lesions including tumors, abscesses, and infections
- The document provides guidance on systematically reading a CT scan of the head, including checking patient information, the scout image, and cervical spine alignment.
- It recommends an initial "first pass" overview followed by a more detailed analysis, using the mnemonic "ABBCS" to focus on asymmetries, blood, brain appearance and displacement, CSF spaces, and skull/scalp.
- Specific structures, abnormalities, and imaging features are described for each letter of the mnemonic to guide the reader's analysis of the head CT scan.
CT Brain Interpretation document provides information about CT imaging of the brain. It discusses the basic principles of CT imaging including how cross-sectional images are obtained. It describes how to interpret a normal CT brain scan using different window settings. The document outlines neuroanatomy and labels structures visible on CT images at different brain levels. It provides guidance on reporting findings from a CT brain scan.
Cortical dysplasia is a malformation of cortical development caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during brain development. It can cause intractable epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. The lecture discusses normal brain development and corticogenesis. It then covers specific malformations including focal cortical dysplasia, describing their histopathology and clinical correlates. Recent research suggests focal disruptions of cortical layering found in children with autism may represent early cortical dysplasia, providing insight into a potential cause of autism.
This document contains a series of CT images with labels of brain anatomy. It also includes short descriptions of various brain injuries and conditions that can be seen on CT such as skull fractures, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, diffuse axonal injury, cerebral contusion, intraventricular hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage. The document was created by Dr. Ebrahim Jalili and contains educational information aimed at interpreting CT scans of the brain.
1. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays to produce images based on differential tissue absorption, with darker shades corresponding to less attenuation. Slice thickness is typically 5-10mm for head CTs.
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes the magnetic properties of hydrogen protons to produce images. Different sequences like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR provide contrast between tissues. Diffusion weighted imaging detects restricted diffusion seen in acute ischemia.
3. Neuroimaging techniques like CT, MRI, DWI, perfusion imaging, and MRS are used to evaluate conditions like stroke, tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases and more by visualizing anatomical structures and physiological properties
This document provides an overview of how to systematically analyze a head CT scan. It begins with identifying patient information and scan parameters. It then describes how to examine different regions of the brain from midline structures outward, including ventricles, cisterns, brain parenchyma, sulci, sinuses, bones, and soft tissues. Key things to evaluate for in each region are discussed, such as midline shift, masses, hemorrhages, fractures, and more. Two case examples are then presented to demonstrate application of the approach.
This document discusses the use of computerized tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in evaluating the central nervous system. CT is useful for imaging many neurological conditions such as trauma, tumors, strokes, and infections. It provides anatomical details quickly and is widely available, but MRI generally provides better soft tissue contrast. PET combined with CT or MRI provides functional imaging of brain metabolism and is useful for conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizures, and cancers. Both CT and PET have advantages and limitations and are generally used together with other clinical information for diagnosis and management of neurological diseases.
The document discusses the history and development of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It notes that Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan McLeod Cormack independently developed the first CT scanner and won the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work. CT scans use X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body, and results are measured using Hounsfield units. MRI uses radio waves and strong magnetic fields to form images, and was pioneered by Paul Lauterbur. Both CT and MRI are important medical imaging techniques that can detect various brain abnormalities.
The adult brain is composed of the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum, which are covered by meninges and float in cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system. The ventricular system includes the lateral ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius in the brain stem, and fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla oblongata. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid and is composed of a network of blood vessels. The cerebral hemispheres contain gray matter in the cortex and basal ganglia, as well as white matter.
Epilepsy getting the most out of neuroimaging 2019Felice D'Arco
This document discusses the use of neuroimaging techniques to evaluate epilepsy. It begins by discussing the technical aspects of modern neuroimaging and how epilepsy appears on imaging studies. It then reviews the role of imaging in pre-operative planning. The document provides examples of different pathologies visible on imaging and emphasizes using a multiparametric approach, including 3T MRI, PET, DTI, fMRI and other modalities to localize the epileptic focus when it is not visible on standard MRI. It stresses using advanced techniques like 3T to increase resolution and minimize motion artifacts. The goal is to identify otherwise "invisible" lesions through pattern recognition and an integrated imaging approach.
The cerebrospinal fluid in the space between brain membranes acts as a shock absorber, protecting the brain from mechanical injury while maintaining pressure and facilitating nutrient exchange. The human brain controls bodily functions through various specialized regions and contains around 1000 billion neurons and weighs 1300 grams on average in adults. It is protected within the skull and covered by three membranes. Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans produce multiple cross-sectional images of the inside of the body to aid diagnosis, similar to traditional x-rays.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of peri natal acute ischemia and hyp...Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging of neonatal acute ischemia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. It describes different types of imaging techniques including CT, MRI, DWI, and ASL and how they can be used to identify areas of injury over time in neonates who experience a stroke. Risk factors for neonatal stroke are also reviewed. Imaging findings include restricted diffusion, cortical laminar necrosis, and reversal of gray-white matter attenuation on CT. MRI is useful for assessing injury to deep gray matter structures and cortical border zones.
The document discusses diagnostic radiology of the central nervous system. It begins with an outline and overview of normal brain anatomy and imaging features. It then describes basic features seen in common brain lesions including hydrocephalus, brain atrophy, necrosis, calcification, and mass effect. Specific pathologies covered include brain tumors, cerebrovascular diseases like hemorrhage, aneurysms, and infarction, as well as traumatic brain injuries such as epidural and subdural hematomas. Key imaging findings on CT and MRI for various acute and chronic stages are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of brain CT and MRI imaging in the intensive care unit (ICU). It includes examples of normal and abnormal brain scans showing various pathologies like fractures, hemorrhages, strokes, tumors, and infections. CT scans demonstrate bone fractures while MRI provides better soft tissue contrast for visualizing conditions such as strokes, abscesses, and tumors. The document aims to educate ICU physicians and nurses on interpreting common brain imaging findings.
This document provides an overview of basic CT neuroimaging and common neurological conditions seen on CT scans. It discusses (1) the basics of CT orientation, planes, windows, and densities; (2) neuroanatomy seen on CT scans; and (3) common pathological findings including strokes, hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, infections, tumors, and more. The goal is to help medical professionals confidently interpret important CT findings and diagnose neurological conditions.
This document provides an overview of neuroradiology techniques for evaluating the brain and spine. It describes the basic approaches for CT and MR imaging of the brain, including indications for contrast. It details appearances of various intracranial hemorrhages and infarcts on imaging. It also reviews age-related brain changes, spinal degenerative conditions, and imaging features that help characterize spinal pathologies.
Diagnostic Imaging of Bilateral Abnormalities of the Basal Ganglia & ThalamusMohamed M.A. Zaitoun
The document discusses abnormalities of the basal ganglia and thalamus seen on MRI. It begins by describing the normal anatomy and blood supply of these structures. It then discusses various pathological changes that can be seen, including those from toxins, metabolic diseases, inherited metabolic diseases, vascular causes, infections, tumors and other miscellaneous etiologies. Specific conditions mentioned include Wilson's disease, Leigh's disease, NBIA, hepatic encephalopathy, kernicterus, hypoglycemia and nonketotic hyperglycemia. Radiologic signs for many of these conditions are also described.
This document provides an overview of medical imaging modalities used to image the central nervous system. It discusses the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord and indications for imaging. Imaging modalities covered include plain x-rays, fluoroscopy, ventriculography, arteriography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. Each modality is described along with examples of images and its risks and applications in evaluating conditions like trauma, tumors, infections and other neurological disorders.
This document provides an overview of CT and MRI interpretation for various neurological conditions. It begins with examples of MRI sequences showing normal brain anatomy and proceeds to discuss key pathologies including infarction, hemorrhage, infection, tumors, trauma, dementia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and cranial neuropathies. For each condition, representative imaging findings are presented and briefly described to aid in diagnosis and clinical management. The document serves as an educational guide for interpreting neuroimaging studies.
1. The document discusses the basics of neuroimaging using CT and MRI. It explains how different tissues appear on CT and MRI scans and provides examples of normal anatomy.
2. It then covers the systematic approach to interpreting head CT scans and provides various cross-sectional anatomy examples.
3. The document also discusses the physics behind MRI and how tissues appear differently on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR sequences. It includes many labeled MRI images as examples.
This document summarizes recent investigations in epilepsy, including various imaging and functional techniques. Neuroimaging techniques like fMRI, DTI, and PET can help localize epileptogenic foci and assess language dominance, memory function, and metabolic changes. SPECT and ictal-interictal subtraction can identify regions of hyperperfusion during seizures. MEG can localize irritative zones from magnetic fields generated by epileptic activity. Combined with MRI, these functional techniques provide valuable information to plan management of epilepsy.
The document provides information about CT brain imaging including terminology used, differences between CT and MRI, how a CT scan works, tissue densities visualized on CT, common anatomical structures seen on brain CT, approaches to interpreting a CT brain scan, and various pathological conditions that can be identified on CT including trauma, vascular insults, infections, tumors and other disorders. Key points covered include how CT provides clear bone images while MRI better depicts soft tissue contrast, how CT reconstruction works to create cross-sectional images, and examples of some common abnormalities that manifest as hyperdense or hypodense lesions on CT scans.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and several case examples demonstrating its clinical applications. The key points covered include:
- MRI works by detecting tiny movements of protons in tissue when exposed to magnetic fields. Different sequences like T1 and T2 provide different tissue contrasts.
- Brain MRI is very useful for detecting lesions and assessing anatomy without radiation. Several brain cases demonstrate common conditions like tuberculoma, multiple sclerosis, and mitochondrial disease.
- Spine MRI is now the primary imaging method for evaluating the spine. Examples show common spinal pathologies and the importance of classification of disc abnormalities.
- MRI has many clinical uses beyond the brain and spine, such as cardiac imaging
On the occasion of National Epilepsy Day 2014, Dr. Rama Krishnan gave a talk titled "Integrated Diagnostics – A Unique Epilepsy Approach" at the Epilepsy Knowledge Forum in Chennai organised by Neurokrish & Trimed and Sponsored Medall.
1) The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain and central nervous system. It describes the different parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem.
2) It then discusses various brain tumors including their classification, etiology, natural history, grading, pathology, and clinical presentations depending on location.
3) Diagnostic workup is outlined including MRI, CT, CSF examination and other imaging modalities to characterize brain tumors.
The document discusses several congenital malformations and abnormalities of the central nervous system, including neural tube defects like spina bifida, anencephaly, and Arnold-Chiari malformation. It also covers hydrocephalus, disorders of brain development, chromosome abnormalities, cerebral edema and herniation, as well as various types of brain and spinal cord injuries.
This document provides an overview of CT and MRI indications, techniques, findings, and interpretations for various brain pathologies. It discusses stroke imaging including early signs of ischemia on CT and advantages of MRI diffusion weighted imaging. It also covers trauma, infections, tumors and white matter diseases. Key points include sensitivity of imaging modalities for acute vs. chronic hemorrhage, importance of excluding hemorrhage for thrombolysis, and assessing penumbra on perfusion studies.
Vijay Achar_11+ Yrs of Exp in Testing+TMAchari Vijaya
The document provides a curriculum vitae for Vijaya Achari summarizing their professional experience and qualifications. It includes details about their name, contact information, designation, location, and 11+ years of experience in testing roles for various telecom and retail clients. It highlights domains of expertise including manual testing, Siebel CRM, and test management tools like JIRA and HP ALM. A list of 7 past projects is provided with details about roles, technologies used, and descriptions.
The document discusses the history and development of CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It notes that Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan McLeod Cormack independently developed the first CT scanner and won the Nobel Prize in 1979 for this work. CT scans use X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body, and results are measured using Hounsfield units. MRI uses radio waves and strong magnetic fields to form images, and was pioneered by Paul Lauterbur. Both CT and MRI are important medical imaging techniques that can detect various brain abnormalities.
The adult brain is composed of the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum, which are covered by meninges and float in cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system. The ventricular system includes the lateral ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius in the brain stem, and fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla oblongata. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid and is composed of a network of blood vessels. The cerebral hemispheres contain gray matter in the cortex and basal ganglia, as well as white matter.
Epilepsy getting the most out of neuroimaging 2019Felice D'Arco
This document discusses the use of neuroimaging techniques to evaluate epilepsy. It begins by discussing the technical aspects of modern neuroimaging and how epilepsy appears on imaging studies. It then reviews the role of imaging in pre-operative planning. The document provides examples of different pathologies visible on imaging and emphasizes using a multiparametric approach, including 3T MRI, PET, DTI, fMRI and other modalities to localize the epileptic focus when it is not visible on standard MRI. It stresses using advanced techniques like 3T to increase resolution and minimize motion artifacts. The goal is to identify otherwise "invisible" lesions through pattern recognition and an integrated imaging approach.
The cerebrospinal fluid in the space between brain membranes acts as a shock absorber, protecting the brain from mechanical injury while maintaining pressure and facilitating nutrient exchange. The human brain controls bodily functions through various specialized regions and contains around 1000 billion neurons and weighs 1300 grams on average in adults. It is protected within the skull and covered by three membranes. Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans produce multiple cross-sectional images of the inside of the body to aid diagnosis, similar to traditional x-rays.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of peri natal acute ischemia and hyp...Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging of neonatal acute ischemia and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. It describes different types of imaging techniques including CT, MRI, DWI, and ASL and how they can be used to identify areas of injury over time in neonates who experience a stroke. Risk factors for neonatal stroke are also reviewed. Imaging findings include restricted diffusion, cortical laminar necrosis, and reversal of gray-white matter attenuation on CT. MRI is useful for assessing injury to deep gray matter structures and cortical border zones.
The document discusses diagnostic radiology of the central nervous system. It begins with an outline and overview of normal brain anatomy and imaging features. It then describes basic features seen in common brain lesions including hydrocephalus, brain atrophy, necrosis, calcification, and mass effect. Specific pathologies covered include brain tumors, cerebrovascular diseases like hemorrhage, aneurysms, and infarction, as well as traumatic brain injuries such as epidural and subdural hematomas. Key imaging findings on CT and MRI for various acute and chronic stages are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of brain CT and MRI imaging in the intensive care unit (ICU). It includes examples of normal and abnormal brain scans showing various pathologies like fractures, hemorrhages, strokes, tumors, and infections. CT scans demonstrate bone fractures while MRI provides better soft tissue contrast for visualizing conditions such as strokes, abscesses, and tumors. The document aims to educate ICU physicians and nurses on interpreting common brain imaging findings.
This document provides an overview of basic CT neuroimaging and common neurological conditions seen on CT scans. It discusses (1) the basics of CT orientation, planes, windows, and densities; (2) neuroanatomy seen on CT scans; and (3) common pathological findings including strokes, hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, infections, tumors, and more. The goal is to help medical professionals confidently interpret important CT findings and diagnose neurological conditions.
This document provides an overview of neuroradiology techniques for evaluating the brain and spine. It describes the basic approaches for CT and MR imaging of the brain, including indications for contrast. It details appearances of various intracranial hemorrhages and infarcts on imaging. It also reviews age-related brain changes, spinal degenerative conditions, and imaging features that help characterize spinal pathologies.
Diagnostic Imaging of Bilateral Abnormalities of the Basal Ganglia & ThalamusMohamed M.A. Zaitoun
The document discusses abnormalities of the basal ganglia and thalamus seen on MRI. It begins by describing the normal anatomy and blood supply of these structures. It then discusses various pathological changes that can be seen, including those from toxins, metabolic diseases, inherited metabolic diseases, vascular causes, infections, tumors and other miscellaneous etiologies. Specific conditions mentioned include Wilson's disease, Leigh's disease, NBIA, hepatic encephalopathy, kernicterus, hypoglycemia and nonketotic hyperglycemia. Radiologic signs for many of these conditions are also described.
This document provides an overview of medical imaging modalities used to image the central nervous system. It discusses the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord and indications for imaging. Imaging modalities covered include plain x-rays, fluoroscopy, ventriculography, arteriography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. Each modality is described along with examples of images and its risks and applications in evaluating conditions like trauma, tumors, infections and other neurological disorders.
This document provides an overview of CT and MRI interpretation for various neurological conditions. It begins with examples of MRI sequences showing normal brain anatomy and proceeds to discuss key pathologies including infarction, hemorrhage, infection, tumors, trauma, dementia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and cranial neuropathies. For each condition, representative imaging findings are presented and briefly described to aid in diagnosis and clinical management. The document serves as an educational guide for interpreting neuroimaging studies.
1. The document discusses the basics of neuroimaging using CT and MRI. It explains how different tissues appear on CT and MRI scans and provides examples of normal anatomy.
2. It then covers the systematic approach to interpreting head CT scans and provides various cross-sectional anatomy examples.
3. The document also discusses the physics behind MRI and how tissues appear differently on T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR sequences. It includes many labeled MRI images as examples.
This document summarizes recent investigations in epilepsy, including various imaging and functional techniques. Neuroimaging techniques like fMRI, DTI, and PET can help localize epileptogenic foci and assess language dominance, memory function, and metabolic changes. SPECT and ictal-interictal subtraction can identify regions of hyperperfusion during seizures. MEG can localize irritative zones from magnetic fields generated by epileptic activity. Combined with MRI, these functional techniques provide valuable information to plan management of epilepsy.
The document provides information about CT brain imaging including terminology used, differences between CT and MRI, how a CT scan works, tissue densities visualized on CT, common anatomical structures seen on brain CT, approaches to interpreting a CT brain scan, and various pathological conditions that can be identified on CT including trauma, vascular insults, infections, tumors and other disorders. Key points covered include how CT provides clear bone images while MRI better depicts soft tissue contrast, how CT reconstruction works to create cross-sectional images, and examples of some common abnormalities that manifest as hyperdense or hypodense lesions on CT scans.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and several case examples demonstrating its clinical applications. The key points covered include:
- MRI works by detecting tiny movements of protons in tissue when exposed to magnetic fields. Different sequences like T1 and T2 provide different tissue contrasts.
- Brain MRI is very useful for detecting lesions and assessing anatomy without radiation. Several brain cases demonstrate common conditions like tuberculoma, multiple sclerosis, and mitochondrial disease.
- Spine MRI is now the primary imaging method for evaluating the spine. Examples show common spinal pathologies and the importance of classification of disc abnormalities.
- MRI has many clinical uses beyond the brain and spine, such as cardiac imaging
On the occasion of National Epilepsy Day 2014, Dr. Rama Krishnan gave a talk titled "Integrated Diagnostics – A Unique Epilepsy Approach" at the Epilepsy Knowledge Forum in Chennai organised by Neurokrish & Trimed and Sponsored Medall.
1) The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain and central nervous system. It describes the different parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem.
2) It then discusses various brain tumors including their classification, etiology, natural history, grading, pathology, and clinical presentations depending on location.
3) Diagnostic workup is outlined including MRI, CT, CSF examination and other imaging modalities to characterize brain tumors.
The document discusses several congenital malformations and abnormalities of the central nervous system, including neural tube defects like spina bifida, anencephaly, and Arnold-Chiari malformation. It also covers hydrocephalus, disorders of brain development, chromosome abnormalities, cerebral edema and herniation, as well as various types of brain and spinal cord injuries.
This document provides an overview of CT and MRI indications, techniques, findings, and interpretations for various brain pathologies. It discusses stroke imaging including early signs of ischemia on CT and advantages of MRI diffusion weighted imaging. It also covers trauma, infections, tumors and white matter diseases. Key points include sensitivity of imaging modalities for acute vs. chronic hemorrhage, importance of excluding hemorrhage for thrombolysis, and assessing penumbra on perfusion studies.
Vijay Achar_11+ Yrs of Exp in Testing+TMAchari Vijaya
The document provides a curriculum vitae for Vijaya Achari summarizing their professional experience and qualifications. It includes details about their name, contact information, designation, location, and 11+ years of experience in testing roles for various telecom and retail clients. It highlights domains of expertise including manual testing, Siebel CRM, and test management tools like JIRA and HP ALM. A list of 7 past projects is provided with details about roles, technologies used, and descriptions.
This document contains an excerpt from the Ukrainian National External Independent Testing (ZNO) exam in 2015. It includes 4 reading comprehension tasks with various types of questions to test reading skills. The passages are about advertisements for attractions, a girl's experience becoming a vegetarian, descriptions of stores/services, and discoveries of ancient writing in Mexico. The questions assess abilities like matching choices to passages, choosing correct answers about passage details, and matching choices to missing information in sentences.
This document promotes a food drive run by Daily Bread to help end hunger in local communities. It explains that hunger exists due to people having alternative costs that prevent them from affording food as well as inflation increasing food prices. The document encourages donating $2 to help those in need and notes that every donation can make a difference in changing the world and making it a better place.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing large Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) projects and how to make them more cost effective. It argues that traditional centralized PLM approaches are no longer suitable due to trends like increased software content in products, globalization and faster development times. Instead, it advocates for a new PLM paradigm that seamlessly connects physical and software design using technologies like cloud computing and enables real-time collaboration across distributed teams. It also emphasizes the importance of systems engineering principles like requirements management and configuration control to successfully manage complex product development projects.
El documento resume la declaración de independencia del Perú el 15 de julio de 1821, el escudo nacional del Perú aprobado en 1825, y la figura de José de San Martín, líder del ejército que luchó por la independencia del Perú.
Easy Serve, an Online Services Marketplace Startup in IndiaUpamanyu Acharya
How do you start an online services marketplace in India? What are the challenges one faces as an online service aggregator and payment portal? How do you start the Flipkart of Services? These are questions we strived to answer in this presentation.
The document provides an overview of English verb tenses and aspects. It discusses the simple present, past, and future tenses, as well as the present perfect, present progressive, and other combinations of tenses including the past perfect, future perfect, and future progressive. Each tense is defined by its uses and examples are provided of forms and timelines to illustrate when each tense is applied.
Domain registration and protection in vietnamPATON CO., LTD.
This document discusses domain name registration and protection under Vietnam's legal system. It notes that while domain names are important for business identity and opportunities, only about 25% of Vietnamese and multinational companies operating in Vietnam have registered a ".VN" domain name. It also discusses increasing issues like cybersquatting. The document then provides details on registering ".VN" domain names in Vietnam and outlines the legal approaches to resolving disputes over infringed domain names, emphasizing that early domain name registration is an effective way for companies to protect their brands.
Meningitis refers to an inflammatory process of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. There are different types including bacterial, viral, and fungal meningitis. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and photophobia. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging tests, and analyzing cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Complications can include seizures, brain damage, and hearing loss. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals to treat the infection as well as medications to manage symptoms and complications.
A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency department late at night with altered mental status. She had a headache throughout the day and became confused in the late night hours. A CT scan showed sinus disease but no abnormalities in the brain. A lumbar puncture revealed cloudy cerebrospinal fluid. The patient was diagnosed with meningitis that likely originated from a sinus infection that spread bacteria into the cranial cavity and infected the meninges, causing her confusion.
This is a slideshow made essentially for undergraduate MBBS students to have a working knowledge about CT scan of brain in diagnosing common medical and surgical conditions. It includes detection of major anatomical structures in CT and prompt diagnosis of emergency conditions like head trauma and cerebrovascular accident. Last but not the least, I have also touched the areas where CT scan is not the first mode of diagnosis (like diagnosis of brain tumor and evaluation of headache).
This document discusses various neuroimaging techniques used in psychiatry. It begins with a brief history of neuroimaging, including early techniques like ventriculography and CT scans, as well as key developments in MRI, PET, SPECT, and other modalities. The document then explains several common neuroimaging techniques in more detail, such as CT, MRI sequences (T1WI, T2WI, FLAIR, DWI), and MRS. It provides information on the principles, applications, and appearance of structures on different sequences. In summary, neuroimaging allows measurement of brain structure, function and chemistry, and has provided useful insights into psychiatric pathophysiology that could aid diagnosis and treatment development.
MRI evaluation of developing brain and its role in congenital brain malformat...Shaurya Agarwal
1) MR imaging plays a key role in evaluating developing brain malformations by assessing gray-white matter differentiation, sulcation, myelination, and ventricle size and shape.
2) Common posterior fossa malformations seen include Chiari malformations, Dandy-Walker malformation, Blake's pouch cyst, and vermian hypoplasia.
3) Other malformations discussed are holoprosencephaly affecting the forebrain, corpus callosal abnormalities, malformations of cortical development affecting neuronal proliferation, migration and organization, and leukodystrophies impacting myelination.
CT scans of the brain can identify several abnormalities. Non-contrast CT scans can detect hemorrhages and infarcts, while contrast CT scans can better identify tumors and sites of infection. Interpretation of CT scans requires understanding Hounsfield units to characterize lesions as hyperdense or hypodense compared to brain tissue. Physicians must also be familiar with the vascular supply of different brain regions to localize lesions.
1. The document discusses the initial management of traumatic brain injury, including decompressive craniectomy to reduce ICP, hyperosmolar therapy with mannitol or HTS, CSF drainage with EVD, and sedation to control refractory ICP. Early enteral nutrition is recommended if no contraindications.
2. Spinal trauma management involves cervical spine clearance following the Canadian C-spine Rule or Nexus criteria. Imaging includes 3-view c-spine series and thoracolumbar films. Neurological exam uses the ASIA chart.
3. Common neurosurgical emergencies are discussed like raised ICP, stroke, seizures, and brainstem compression from posterior fossa
This document provides an overview of pediatric neuro-radiology modalities. It discusses several imaging techniques including plain films, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine. CT is described as the procedure of choice for head trauma and stroke evaluation due to its rapid acquisition of axial images and ability to display bony details. MRI is highlighted as the most sensitive method for detecting demyelinating plaques and inflammatory diseases. Knowledge of neuroanatomy is emphasized as essential for correct diagnosis across all modalities.
This document discusses focal cortical dysplasia, a type of neuronal migration disorder caused by abnormal proliferation and migration of neurons during brain development. It begins by providing background on normal cortical development. It then defines focal cortical dysplasia and describes its characteristics and appearance on imaging studies. The document notes that focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of epilepsy, especially in pediatric patients. Surgical treatment can successfully treat epilepsy in many patients with focal cortical dysplasia if the abnormal cortex is fully resected.
1. The document discusses traumatic brain injuries and CNS infections, outlining their assessment, management, and surgical treatment.
2. Key points include evaluating patients using the Glasgow Coma Scale, identifying different types of intracranial hemorrhages on imaging and their presentations, and treating brain abscesses medically with antibiotics and surgically via burr hole aspiration or craniotomy for excision.
3. Surgical management of conditions like epidural hematomas and brain abscesses aims to decrease intracranial pressure and obtain samples for culture.
Decompressive craniectomy in Traumatic Brain Injuryjoemdas
Decompressive craniectomy is a surgical technique used to relieve increased intracranial pressure by removing a portion of the skull bone and opening the dura mater. It allows swollen brain tissue room to expand and reduces pressure. The document discusses the history of the procedure, indications such as severe traumatic brain injury and malignant stroke, types including decompressive hemicraniectomy and bifrontal craniectomy, potential complications like subdural fluid collections, and the role of later cranioplasty. While controversies remain, decompressive craniectomy can be life-saving for carefully selected patients with medically refractory elevated intracranial pressure.
This document summarizes various central nervous system infections, including bacterial/pyogenic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and intracranial tuberculomas. Key imaging findings are described, such as meningeal enhancement on CT/MRI for meningitis and ring enhancement on CT/MRI for brain abscesses. Complications like hydrocephalus, infarctions, and ventriculitis are also discussed. MR spectroscopy findings that can help differentiate tuberculomas from other lesions are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of MRI brain imaging. It begins with the anatomy of the brain and basic MRI principles. It then covers indications for brain MRI, patient preparation including positioning in the scanner, and common sequences used. T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR and diffusion-weighted sequences are described in terms of their characteristics. Contrast agents, safety procedures, and specialized protocols for conditions like epilepsy are also summarized. The document aims to inform about all aspects of performing and interpreting a brain MRI exam.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 012 Fourth week development A embryo .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
During the fourth week of embryonic development, neurulation and somite formation are critical processes that contribute to the formation of the nervous system and musculoskeletal structures.
These processes are intricately connected and occur concurrently during the fourth week of embryonic development. Neurulation sets the stage for the formation of the nervous system, while somite formation contributes to the development of the musculoskeletal system.
The document discusses various peripheral nerve blocks including:
- Cervical plexus block which targets nerves arising from C1-C4 including the lesser occipital nerve, greater auricular nerve, and supraclavicular nerve.
- Superficial and deep cervical plexus blocks are used for neck surgeries and procedures. The superficial block targets cutaneous branches while the deep block targets the paravertebral region from C2-C4.
- Stellate ganglion block provides sympathetic blockade for chronic pain syndromes and is performed at the C6 level, targeting the stellate ganglion. Complications include Horner's syndrome and injury to nearby structures.
BMS2-K13 Pemeriksaan Radiologi pada Sistem Saraf.pptxssuser144901
CT and MRI are commonly used imaging modalities to evaluate the brain and spine. CT can clearly image bone structures and is useful for detecting fractures, while MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and is more sensitive for abnormalities within the brain and spinal cord. Some key applications discussed include using CT to identify intracranial hemorrhages such as epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraventricular bleeds. CT is also used to diagnose strokes, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, and traumatic injuries. MRI is superior for evaluating many conditions like brain infarctions, demyelinating diseases, and spinal disc herniations. Both modalities have advantages and can be complementary in the evaluation of many neurological
Bedside Ultrasound in Neurosurgery Part 1/3Liew Boon Seng
This document provides an overview of ultrasound training in neurosurgery. It introduces various applications of ultrasound in neurosurgery such as fetal neurosonograms, cranial ultrasonography of newborns, assessing ventricular shunt patency, spinal ultrasound in infants, and transcranial insonation of blood vessels. It also summarizes techniques for different types of Doppler imaging and discusses pathologies that can be detected using ultrasound like intraventricular hemorrhage.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3. • What type of image is
this?
a) T1 CT scan
b) T2 CT scan
c) T1 MRI scan
d) DTI
4. • What type of image is
this?
a) T1 CT scan
b) T2 CT scan
c) T1 MRI scan
d) DTI
T1/T2 are subsets of MRI
scans.
T(wh)one, white matter is
white.
5. • Which of the following brain imaging
modalities does NOT involve radiation?
a) CT
b) Invasive angiography
c) Nuclear medicine brain flow
d) MRI
e) SPECT
6. • Which of the following brain imaging
modalities does NOT involve radiation?
a) CT
b) Invasive angiography
c) Nuclear medicine brain flow
d) MRI
e) SPECT
7. • In CT which of these tissues appears darkest?
A) BLOOD
B) BONE
C) CSF
D) GRAY MATTER
E) WHITE MATTER
8. • In CT which of these tissues appears darkest?
A) BLOOD
B) BONE
C) CSF
D) GRAY MATTER
E) WHITE MATTER
9. • Functional MRI is based upon the fact that:
– blood flow is faster in more active brain regions
– Blood oxygenation is higher in more active brain
regions
– Deoxyhemoglobin levels rise in more active brain
regions
– glutamate reuptake is greater in more active brain
regions
– magnetic resonance is higher in more electrically
active neurons
10. • Functional MRI is based upon the fact that:
– blood flow is faster in more active brain regions
– Blood oxygenation is higher in more active brain
regions
– Deoxyhemoglobin levels rise in more active brain
regions
– glutamate reuptake is greater in more active brain
regions
– magnetic resonance is higher in more electrically
active neurons
11. • Which of the following structures is located in
the central nervous system?
a) DRG
b) CN 7
c) CN 3
d) Olfactory bulb
e) Trigeminal ganglion
12. • Which of the following structures is located in
the central nervous system?
a) DRG
b) CN 7
c) CN 3
d) Olfactory bulb
e) Trigeminal ganglion
13.
14. • Which of the following structures is correctly
paired with its CNS level?
• A. facial colliculus : telencephalon
• B. mammillary bodies : midbrain
• C. optic chiasm : diencephalon
• D. pyramid : pons
• E. tectum : medulla
15. • Which of the following structures is correctly
paired with its CNS level?
• A. facial colliculus : telencephalon
• B. mammillary bodies : midbrain
• C. optic chiasm : diencephalon
• D. pyramid : pons
• E. tectum : medulla
24. • A 23 YO male is brought, unconscious, to the
emergency department after a motorcycle accident.
Suspecting head trauma, the physician orders a CT scan
which reveals blood in the CSF, concentrated in the
quadrigeminal cistern. Which of the following
diagnoses is most appropriate for this patient?
a) Epidural hemorrhage
b) extracranial hemorrhage
c) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
d) Interventricular hemorrhage
e) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
25. • A 23 YO male is brought, unconscious, to the
emergency department after a motorcycle accident.
Suspecting head trauma, the physician orders a CT scan
which reveals blood in the CSF, concentrated in the
quadrigeminal cistern. Which of the following
diagnoses is most appropriate for this patient?
a) Epidural hemorrhage
b) extracranial hemorrhage
c) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
d) Interventricular hemorrhage
e) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
26.
27.
28. • You successfully administer an epidural anesthetic to a woman in labor.
You originally inserted the needle into the sacral hiatus, and correctly
placed the tip of the needle:
a) between the pia mater and subarachnoid space
b) between the dura mater and the periosteum of a vertebra
c) between the periosteum and the bone of a vertebra
d) into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
e) into the central canal of the spinal cord.
29. • You successfully administer an epidural anesthetic to a woman in labor.
You originally inserted the needle into the sacral hiatus, and correctly
placed the tip of the needle:
a) between the pia mater and subarachnoid space
b) between the dura mater and the periosteum of a vertebra
c) between the periosteum and the bone of a vertebra
d) into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord
e) into the central canal of the spinal cord.
30. • A 20 YO student protestor is brought into the ED for
treatment of head injuries and bleeding after being
struck in the head by a rock. Neurological exam
indicates some disorientation and lethargy. A CT scan
reveals that the patient has suffered an epidural
hematoma, based upon which definitive observation?
a) Blood extending down into sulci
b) Lenticular shape of bleeding that does not cross suture
lines
c) Subfalcine herniation
d) Thin crescent of bleeding separating the dural layers
e) Ventricular distortion or obliteration due to elevated
intracranial pressure.
31. (not necessarily testable for this test,
but a useful teaching point)
• A 20 YO student protestor is brought into the ED for
treatment of head injuries and bleeding after being
struck in the head by a rock. Neurological exam
indicates some disorientation and lethargy. A CT scan
reveals that the patient has suffered an epidural
hematoma, based upon which definitive observation?
a) Blood extending down into sulci
b) Lenticular shape of bleeding that does not cross suture
lines
c) Subfalcine herniation
d) Thin crescent of bleeding separating the dural layers
e) Ventricular distortion or obliteration due to elevated
intracranial pressure.
32. • One of your patients has a neurological autoimmune
disease. Cells of her immune system are attempting to
migrate from the bloodstream into her brain. To do
this, an immune system cell must first cross the
endothelium of a brain capillary, and then cross a
second layer made of the cellular processes of
a) Astrocytes
b) Ependymal cells
c) Microglia
d) Neurons
e) Oligodendrocytes
33. • One of your patients has a neurological autoimmune
disease. Cells of her immune system are attempting to
migrate from the bloodstream into her brain. To do
this, an immune system cell must first cross the
endothelium of a brain capillary, and then cross a
second layer made of the cellular processes of
a) Astrocytes
b) Ependymal cells
c) Microglia
d) Neurons
e) Oligodendrocytes
34. Cell Types - Neurons
Key features: large cell body with nucleus, mitochondria, and Nissl Substance (RER);
dendrites for receiving NT input from neighboring neurons, axon hillock for
integration of dendritic input, axon for conduction of electrical impulses, terminal
branches for release of NT into synaptic cleft.
Several morphologies:
Bipolar: retinal, auditory, and olfactory sensory neurons
Pseudounipolar: peripheral sensory neurons of somatic and visceral nervous system
Multipolar: complex dendritic pattern, most CNS cells and motor neurons
Golgi Type I: Long projection neurons of the CNS
Golgi Type II: Short inhibitory interneurons
35. Cell Types - Astrocytes
Astrocytes are star-shaped glia with many thin processes radiating from a central cell body.
The processes wrap around capillaries in the CNS, preventing the free diffusion of soluble blood
components into the CNS tissues. This is called the blood brain barrier (BBB).
The area in between astrocyte processes and the capillary wall is called the Virchow-Robins space, and
these spaces are often enlarged in the elderly and people with neurodegenerative disease (inflammation).
Some processes also modulate synaptic activity.
During early development, astrocytes help guide migrating baby neurons to their proper location.
astrocytes that are near brain surfaces extend processes to those surfaces, forming a continuous covering
around the brain, the glia limitans which attaches to a basement membrane.
Laminin and dystroglycan mediate the connection between astrocytes and the basmement membrane
In cobblestone lissencephaly a mutation in one of the above proteins leads to an incomplete glia
limitans.
The Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) stain is used to visualize astrocytes.
-Gliosis refers to the hypertrophy/hyperplasia of astrocytes in response to disease/injury. This helps
reinforce the integrity of the BBB and initiates a protective inflammatory response. The reactive astrocytes
that develop following an injury are called gemnistocytic astrocytes.
36.
37. Crest Cells
The neural crest gives rise to the following neural elements (Figure 15):
• Sensory neurons of the cranial and spinal sensory ganglia.
• Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia.
• Supporting cells of the PNS (Schwann cells and satellite cells
of the ganglia).
The neural crest also gives rise to non-neural elements:
• The cells of the pia mater and arachnoid mater.
• Some branchial cartilage and some cranial mesenchyme.
• Pigment-producing cells of the skin and subcutaneous
tissues (melanocytes).
• Chromaffin tissue (secretory cells of the adrenal medulla).
38. • The foot processes of CNS astrocytes do all of
the following EXCEPT:
– contribute to the blood-brain barrier
– Form the glia limitans that surrounds the brain
– Surround neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
– surround points of synaptic contact
– wrap around axons to form their myelin sheath
39. • The foot processes of CNS astrocytes do all of
the following EXCEPT:
– contribute to the blood-brain barrier
– Form the glia limitans that surrounds the brain
– Surround neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
– surround points of synaptic contact
– wrap around axons to form their myelin sheath
40. Cell Types-Other glia
Oligodendrocytes are egg-shaped glia with a clear cytoplasmic halo surrounding a dark nucleus. They
are abundant in white matter tracts. They extend several cellular processes that wrap several times
around multiple axons, creating myelin sheaths that greatly speed up signal conduction along the
axons.
-Oligodendrocytes do not respond to injury. Any damage to oligodendrocytes (i.e. demyelinating
disease) is irreversible.
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS. They phagocytose particulate matter and cellular
debris, as well as help initiate inflammatory and repair pathways following injury via cytokine release.
The microglia aggressively proliferate in response to local injury, promoting an inflammatory response and clearing any necrotic
tissue.
Ependymal cells are the cells of the choroid plexus which continuously filter the blood and secrete
CSF into the ventricles. Choroid plexus is a specialized version. No basement membrane.
41.
42.
43. • Which of the following is NOT present in CNS
white matter?
– astrocyte cell bodies
– Microglial cell bodies
– myelin
– neuronal cell bodies
– oligodendrocyte cell bodies
44. • Which of the following is NOT present in CNS
white matter?
– astrocyte cell bodies
– MicrogliaL cell bodies
– myelin
– neuronal cell bodies
– oligodendrocyte cell bodies
46. • Deletions or missense mutations of sonic
hedgehog (SHH) can produce incomplete
separation of forebrain structures during
development, including the formation of a single
midline cyclopean eye. This most common
developmental forebrain malformation is called:
– anencephaly
– Dandy-Walkersyndrome
– holoprosencephaly
– lissencephaly
– Waardenburg syndrome
47. • Deletions or missense mutations of sonic
hedgehog (SHH) can produce incomplete
separation of forebrain structures during
development, including the formation of a single
midline cyclopean eye. This most common
developmental forebrain malformation is called:
– anencephaly
– Dandy-Walkersyndrome
– holoprosencephaly
– lissencephaly
– Waardenburg syndrome
48. BEWARE THE CNS DEVELOPMENT
LECTURE!
• In contrast to the classical radial migration, wehre
newly generated neuroblasts stay within the brain
regions where they were generated and mature into
variosu types of neurons, newly generated neuroblasts
from the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences
migrate long distances tangentially to mature into what
type of cell?
a) Astrocytes
b) Cholinergic neurons
c) Dopaminergic neurons
d) GABAergic interneurons
e) Glutaminergic neurons
49. BEWARE THE CNS DEVELOPMENT
LECTURE!
• In contrast to the classical radial migration, where
newly generated neuroblasts stay within the brain
regions where they were generated and mature into
various types of neurons, newly generated neuroblasts
from the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences
migrate long distances tangentially to mature into what
type of cell?
a) Astrocytes
b) Cholinergic neurons
c) Dopaminergic neurons
d) GABAergic interneurons
e) Glutaminergic neurons
Not all migration occurs radially. Recent
work has determined that cortical
interneurons arise from proliferative
centers along the ventricles, the lateral
ganglionic eminence (LGE) and the medial
ganglionic eminence (MGE). Cells from
these two regions migrate throughout the
cerebral cortex. See Box 22F for more
information about this long-distance
migration.!
50. • During cell fate specification, the concept of
competence refers to:
a) Gradient of signaling molecules that generates
multiple cell types
b) A transcriptional switch that permits a cell to secrete
inducing factors
c) The ability of a cell to maintain an uncommitted
state almost indefinitely
d) The capacity of a cell to respond to inducing factors
e) The signaling that instructs a cell to end its
migraiton.
51. • During cell fate specification, the concept of
competence refers to:
a) Gradient of signaling molecules that generates
multiple cell types
b) A transcriptional switch that permits a cell to secrete
inducing factors
c) The ability of a cell to maintain an uncommitted
state almost indefinitely
d) The capacity of a cell to respond to inducing factors
e) The signaling that instructs a cell to end its
migraiton.
55. • Axonal injury can result in the death of schwann cells in the
PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. The difference in the
amount of subsequent axonal regeneration between the
PNS and CNS is thought to be due, in part, to:
a) the ability of central neurons to generate an axonal growth
cone
b) The formation of guidance channels by hypertrophic
astrocytes
c) The lack of growth promoting signals in replacement schwann
cells
d) The more efficient clearance of myelin debris by peripheral
macrophages
e) The persistence of an oligodendrocyte basal lamina in the
CNS.
56. • Axonal injury can result in the death of schwann cells in the
PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. The difference in the
amount of subsequent axonal regeneration between the
PNS and CNS is thought to be due, in part, to:
a) the ability of central neurons to generate an axonal growth
cone
b) The formation of guidance channels by hypertrophic
astrocytes
c) The lack of growth promoting signals in replacement schwann
cells
d) The more efficient clearance of myelin debris by peripheral
macrophages
e) The persistence of an oligodendrocyte basal lamina in the
CNS.
58. Response to Neuronal Injury - CNS
Current Strategies for CNS regeneration include forcing expression of trophic factors
in the damaged neurons to maintain survival, adding neural stem cells to the
damaged area, and blocking the inhibitory signals released by the myelin debris.
59. Which of the following statements accurately describes
the regenerative response of the peripheral nervous
system to injury?
• A glial scar may form as a barrier to regeneration.
• Ensheathing Schwann cells die, but their basal laminae
remain intact.
• Myelindebrisisinefficientlycleared,leavingremnantsthat
areinhibitory.
• Surrounding cells express factors inhibitory for
regrowth.
• There is limited activation of growth-promoting genes
in injured neurons.
60. Which of the following statements accurately describes
the regenerative response of the peripheral nervous
system to injury?
• A glial scar may form as a barrier to regeneration.
• Ensheathing Schwann cells die, but their basal laminae
remain intact.
• Myelindebrisisinefficientlycleared,leavingremnantsthat
areinhibitory.
• Surrounding cells express factors inhibitory for
regrowth.
• There is limited activation of growth-promoting genes
in injured neurons.
61. Identify these structures
A. Central Sulcus
B. Temporal Lobe
C. Pons
D. Medulla
E. Corpus Callosum
F. Uncus
G. Cerebellum
H. Parieto-occpital sulcus
I. Spinal Cord
J. Midbrain
1.
2.
62. Identify these structures
A. Central Sulcus
B. Temporal Lobe
C. Pons
D. Medulla
E. Corpus Callosum
F. Uncus
G. Cerebellum
H. Parieto-occpital sulcus (1)
I. Spinal Cord
J. Midbrain (2)
1.
2.
63. Identify the following:
But first…Plane of Section?
A
B
C
D
Image from: http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/cross_sections/sections_horizontal.html
From Natalie Popenko’s practice question cohort
64. Mammillary Body
Crus Cerebri aka Cerebral
Peduncle
Inferior horn of
Lateral Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Image from: http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/cross_sections/sections_horizontal.html
From Natalie Popenko’s practice question cohort
65. 102.
103
104
101.
Numbers 101, 102, and 103
Correspond with which of the
Following Structures?
A. Fornix
B. Pons
C. Optic Nerve
D. Infundibular Stalk
(Infundibulum)
E. Oculomotor Nerve
F. Thalamus
G. Pineal Gland
H. Cingulate Gyrus
I. Central Sulcus
66. 102.
103
104
101.
Numbers 101, 102, and 103
Correspond with which of the
Following Structures?
A. Fornix
B. Pons
C. Optic Nerve
D. Infundibular Stalk
(Infundibulum)
E. Oculomotor Nerve
F. Thalamus
G. Pineal Gland
H. Cingulate Gyrus
I. Central Sulcus
101: H) Cingulate Gyrus
102. D)Infundibular stalk
103: G) Pineal Gland
67. 102.
103
104
101.
Structure 103 is associated
With which level of the CNS?
A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Rhombencephalon
E. Spinal Cord
What the heck is #104?
A. Pituitary tumor
B. Pons
C. Mammillary body
D. Oculomotor Nerve
E. Uncus
Which ventricle is #104
Associated with?
A. Left Lateral Ventricle
B. Third Ventricle
C. Cerebral Aqueduct
D. Fourth Ventricle
68. Structure 103 is associated
With which level of the CNS?
A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Rhombencephalon
E. Spinal Cord
What the heck is #104?
A. Pituitary tumor
B. Pons
C. Mammillary body
D. Oculomotor Nerve
E. Uncus
Which ventricle is #104
Associated with?
A. Left Lateral Ventricle
B. Third Ventricle
C. Cerebral Aqueduct
D. Fourth Ventricle 102.
103
104
101.
69. What view of the brain is this (BE SPECIFIC)
Please match the following structures with
The appropriate letters:
Crus Cerebri:
Trochlear Nerve:
Superior Colliculus:
Inferior Colliculus:
Pineal Gland:
C
B
E
A
D
70. What view of the brain is this (BE SPECIFIC)
Posterior view of the brainstem
Please match the following structures with
The appropriate letters:
Crus Cerebri: A
Trochlear Nerve: D
Superior Colliculus: E
Inferior Colliculus: B
Pineal Gland: C
C
B
E
A
D
71. C
F
D
B
G
A
H
EI
J
Please identify the following:
111. Anterior Commissure
112. Posterior Commissure
113. Septum Pellucidum
114. Lamina Terminalis
115. Massa Intermedia
116. (Dorsal) Thalamus
72. C
F
D
B
G
A
H
EI
J
Please identify the following:
111. Anterior Commissure
112. Posterior Commissure
113. Septum Pellucidum
114. Lamina Terminalis
115. Massa Intermedia
116. (Dorsal) Thalamus
111. B
112. A
113. F
114. I
115. H
116. J
Pineal gland is G
Cerebral peduncles?
Cerebellar peduncles?
Tectum?
Tegmentum?
73. What is the arrow pointing to?
A. Parieto-occipital sulcus
B. Cerebral Aqueduct
C. Occipital Lobe
D. Falx Cerebri
E. Tentorium Cerebelli
74. What is the arrow pointing to?
A. Parieto-occipital sulcus
B. Cerebral Aqueduct
C. Occipital Lobe
D. Falx Cerebri
E. Tentorium Cerebelli
75. A. cerebral aqueduct
B. fourth ventricle
C. inferior cerebellar peduncle
D. interpeduncular fossa
E. middle cerebellar peduncle
F. oculomotor nerve
G. optic nerve
H. optic tract
I. prepontine cistern
J. third ventricle
K. trigeminal nerve
L. trochlear nerve
M. vagus nerve
N. vestibulocochlear nerve
What type of imaging is this?
A. CT with contrast
B. CT without contrast C. MRA
D. T1 MRI
E. T2 MRI
76. A. cerebral aqueduct
B. fourth ventricle
C. inferior cerebellar peduncle
D. interpeduncular fossa
E. middle cerebellar peduncle
F. oculomotor nerve
G. optic nerve
H. optic tract
I. prepontine cistern
J. third ventricle
K. trigeminal nerve
L. trochlear nerve
M. vagus nerve
N. vestibulocochlear nerve
What type of imaging is this?
A. CT with contrast
B. CT without contrast C. MRA
D. T1 MRI
E. T2 MRI
77. • A multipolar neuron resides in the gray matter of
the spinal cord, at T4. In order to send a message
to its target neuron, which resides in the gray
matter of S2, it must send a long efferent fiber
through the spinal cord. Which statement is NOT
correct?
a) It conducts an action potential
b) It contains intermediate filaments
c) It contains microtubules
d) It contains rough ER
e) It is myelinated
78. • A multipolar neuron resides in the gray matter of
the spinal cord, at T4. In order to send a message
to its target neuron, which resides in the gray
matter of S2, it must send a long efferent fiber
through the spinal cord. Which statement is NOT
correct?
a) It conducts an action potential
b) It contains intermediate filaments
c) It contains microtubules
d) It contains rough ER
e) It is myelinated
80. • Charcot Marie-Tooth disease results from a
defect in:
a) Myelination of peripheral axons
b) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
c) SNARE proteins
d) Synaptic vesicle recycling
e) Voltage-gated calcium channels.
81. • Charcot Marie-Tooth disease results from a
defect in:
a) Myelination of peripheral axons
b) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
c) SNARE proteins
d) Synaptic vesicle recycling
e) Voltage-gated calcium channels.
(can affect motor and sensory nerves of PNS)
82. • Review Chemical Synaptic Transmission
– Slower than electrical transmission
– How to Terminate transmitter action:
• Diffusion
• Reuptake
– Transporters (drug targets, cocaine affects dopamine
reuptake)
• Degradation
83. • Which statement about small molecular
(“classical”) transmitters is true?
– They do not activate G-protein coupled receptors.
– Substance P is a member of this family.
– They are synthesized in the cell body.
– They are synthesized from larger precursor
proteins.
– For many of these, synaptic action is terminated
by transporter proteins.
84. • Which statement about small molecular
(“classical”) transmitters is true?
– They do not activate G-protein coupled receptors.
– Substance P is a member of this family.
– They are synthesized in the cell body.
– They are synthesized from larger precursor
proteins.
– For many of these, synaptic action is terminated
by transporter proteins.
85.
86. • Which of the following correctly describes the
relationship between the size of the EPP and the
MEPP at the neuromuscular junction?
– In low calcium solution, the MEPP will be larger than
the EPP.
– The EPP cannot be more than twice the magnitude of
the MEPP.
– The EPP is always a whole number multiple of the
MEPP.
– The EPP is always the same size as the MEPP.
– The MEPP is always larger than the EPP.
87. • Which of the following correctly describes the
relationship between the size of the EPP and the
MEPP at the neuromuscular junction?
– In low calcium solution, the MEPP will be larger than
the EPP.
– The EPP cannot be more than twice the magnitude of
the MEPP.
– The EPP is always a whole number multiple of the
MEPP.
– The EPP is always the same size as the MEPP.
– The MEPP is always larger than the EPP.
90. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
• Muscle weakness
– Drooping eyelids (ptosis)
– Double vision (diplopia)
– Facial expression, chewing, swallowing
– TRIAD! (think uncal, tonsillar herniation)
• Treat with
– Immunosuppressants
– Thymectomy
– plasmapheresis
– neostigmine (what kind of molecule is this?)
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
• What type of receptor is being affected?
91. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
• Muscle weakness
– Drooping eyelids (ptosis)
– Double vision (diplopia)
– Facial expression, chewing, swallowing
– TRIAD! (think uncal, tonsillar herniation)
• Treat with neostigmine (what kind of molecule is
this?) acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
• What type of receptor is being affected?
– Antibodies are binding to NICOTINIC Ach receptor.
94. • Neuromodulators influence the way a cell will respond
to another transmitter that produces an EPSP or IPSP.
In the example considered in class (and many other
instances), the neuromodulator does this by activating
a signaling pathway that alters the function of:
• synaptic vesicle proteins
• A transcription factor
• A voltage-gated ion channel
• an enzyme that synthesizes a neurotransmitter
• a plasma membrane transporter
95. • Neuromodulators influence the way a cell will respond
to another transmitter that produces an EPSP or IPSP.
In the example considered in class (and many other
instances), the neuromodulator does this by activating
a signaling pathway that alters the function of:
• synaptic vesicle proteins
• A transcription factor
• A voltage-gated ion channel
• an enzyme that synthesizes a neurotransmitter
• a plasma membrane transporter
96.
97.
98. MYASTHENIA SYNDROMES
• POSTSYNAPTIC:
– Myasthenia gravis
• Presynaptic:
– Congenital myasthenic syndromes
• Insufficient Ach release (defects in vesicle recycling)
– Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
• Autoimmune, response to voltage gated Ca2+ channels
• Associated with small cell lung cancer
100. • Which statement about botulinum toxin is
NOT true:
– It disrupts synaptic vesicle fusion.
– It is a protease that cleaves SNARE proteins.
– It is approved by the FDA for several uses.
– It is taken up by inhibitory interneurons in the
spinal cord.
– It results in paralysis of neuromuscular synapses.
101. • Which statement about botulinum toxin is
NOT true:
– It disrupts synaptic vesicle fusion.
– It is a protease that cleaves SNARE proteins.
– It is approved by the FDA for several uses.
– It is taken up by inhibitory interneurons in the
spinal cord.
– It results in paralysis of neuromuscular synapses.
Editor's Notes
Skipping embryo, ask later…
Start as pseudostratified cells
Usually cortex develops radially out from the ventricles.
But we have another method.
Reelin- expressed for exit sign.
Know that neureguglin, DCX LIS 1 are helping with process of migration.
Lissencephaly when no lis1. no gyri
Pachygyri – weird gyri.