This document discusses different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers different cabling types used to implement these topologies such as unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), and coaxial cabling. Specific cabling standards like Ethernet cable categories and their performance capabilities are defined. Factors to consider when choosing a topology like cost, growth needs, and cable length requirements are outlined.
This document discusses network topologies and design. It describes different physical topologies including bus, star, ring, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers the types of network cabling used in physical topologies like UTP, STP, coaxial, and fiber optic cabling. Horizontal and backbone cabling standards are discussed. Factors that influence network performance such as connection speeds, utilization, and calculating bandwidth are also summarized.
The document describes different network topologies including mesh, star, tree, bus, and ring. It defines topology as the physical and logical arrangement of links in a network. Each topology is then explained in more detail with diagrams, along with their advantages and disadvantages. For example, a mesh topology connects every device to every other device, providing redundancy but at a higher cost. A star topology connects all devices to a central hub, making it less expensive but reliant on the hub.
topology Final Presentation Fardeen N Qasimguest4bcae0
The document summarizes different network topologies. It defines various physical topologies including ring, star, tree, bus and mesh. For each topology, it provides the definition, diagram, advantages and disadvantages. It explains that topology refers to the arrangement of elements in a network and discusses both physical and logical topologies.
Network topology refers to the arrangement of elements like nodes, links, etc. in a computer or biological network. There are two types of network topologies - physical and logical. Physical topology refers to the physical layout and connections between devices, while logical topology shows how data flows regardless of physical design. There are eight basic network topologies - point-to-point, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, hybrid, and daisy chain. Each topology has different characteristics that make it suitable for different network setups and needs.
This document discusses various network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, extended star, and hybrid topologies. It also distinguishes between physical and logical topologies. A physical topology refers to the actual layout and wiring of the network, while logical topology refers to how data is transmitted through the network. For example, while a network may have a star-shaped physical topology with cables connecting devices to a central hub, the hub may use a logical bus or ring topology to transmit data internally.
The document discusses several common network topologies. It describes star, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the logical structure and flow of data through the network. It also lists the advantages and disadvantages of each topology type. Finally, it briefly defines the key differences between local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) in terms of geographic distribution, data rates, error rates, communication links, ownership, and communication costs.
This document discusses different network topologies. It defines topology as the physical and logical layout of a computer network. The main topologies covered are bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid. Each topology is described in terms of its structure and characteristics. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for many of the topologies. The document serves as an overview of common network topologies.
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
This document discusses network topologies and design. It describes different physical topologies including bus, star, ring, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also covers the types of network cabling used in physical topologies like UTP, STP, coaxial, and fiber optic cabling. Horizontal and backbone cabling standards are discussed. Factors that influence network performance such as connection speeds, utilization, and calculating bandwidth are also summarized.
The document describes different network topologies including mesh, star, tree, bus, and ring. It defines topology as the physical and logical arrangement of links in a network. Each topology is then explained in more detail with diagrams, along with their advantages and disadvantages. For example, a mesh topology connects every device to every other device, providing redundancy but at a higher cost. A star topology connects all devices to a central hub, making it less expensive but reliant on the hub.
topology Final Presentation Fardeen N Qasimguest4bcae0
The document summarizes different network topologies. It defines various physical topologies including ring, star, tree, bus and mesh. For each topology, it provides the definition, diagram, advantages and disadvantages. It explains that topology refers to the arrangement of elements in a network and discusses both physical and logical topologies.
Network topology refers to the arrangement of elements like nodes, links, etc. in a computer or biological network. There are two types of network topologies - physical and logical. Physical topology refers to the physical layout and connections between devices, while logical topology shows how data flows regardless of physical design. There are eight basic network topologies - point-to-point, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, hybrid, and daisy chain. Each topology has different characteristics that make it suitable for different network setups and needs.
This document discusses various network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, extended star, and hybrid topologies. It also distinguishes between physical and logical topologies. A physical topology refers to the actual layout and wiring of the network, while logical topology refers to how data is transmitted through the network. For example, while a network may have a star-shaped physical topology with cables connecting devices to a central hub, the hub may use a logical bus or ring topology to transmit data internally.
The document discusses several common network topologies. It describes star, ring, mesh, bus, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the logical structure and flow of data through the network. It also lists the advantages and disadvantages of each topology type. Finally, it briefly defines the key differences between local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) in terms of geographic distribution, data rates, error rates, communication links, ownership, and communication costs.
This document discusses different network topologies. It defines topology as the physical and logical layout of a computer network. The main topologies covered are bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid. Each topology is described in terms of its structure and characteristics. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for many of the topologies. The document serves as an overview of common network topologies.
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
The document describes various network topologies. It discusses physical and logical topologies. Common topologies described include star, mesh, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the structure and provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses extended star, distributed star, full mesh, partial mesh, linear bus, distributed bus, dual ring, point to point, and point to multipoint variations of the topologies.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, bus, ring, star, and tree. Mesh topology uses point-to-point connections between all nodes but requires extensive cabling. Bus topology uses a single cable as a backbone but a break can disable the whole network. Ring topology arranges nodes in a closed loop and uses token passing but a single break disables the network. Star topology connects all nodes to a central hub providing independence between nodes but a hub failure disables the whole network. Tree topology combines stars and a backbone but relies on the backbone and maintenance is difficult as it scales.
Network topologies define how devices are connected in a network. There are five basic network topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. The bus topology connects all devices to a single cable or backbone. The star topology connects all devices to a central device like a hub or switch. The ring topology connects devices in a closed loop so that data travels from one device to the next. The mesh topology fully interconnects all devices for redundancy. The hybrid topology combines two or more topologies to balance reliability and flexibility.
The document discusses various physical network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh/tree, extended star, and hierarchical. It provides details on the components, layout, advantages and disadvantages of each topology type.
The document discusses various network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology connects devices, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. It also covers Ethernet, collision domains, CSMA/CD protocol, token ring networks, FDDI, and considerations for choosing a topology.
Topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. The main network topologies are bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. A bus topology connects all devices to a main cable with terminators at each end, but if the main cable fails the whole network fails. A star topology connects each device to a central hub, allowing easy fault detection but requiring more cables. A ring topology forms a closed loop connecting each device, keeping transmission simple but shutting down the whole ring if a node fails. A mesh topology fully connects all nodes for redundancy but uses more cables. A tree topology combines star and bus topologies, allowing point-to-point connections but getting complicated with many nodes. A hybrid topology mixes
Ethernet is a widely used wired networking technology that has evolved over generations to support higher data rates. It uses CSMA/CD for media access and defines physical layer standards for copper and fiber optic cabling. Key Ethernet standards include 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, 1000BaseT, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, with higher speeds enabled by new cabling types and increased maximum segment lengths.
The document discusses network topologies and is intended to teach students about different network structures. It defines network topology and describes three main types: bus, ring, and star. For each topology, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The objectives are for students to explain and differentiate the three network topologies. It includes content sections defining the topologies and exercises for students to test their understanding.
The document discusses different network topologies, including ring, bus, star, and tree. It defines topology as the physical arrangement of connecting computers for networking. Each topology type is then described in 1-2 sentences, noting their basic structure and some advantages and disadvantages. The ring topology has all nodes joined in a ring with no central server, while the bus topology shares a common connecting cable between all nodes. The star topology connects all nodes to a centralized computer, and the tree topology links nodes in stages or phases.
This presentation discusses different network topologies. It introduces the topic of network topology and defines physical and logical topologies. It then describes and compares the advantages and disadvantages of several common topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. For each topology there is a discussion of how it works and an analysis of its pros and cons in terms of ease of use, cost, reliability, and other factors. The overall presentation provides a high-level overview of key network topology types.
This document discusses network topology types and their characteristics. The four basic types are mesh, bus, ring and star. Mesh networks provide fault tolerance by allowing continued functioning if a cable fails. Bus networks use a single cable running the length with terminators at each end. Ring networks form a closed loop with no endpoints. Star networks have devices connected to a central hub. Hybrid topologies combine elements of the basic types. The document provides details on each type's advantages and disadvantages and instructs learners to design a network topology using one of the types.
The document provides information about different network topologies:
- It defines network topology and describes two main types - physical and logical topology. Physical topology refers to how devices are physically connected, while logical topology describes the logical flow of data.
- It discusses several common network topologies - bus, ring, star, mesh and tree - outlining their key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
- It also mentions hybrid topology, which is a combination of different topologies, and Packet Tracer, a software tool used to simulate network configurations and devices.
The document discusses different network topologies. It defines topology as the physical or logical layout of a network. Physical topology refers to the actual layout of connected devices, while logical topology refers to the signal flow between devices. The main types of topologies covered are single node, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Each has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like cable requirements, fault tolerance, ease of expansion, and cost.
Computer Fundamental Network topologiessuraj pandey
This document discusses different network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the key features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers broader trends in telecommunications including the growth of internet technologies and open systems, the shift to digital networks and fiber optic cables, and the increasing use of telecommunications to support e-commerce, collaboration, and business applications.
This document discusses different network topologies including ring, bus, star, and tree. It defines topology as the physical arrangement of connections between computers in a network. For each topology, it provides descriptions of their structure and advantages and disadvantages, such as ring topology having short cable lengths but difficult reconfiguration, bus topology being easy to extend but hard to identify faults, star topology making fault identification easy but requiring long cable lengths, and tree topology being easy to expand but dependent on the root.
This document discusses different network topologies. It describes bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the basic design, advantages, and disadvantages. Bus topology uses a single cable to connect all nodes without devices in between. Star topology connects all nodes to a central hub. Ring topology connects all devices in a continuous loop without a central server.
The document discusses various network topologies including star, ring, bus, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. A star topology features a central hub with devices connecting to the hub. A ring topology uses a closed loop where devices are connected in a continuous path. A bus topology uses a shared backbone that devices tap into to communicate. A tree topology combines star topologies onto a bus. A mesh topology allows messages to take multiple paths between devices.
The document discusses different network topologies including single node, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. It explains the physical structure and data transmission process of each topology. Some topologies like star and bus are easier to install and manage while others like mesh provide improved fault tolerance. The document also provides examples of using different topologies like a star topology in one department and ring topology in another of a company.
Types of islamic institutions and recordsDhani Ahmad
There are eleven categories of Islamic institutions in Malaysia that create and manage various records. These institutions include Islamic educational institutions, Islamic courts, Islamic museums, Islamic banks, zakat institutions, Islamic preaching organizations, Islamic libraries, non-governmental Islamic organizations, Islamic training centers, Islamic insurance companies, and Islamic foundation organizations. The records managed by these institutions provide information on Islamic knowledge, laws, history, financial transactions, religious obligations, training programs, and more, depending on the specific role and functions of each organization.
The document discusses sources of Islamic information for Muslim information seekers. It describes various Islamic institutions in Malaysia that provide Islamic education, courts, museums, and other services. It also mentions Muslim scholars and resources persons. For printed sources, it lists many books, journals, magazines, bibliographies, indexes, encyclopedias, and dictionaries available. The document provides a detailed overview of where Muslims in Malaysia can seek Islamic knowledge.
The document describes various network topologies. It discusses physical and logical topologies. Common topologies described include star, mesh, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the structure and provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses extended star, distributed star, full mesh, partial mesh, linear bus, distributed bus, dual ring, point to point, and point to multipoint variations of the topologies.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, bus, ring, star, and tree. Mesh topology uses point-to-point connections between all nodes but requires extensive cabling. Bus topology uses a single cable as a backbone but a break can disable the whole network. Ring topology arranges nodes in a closed loop and uses token passing but a single break disables the network. Star topology connects all nodes to a central hub providing independence between nodes but a hub failure disables the whole network. Tree topology combines stars and a backbone but relies on the backbone and maintenance is difficult as it scales.
Network topologies define how devices are connected in a network. There are five basic network topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. The bus topology connects all devices to a single cable or backbone. The star topology connects all devices to a central device like a hub or switch. The ring topology connects devices in a closed loop so that data travels from one device to the next. The mesh topology fully interconnects all devices for redundancy. The hybrid topology combines two or more topologies to balance reliability and flexibility.
The document discusses various physical network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh/tree, extended star, and hierarchical. It provides details on the components, layout, advantages and disadvantages of each topology type.
The document discusses various network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology connects devices, its advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications. It also covers Ethernet, collision domains, CSMA/CD protocol, token ring networks, FDDI, and considerations for choosing a topology.
Topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. The main network topologies are bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. A bus topology connects all devices to a main cable with terminators at each end, but if the main cable fails the whole network fails. A star topology connects each device to a central hub, allowing easy fault detection but requiring more cables. A ring topology forms a closed loop connecting each device, keeping transmission simple but shutting down the whole ring if a node fails. A mesh topology fully connects all nodes for redundancy but uses more cables. A tree topology combines star and bus topologies, allowing point-to-point connections but getting complicated with many nodes. A hybrid topology mixes
Ethernet is a widely used wired networking technology that has evolved over generations to support higher data rates. It uses CSMA/CD for media access and defines physical layer standards for copper and fiber optic cabling. Key Ethernet standards include 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, 1000BaseT, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, with higher speeds enabled by new cabling types and increased maximum segment lengths.
The document discusses network topologies and is intended to teach students about different network structures. It defines network topology and describes three main types: bus, ring, and star. For each topology, it provides the definition, advantages, and disadvantages. The objectives are for students to explain and differentiate the three network topologies. It includes content sections defining the topologies and exercises for students to test their understanding.
The document discusses different network topologies, including ring, bus, star, and tree. It defines topology as the physical arrangement of connecting computers for networking. Each topology type is then described in 1-2 sentences, noting their basic structure and some advantages and disadvantages. The ring topology has all nodes joined in a ring with no central server, while the bus topology shares a common connecting cable between all nodes. The star topology connects all nodes to a centralized computer, and the tree topology links nodes in stages or phases.
This presentation discusses different network topologies. It introduces the topic of network topology and defines physical and logical topologies. It then describes and compares the advantages and disadvantages of several common topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. For each topology there is a discussion of how it works and an analysis of its pros and cons in terms of ease of use, cost, reliability, and other factors. The overall presentation provides a high-level overview of key network topology types.
This document discusses network topology types and their characteristics. The four basic types are mesh, bus, ring and star. Mesh networks provide fault tolerance by allowing continued functioning if a cable fails. Bus networks use a single cable running the length with terminators at each end. Ring networks form a closed loop with no endpoints. Star networks have devices connected to a central hub. Hybrid topologies combine elements of the basic types. The document provides details on each type's advantages and disadvantages and instructs learners to design a network topology using one of the types.
The document provides information about different network topologies:
- It defines network topology and describes two main types - physical and logical topology. Physical topology refers to how devices are physically connected, while logical topology describes the logical flow of data.
- It discusses several common network topologies - bus, ring, star, mesh and tree - outlining their key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
- It also mentions hybrid topology, which is a combination of different topologies, and Packet Tracer, a software tool used to simulate network configurations and devices.
The document discusses different network topologies. It defines topology as the physical or logical layout of a network. Physical topology refers to the actual layout of connected devices, while logical topology refers to the signal flow between devices. The main types of topologies covered are single node, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. Each has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like cable requirements, fault tolerance, ease of expansion, and cost.
Computer Fundamental Network topologiessuraj pandey
This document discusses different network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the key features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers broader trends in telecommunications including the growth of internet technologies and open systems, the shift to digital networks and fiber optic cables, and the increasing use of telecommunications to support e-commerce, collaboration, and business applications.
This document discusses different network topologies including ring, bus, star, and tree. It defines topology as the physical arrangement of connections between computers in a network. For each topology, it provides descriptions of their structure and advantages and disadvantages, such as ring topology having short cable lengths but difficult reconfiguration, bus topology being easy to extend but hard to identify faults, star topology making fault identification easy but requiring long cable lengths, and tree topology being easy to expand but dependent on the root.
This document discusses different network topologies. It describes bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the basic design, advantages, and disadvantages. Bus topology uses a single cable to connect all nodes without devices in between. Star topology connects all nodes to a central hub. Ring topology connects all devices in a continuous loop without a central server.
The document discusses various network topologies including star, ring, bus, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. A star topology features a central hub with devices connecting to the hub. A ring topology uses a closed loop where devices are connected in a continuous path. A bus topology uses a shared backbone that devices tap into to communicate. A tree topology combines star topologies onto a bus. A mesh topology allows messages to take multiple paths between devices.
The document discusses different network topologies including single node, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. It explains the physical structure and data transmission process of each topology. Some topologies like star and bus are easier to install and manage while others like mesh provide improved fault tolerance. The document also provides examples of using different topologies like a star topology in one department and ring topology in another of a company.
Types of islamic institutions and recordsDhani Ahmad
There are eleven categories of Islamic institutions in Malaysia that create and manage various records. These institutions include Islamic educational institutions, Islamic courts, Islamic museums, Islamic banks, zakat institutions, Islamic preaching organizations, Islamic libraries, non-governmental Islamic organizations, Islamic training centers, Islamic insurance companies, and Islamic foundation organizations. The records managed by these institutions provide information on Islamic knowledge, laws, history, financial transactions, religious obligations, training programs, and more, depending on the specific role and functions of each organization.
The document discusses sources of Islamic information for Muslim information seekers. It describes various Islamic institutions in Malaysia that provide Islamic education, courts, museums, and other services. It also mentions Muslim scholars and resources persons. For printed sources, it lists many books, journals, magazines, bibliographies, indexes, encyclopedias, and dictionaries available. The document provides a detailed overview of where Muslims in Malaysia can seek Islamic knowledge.
Opportunities, threats, industry competition, and competitor analysisDhani Ahmad
This document provides an overview of analyzing a company's external environment and competitors. It discusses the components of the general environment including political, economic, technological, and other factors. It also explains SWOT analysis and its purpose in developing a strategic overview of a company. Porter's Five Forces model is introduced as a framework for assessing industry competition, including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, substitute products, and rivalry among existing competitors. The chapter emphasizes that competitor analysis should follow industry analysis by evaluating a competitor's objectives, strategies, assumptions, capabilities, and likely responses. The purpose is to understand relative strengths and weaknesses compared to competitors.
This document defines key concepts related to information systems. It distinguishes between data and information, noting that information involves processed data that is meaningful. It also categorizes different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, knowledge work systems, office automation systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. Finally, it provides examples of information systems that various organizational functions may use at different levels, from operational to strategic.
The document compares different wired transmission media, including unshielded twisted pair (UTP), shielded twisted pair (STP), coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It discusses their structures, performance in terms of bandwidth, attenuation, segment length, installation cost, susceptibility to interference and crosstalk, and typical cost per meter. UTP has the lowest cost but also the lowest bandwidth and highest attenuation. Fiber optic cable has the highest bandwidth and lowest attenuation but also the highest installation cost.
This document certifies that a group of 5 students from Shankar Narayan College completed a case study on data communication cables for their semester 2 course in 2012-2013. It provides the names of the students and signatures from their lecturer and head of department, confirming the students satisfactorily completed the required work.
The document discusses several analytical methods used for strategic analysis including SWOT analysis, critical success factors analysis, matrix analysis, value chain analysis, and Porter's five forces analysis. It provides details on how to conduct a SWOT analysis, including examining a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. It also outlines the key components of Porter's five forces model which examines the competitive environment including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, and rivalry among existing competitors.
This document provides an overview of information resource management (IRM). It discusses the history of cryptography and securing information. IRM is defined as the process of managing information as a valuable organizational resource. The components of an IRM system include information resources, facilities, hardware, software, databases, information specialists, and users. IRM provides benefits such as identifying redundant information, clarifying roles, and supporting management decision-making. Adaptive, knowing, and learning organizations especially need IRM to effectively share information. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and the Willard model are approaches for implementing IRM.
This document discusses strategic issues for information systems planning (SISP) in the 1990s. It notes key business forces of globalization, competition, and productivity requirements. Strategic issues include increased connectivity within and between organizations, as well as new information technology opportunities from advances in networks, databases, and interfaces. SISP aims to align information systems with organizational objectives and strategies in a cost-effective way that provides competitive advantage. It helps prioritize investments, integrate systems, and manage information and relationships between users and IT specialists.
This document discusses several common network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how the devices are connected, advantages, and disadvantages. A bus topology connects all devices in a linear fashion. A star topology connects all devices to a central hub. A ring topology connects devices in a circular fashion. A tree topology combines elements of bus and star with branches connecting to a backbone. A mesh topology fully connects all devices for improved reliability but is very expensive.
The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, and star. A bus topology uses a single cable to connect all nodes without intermediary devices. It is inexpensive but not scalable. A ring topology connects each node to the two nearest in a circular formation using token passing. It handles high traffic but is expensive. A star topology connects all nodes to a central hub, requiring more cabling but being fault tolerant and scalable. Hybrid topologies also exist, such as a star-wired ring.
The document describes different network topologies including bus, ring, star, and hybrid topologies. It discusses the physical layout and data transmission methods of each topology as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Backbone networks that extend the reach of local area networks are also examined, including serial, distributed, collapsed, and parallel configurations. Logical topologies determine how data is transmitted between nodes and may or may not match the physical topology.
This document discusses various network topologies including bus, ring, star, hybrid, and backbone structures. It describes the key characteristics of each topology such as their physical layout, advantages, and disadvantages. Bus topology uses a single cable to connect all nodes without devices in between. Ring topology connects each node to the two nearest in a circular formation. Star topology connects all nodes to a central device. Hybrid topologies combine elements of simpler topologies. Backbone structures are used to extend network reach through linking devices in various configurations like daisy chains, distributed, or collapsed arrangements.
Network topologies refer to the layout of connected devices on a network. The document discusses several common network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid. For each topology, it provides details on the physical layout and connections, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document provides details on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each topology type. It also discusses several important networking standards defined by the IEEE, including Ethernet (802.3), Token Ring (802.5), Wireless (802.11), and FDDI.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document discusses the characteristics of these topologies such as their advantages, disadvantages, common implementations, and standards like IEEE 802.3 for Ethernet and IEEE 802.5 for Token Ring networks.
Network topologies describe the physical and logical layout of connections between devices in a computer network. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, mesh, and wireless. The document discusses the characteristics of these topologies such as their advantages, disadvantages, common implementations, and standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
This document discusses different types of computer networks. It defines a network as two or more connected computers or devices. The main types are local area networks (LANs), which connect devices within a limited space, and wide area networks (WANs), which connect devices over large geographical areas. Networks can also be classified by their topology, or physical layout - including bus, star, ring and mesh configurations. Each topology has advantages and disadvantages for connectivity, fault tolerance, scalability and cost. The document provides examples of common network topologies and evaluates their key characteristics.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used in computer networks, including coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. It provides details on coaxial cable such as its construction, common uses, advantages like low cost and ease of installation, and disadvantages like single cable failures taking down the entire network. Twisted pair cable and its shielded and unshielded varieties are described along with their pros and cons. Fiber optic cable transmission using light instead of electrical signals is summarized.
This document discusses different types of computer network topologies. It describes bus, star, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the logical arrangement of nodes, advantages like ease of installation and disadvantages like single point of failure. A hybrid topology combines two or more standard topologies to achieve flexibility and reliability, though it is more expensive than a single topology.
There are several common network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and tree. Mesh topology has every device connected to every other device but requires a large amount of cabling. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, making it less expensive than mesh but also introducing a single point of failure. Bus topology uses a backbone cable that devices connect to via drop lines, allowing only one transmission at a time. Ring topology passes signals around in one direction between connected devices. Tree topology combines aspects of star and bus topologies to connect multiple star networks. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, cable needs, growth requirements, and cable type used.
The document discusses several network topologies including LANs, WANs, bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless. It provides details on the physical and logical layout of each topology, their advantages and disadvantages. Key standards setting bodies like IEEE and their standards for different network types are also covered. The document provides a comprehensive overview of traditional and common network topologies.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to share resources and communicate. There are different types of networks depending on geographic size: local area networks (LANs) spanning a small area like a home or office, metropolitan area networks (MANs) spanning a city, and wide area networks (WANs) connecting across regions. The topology refers to how the computers are interconnected and common topologies include bus, star, ring, tree and mesh. Factors like cost, cable length needs, growth plans and cable type influence which topology to choose for a network.
The document discusses different network topologies, including star, bus, ring, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on how each topology interconnects nodes, and lists advantages and disadvantages of each. The key points covered are:
- Network topology refers to the pattern of interconnection between nodes in a network. Factors like cost, flexibility, and reliability are considered when selecting a topology.
- Common topologies include star (with a central hub), bus (using a backbone cable), ring (with nodes connected in a closed loop), and tree (with hierarchical connections).
- More complex topologies include mesh (with every node connected to every other) and hybrid (combining two or
This document provides an overview of data communication networks. It discusses the components, structure, topology and types of networks. The key points are:
Network performance is measured by throughput and delay, while reliability looks at frequency of failures and recovery time. A network connects two or more devices with links in various topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. Wide area networks span hundreds of kilometers while personal area networks are within a few meters. Circuit switched networks establish dedicated circuits for transmission while packet switched networks use store-and-forward routing to transmit packets.
This document discusses and compares different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. It describes the key characteristics of each topology such as how devices connect and transmit data. Some topologies like star are easier to install but have single points of failure, while mesh topologies are more robust but more expensive. Factors to consider when choosing a topology include costs, cable lengths needed, ability to grow the network size, and cable types available.
The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, and star configurations. It describes the physical layout and advantages and disadvantages of each. A bus topology uses a single cable to connect all nodes without intermediary devices. A ring topology connects each node to the two nearest in a circular formation. A star topology connects all nodes to a central hub device. Hybrid configurations like star-wired ring are also presented. Different logical topologies for data transmission are discussed, including bus and ring formats. Backbone structures for linking network components are outlined, such as daisy chains, distributed, and collapsed configurations.
This document discusses Islamic information management. It begins by providing contact information for the instructor, Nor Kamariah BT Chik.
It then covers key topics including terminologies related to Islamic information and records, the scope of Islamic information management and Islamic records management, and the characteristics of Islamic information and records.
Terminologies discussed include data, information, records, Islam, records management, information management, Islamic information, Islamic records, Islamic information management, Islamic records management, and Islamic information/records managers.
The document differentiates between Islamic information management, which organizes information according to classification, and Islamic records management, which organizes records according to their lifecycle. Finally, it outlines the characteristics of Islamic records
Islamic information management sources in islamDhani Ahmad
This document discusses sources of knowledge in Islam and how knowledge is classified from an Islamic perspective. It outlines that primary sources in Islam are the Quran and Hadith, which are directly revealed by God. Secondary sources include consensus of scholars, analogy, and reasoning based on public interest. Knowledge can be acquired through revelation, senses, mind, and ideas. The hierarchy of knowledge receivers starts with prophets, then pious people, scholars, and finally the public. Knowledge is typically divided into revealed knowledge from the Quran and Hadith, and acquired knowledge from observation and reasoning. It can also be categorized as individual or social obligations.
This document discusses the need for information security. It covers threats to information security like human error, hackers, malware attacks, and natural disasters. The document is from an Illinois Institute of Technology course on information security and outlines objectives, threats, and examples of common threats like software attacks, intellectual property theft, and power outages. It aims to explain the business need for security and describe common information security threats.
This document discusses the process of conducting an information security audit. It begins by defining an information security audit and explaining that it assesses how an organization's security policies protect information. It then describes the general methodology, which involves assessing general controls at the entity, application, and technical levels. The document outlines the planning, internal control, testing, and reporting phases of an audit. It provides details on tasks like developing audit scopes and checklists, assessing policies and documentation, and writing the final audit report. The overall purpose is to explain the end-to-end process of performing an information security audit.
This document discusses security technologies taught in an Illinois Institute of Technology course. It covers firewalls, intrusion detection systems, dial-up protection, and other topics. The learning objectives are to define types of firewalls, discuss firewall implementation approaches, and understand technologies like encryption and biometrics. Firewalls examined include packet filtering, proxy, stateful inspection, dynamic, and kernel proxy firewalls. Intrusion detection systems can be host-based or network-based, using signatures or anomalies. Remote authentication and terminal access control systems help secure dial-up access.
This document discusses information security policies and their components. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand management's role in developing security policies and the differences between general, issue-specific, and system-specific policies. It then defines what policies, standards, and practices are and how they relate to each other. The document outlines the three types of security policies and provides examples of issue-specific and system-specific policies. It emphasizes that policies must be managed and reviewed on a regular basis to remain effective.
This document discusses security and personnel issues related to an information technology security course. It covers positioning the security function within an organization, staffing the security team, and qualifications for security roles. It also addresses how to integrate security practices into human resources policies like hiring, contracting, and training new employees. The overall goal is to successfully implement security while gaining employee acceptance and support.
The document discusses security and ethics issues related to information management in government offices. It provides an overview of areas that need to be addressed to ensure proper policies and procedures are in place, including security, privacy, intellectual property, appropriate use, and social impacts of technology. The summary discusses how the office needs to have security policies, privacy protections, and records of compliance in order to be prepared for an upcoming audit and allow the director to enjoy an upcoming vacation without concerns.
This document is a slide presentation for a risk management course at Illinois Institute of Technology. It discusses risk control strategies such as avoidance, transference, mitigation and acceptance. It also covers categories of controls including control function, architectural layer, strategy layer and information security principles. The overall goal is to help students understand how to identify, analyze and address risks to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of organizational systems and data.
This document provides an overview of risk management concepts and the risk management process as it relates to information security. It discusses defining risk management and its role in the secure software development lifecycle. It also describes identifying risks through asset identification, classification, and valuation. Additionally, it covers identifying threats, assessing risks based on likelihood and impact, and documenting the risk identification and assessment process. The overall purpose is to teach students the fundamentals of risk management for information security.
This document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy and Security Rules. It discusses who and what organizations are affected by HIPAA, the standards it sets for electronic health information transactions, and the penalties for non-compliance. It also summarizes the requirements of the HIPAA Privacy Rule regarding use and disclosure of protected health information and the HIPAA Security Rule regarding safeguarding electronic protected health information.
The document discusses the importance of physical security for protecting information systems. It covers various physical security controls for restricting access to facilities, including locks, ID badges, alarms, security cameras and fire suppression systems. The document also addresses the need to protect against threats from utilities failures, temperature fluctuations, water damage and theft of computing devices through measures like uninterruptible power supplies, air conditioning and physical access restrictions.
This document discusses laws and ethics related to information security. It begins with an overview of the differences between laws and ethics. It then provides details on several relevant US and international laws, such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and various privacy and copyright laws. The document also discusses ethics, fair use, and how culture influences conceptions of ethical behavior.
This document is a slide presentation for an introduction to information security course at Illinois Institute of Technology. It begins with an overview of the course objectives and policies. It then provides a history of information security, defining key terms. It discusses approaches to implementing security through a systems development life cycle and the roles of security professionals.
Information security as an ongoing effortDhani Ahmad
This document discusses the importance of ongoing maintenance for information security programs. It provides an overview of recommended security management models, such as the ISO model, and outlines key aspects of a full maintenance program including external and internal monitoring, vulnerability assessment, and review procedures. The goal of maintenance is to allow security programs to adapt to changes in threats, assets, vulnerabilities and the internal/external environment over time.
The document discusses implementing security projects through proper project management. It describes developing a detailed project plan using a work breakdown structure to identify tasks, assign responsibilities, and track costs and dependencies. Special considerations in planning include finances, priorities, timing, staffing, scope, procurement, organizational feasibility, training, and change management. Effective project management is key to successfully translating a security blueprint into concrete implementation.
Disaster recovery & business continuityDhani Ahmad
This document discusses contingency planning for disasters and business continuity. It defines incident response planning, disaster recovery planning, and business continuity planning as the three main components of contingency planning. It provides learning objectives and outlines the major steps in contingency planning, including conducting a business impact analysis, developing an incident response plan, and creating disaster recovery and business continuity plans.
The document discusses information security threats and attacks. It provides examples of different types of threats including human error, intellectual property theft, espionage, service disruptions, natural disasters, hardware and software failures, and obsolescence. It also describes different categories of attacks such as malware, password cracking, denial of service, and how multi-vector worms can use various techniques like IP scanning, web browsing, file shares, and email to replicate. The document emphasizes that management must understand security threats in order to implement proper controls and safeguard the organization's data, systems, and ability to operate.
The document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1) It describes different types of research studies such as reporting, descriptive, explanatory, and predictive research.
2) It outlines styles of research including applied research, pure/basic research, and business research.
3) It discusses what constitutes good research including clearly defined purposes, detailed research processes, and thoroughly planned designs.
The document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1) It describes different types of research studies such as reporting, descriptive, explanatory, and predictive research.
2) It outlines styles of research including applied research, pure/basic research, and business research.
3) It discusses what constitutes good research including clearly defined purposes, detailed research processes, and thoroughly planned designs.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
2. ObjectivesObjectives
• Discuss the different physical topologies
• Determine which type of network media to use
given a set of requirements
• Consider performance requirements and
improvements for given situations
3. Network TopologyNetwork Topology
• Topology
There are two types of topology:
physical and logical.
• The physical topology of a network refers to the
configuration of cables, computers, and other
peripherals.
• Logical topology is the method used to pass the
information between workstations.
4. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
BusBus
• All devices are connected to a central cable,
called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are
relatively inexpensive and easy to install for
small networks. It has a single cable with
terminators at each end.
5. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
BusBus
• A bus topology connects all stations in a linear fashion
Figure 4-1: Bus topology
Terminator - A device that provides electrical resistance at the end of a transmission line. Its function is to
absorb signals on the line, thereby keeping them from bouncing back and being received again by the network.
6. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
BusBus
• Bus topology advantages:
– It is inexpensive
– It is easy to design and implement because the
stations are simply daisy-chained together
• Bus topology disadvantages:
– It is difficult to troubleshoot
– It requires termination
7. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
StarStar
• The star network configuration is the most popular
physical topology
• In a star configuration, all computers or stations are
wired directly to a central location:
– Concentrator (a.k.a. hub)
– Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
• A data signal from any station goes directly to this
central device, which transmits the signal according
to the established network access method for the
type of network
• The protocols used with star configurations
are usually Ethernet or LocalTalk
9. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
StarStar
• Star topology advantages:
– A break in one cable does not affect all other
stations as it does in bus technologies
– Problems are easier to locate because symptoms
often point to one station
– The second-easiest topology to design and install
– Does not require manual termination
• Instead the media is terminated in the station at the
transceiver on the NIC and in the hub or MAU
10. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
StarStar
• Star topology disadvantages:
– Hubs, which are required for a star topology, are
more expensive than bus connectors
– A failure at the hub can affect the entire
configuration and all connected stations
– Uses more cable than bus topologies
11. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
Star/bus/TreeStar/bus/Tree
• Bus and star topologies can be combined to form
a star/bus or bus/star physical topology
• Hubs that have connectors for coaxial cable as
well as for twisted-pair wiring are used to form
these types of networks
• When different physical topologies are applied to
a network, the result is often called a mixed
media network
15. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
RingRing
• A ring network is a network topology in which each
node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a
circular pathway for signals - a ring. Data travels
from node to node, with each node handling every
packet.
• Because a ring topology provides only one pathway
between any two nodes, ring networks may be
disrupted by the failure of a single link.
•
16. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
RingRing
• A system of which each node or station is
connected to two others, ultimately forming a
loop (circular pathway for signals).
• Data are passed in one direction only, being
received by each node and then transferred to the
next node.
•
18. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
RingRing
• Physical rings
– Most often seen in Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI) networks
• FDDI is a WAN technology
– Stations on a ring are wired to one another in a
circle around the entire network
19. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
RingRing
• Ring topology advantages:
– It prevents network collisions because of the
media access method or architecture required
– Each station functions as a repeater, so the
topology does not require additional network
hardware, such as hubs
20. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
RingRing
• Ring topology disadvantages:
– As in a bus network, a failure at one point can
bring down the network
– Because all stations are wired together, to add a
station the network must be shut down
temporarily
– Maintenance on a ring is more difficult than on a
star topology because an adjustment or
reconfiguration affects the entire ring
21. Physical Topologies:Physical Topologies:
Considerations When Choosing a Topology:
• Money. A linear bus network may be the least
expensive way to install a network; you do not have
to purchase concentrators.
• Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses
shorter lengths of cable.
• Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a
network is easily done by adding another
concentrator.
• Cable type. The most common cable is unshielded
twisted pair, which is most often used with star
topologies.
36. Influence of the 5-4-3 Rule onInfluence of the 5-4-3 Rule on
TopologiesTopologies
• 5-4-3 rule states that between stations on a LAN, there can be no more
than five network segments connected, maximum number of repeaters is
four, and maximum number of segments with stations on them is three
Figure 4-3:
5-4-3 rule
37. Influence of the 5-4-3 Rule onInfluence of the 5-4-3 Rule on
TopologiesTopologies
Figure 4-4:
Mixed
topologies
38. Twisted-Pair CablingTwisted-Pair Cabling
• Common traits of all twisted-pair cabling
types and categories:
– The wires are copper
– The wires come in pairs
– The pairs of wires are twisted around each other
– The pairs of wires are usually enclosed in a cable
sheath individually and as a group of wires
39. Twisted-Pair CablingTwisted-Pair Cabling
• Crosstalk
– Signal bleed from one cable to another
– Usually occurs in poorly wired media
• Cancellation
– Insulates the signal from the effects of signal
bleeding
41. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
• UTP advantages:
– Thin flexible cable that is easy to string between
walls
– Most modern buildings come with CAT 5 UTP
already wired into the wall outlets or at least run
between the floors
– Because UTP is small, it does not quickly fill up
wiring ducts
– Costs less per foot than other type of LAN cable
42. Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
• UTP disadvantages:
– More susceptible to interference than most other
types of cabling
• Pair twisting does help, but it does not make the cable
impervious to electrical noise
– Its unrepeated length limit is 100 meters
43. RJ-45 ConnectorsRJ-45 Connectors
• Registered Jacks (RJ)
– Type of telecommunication connector used for
twisted-pair cabling
– Typically RJ-45 connectors resemble the typical RJ-
11 connectors that connect the phone to the wall
• Difference between RJ-45 connectors and RJ-11 connectors is
that the former has eight wires (four-pair) and the latter four
(two-pair)
– Some RJ-11 connectors are used with three-pair (six-
wire) UTP
44. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• Cabling often seen in Token Ring networks
• Similar to UTP in that the wire pairs are
twisted around each other inside the cable
• The advantage of STP over UTP is that it has
greater protection from interference and
crosstalk due to the shielding
45. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
• STP disadvantages as compared to UTP
include:
– A higher cost per foot
– The shield must be grounded at one end
• Improper grounding can cause serious interference
– Heavier and less flexible
– Because of its thickness, STP may not fit down
narrow cable ducts
46. Coaxial CablingCoaxial Cabling
• Consists of either:
– A solid inner core (often made of copper)
– Wire strand conductor surrounded by insulation
• The two most commonly used coaxial cable:
– Thicknet
– Thinnet
47. Coaxial CablingCoaxial Cabling
• Advantages of coaxial cabling on a LAN
include:
– The segment lengths are longer than UTP or STP
– Coaxial cable has greater interference immunity
than UTP
– Hubs between stations are not required
48. Coaxial CablingCoaxial Cabling
• Disadvantages of coaxial cable:
– Not as easy to install as UTP
– More expensive than UTP
– Supports a maximum bandwidth of only 10 Mbps
– Requires more room in wiring ducts than UTP
– Is relatively difficult to troubleshoot thinnet and
thicknet networks
– Connectors can be expensive.
– It is easily damaged and sometimes difficult to work
with, especially in the case of thick coaxial.
– Baseband coaxial cannot carry integrated voice, data,
and video signals.
50. Thinnet and Thicknet ConnectorsThinnet and Thicknet Connectors
• The most common connectors for RG-58 cabling
on thinnet networks are:
– Barrel connectors
– T-connectors
– Terminators
• BNC
– Hardware connector for coaxial cable with a
cylindrical shell with two small knobs allowing it to
be locked into place when twisted
51. Thinnet and Thicknet ConnectorsThinnet and Thicknet Connectors
• Attachment unit
interface (AUI)
port
– A 15-pin physical
connector
interface between
a computer’s
network NIC and
an Ethernet
networking that
uses 10Base5
coaxial cableFigure 4-6: Thinnet connectors
52. Fiber-Optic CableFiber-Optic Cable
• Carries light pulses rather than electrical
signals long its fibers
• Made of glass or plastic fibers, rather than
copper wire like most other network cabling
• Core of the cable is usually pure glass
– Surrounding the glass is a layer of cladding made
of glass or plastic, which traps the light in the core
53. Fiber-Optic CableFiber-Optic Cable
• Fiber-optic cabling advantages:
– Can transmit over long distances
– Not susceptible to electromagnetic interference or
crosstalk
– Supports extremely high transmission rates
– Cable has a smaller diameter and can be used in
narrow wiring ducts
– Not susceptible to eavesdropping
54. Fiber-Optic CableFiber-Optic Cable
• Fiber-optic cabling disadvantages:
– More expensive than other types of networking
media
– More difficult and more expensive to install than
any other network media
– Because it is fragile, it must be installed carefully
and protected after installation
55. Signal DegradationSignal Degradation
• Degradation sources can be internal or external
• When signals degrade over distance, attenuation
results
• Three internal factors can cause attenuation:
– Resistance
– Inductive reactance
– Capacitive reactance
56. Signal DegradationSignal Degradation
• When the internal opposition forces are combined
and measured, the measure is called impedance
– External forces affecting network signals include:
– Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
– Radio frequency interference (RFI)
– Both types of interference can degrade and corrupt
network signals as they travel through a wire
57. Ways to Reduce EMI/RFI onWays to Reduce EMI/RFI on
Network CablingNetwork Cabling
• Keep network media away from sources of
EMI
• Ensure that network media is installed
properly
• Use shielded cabling
• Use repeaters
• Ensure that you install high-quality cabling
58. Horizontal Cabling StandardsHorizontal Cabling Standards
• Horizontal cabling
– The twisted-pair or fiber-optic media connecting
workstations and wiring closets
• Electronics Industries Alliance and
Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA)
– Defines a set of specifications, EIA/TIA-568, which
covers outlets near the workstation, mechanical
terminations in wiring closets, and all cable running along
the horizontal path between wiring closet and workstation
60. Horizontal Cabling StandardsHorizontal Cabling Standards
• EIA/TIA-568B
– Specifies that the maximum distance for a UTP
horizontal cable run is 90 meters (295 feet)
– Also, patch cords (a.k.a. patch cables) located at
any cross-section cannot exceed six meters (20 feet)
• In addition to UTP, the following cable types
may be used for horizontal pathways:
– STP – two pairs of 150-ohm cabling
– Fiber-optic – a two-fiber 62.5/125 multimode cable
61. Wiring ClosetsWiring Closets
• Contain the wiring and wiring equipment for
connecting network devices, such as routers, bridges,
switches, patch panels, and hubs
• EIA/TIA-568 and EIA/TIA-569 standards apply to
the physical layout of media and wiring closets, with
the latter stating there must be a minimum of one
wiring closet per floor
– Furthermore, when a given floor area (catchment area)
exceeds 1,000 square meters, or the horizontal cabling
more than 90 meters, additional wiring closets are needed
62. Wiring ClosetsWiring Closets
• The main distribution facility (MDF) is the
central junction point for wiring of a star topology
• The additional closets are called intermediate
distribution facilities (IDFs)
• IDFs are required when:
– Catchment area of MDF is not large enough to capture all
nodes
– The LAN is in a multistory facility
– The LAN encompasses multiple buildings
63. Proximity to the POPProximity to the POP
• Ensure that
main wiring
closet is
close to the
point of
presence
(POP) to
the Internet
Figure 4-8:
Network spanning
multiple buildings
64. Proximity to the POPProximity to the POP
Figure 4-9:
Network
spanning
multiple
floors
65. BackboneBackbone
• Backbone cable (sometimes called vertical
cabling) connects wiring closets to each other in
an extended star topology
• EIA/TIA-568 specifies four different options for
backbone cabling:
– 100-ohm UTP
– 150-ohm STP
– 62.5/125-micron optical fiber
– Single-mode optical fiber
66. Performance Considerations:Performance Considerations:
Connection SpeedsConnection Speeds
• The real capacity of a network is sometimes
referred to as throughput
• Factors affecting throughput include:
– Type of network devices being used on the network
– Number of nodes
– Power issues
– Network architecture
– Other variables
68. Performance Considerations:Performance Considerations:
UtilizationUtilization
• Solutions for reducing network utilization
include:
– Segmenting a network with connectivity
– Reducing number of services provided on the segment
– Reducing number of protocols in use on the segment
– Disabling bandwidth-intensive applications or
protocols
– Relocating systems consuming the most bandwidth on
the segment
69. Performance Considerations:Performance Considerations:
Calculating Bandwidth and ThroughputCalculating Bandwidth and Throughput
• When considering an organization’s
bandwidth requirements, discover types of
bandwidth-intensive communications
conducted on its network
• Transmission time
– Time it takes a file to transfer from one location to
another
70. Performance Considerations:Performance Considerations:
Collisions and ContentionCollisions and Contention
• All stations on an Ethernet segment must share
the available connection with each other
– This means the stations contend with one another for
the opportunity to transmit on the wire
• When considering upgrading an existing network,
check the rate of collisions on the network using
a protocol analyzer or other network
performance-monitoring tool
80. Cable Testers:Cable Testers:
AttenuationAttenuation
• Attenuation is the loss of signal power over
the distance of a cable
• Signal injector
– Puts traffic on a wire so that a cable tester can
measure attenuation and crosstalk
• The lower the attenuation, the better
81. Cable Testers:Cable Testers:
NoiseNoise
• Alternating current (AC) signal noises are called
oscillations and can alter the digital signals that
computers receive on the wire
• The motherboard and other internal integrated circuits
of a computer use the chassis as their ground
• Faulty AC wiring can also cause problems with
transmissions because the signal reference ground is
the computer chassis and grounding plate
• A transformer steps voltage up or down where the hot
lead originates and the neutral wire is grounded
82. Cable Testers:Cable Testers:
NEXTNEXT
• Near end crosstalk (NEXT)
– Measure of interference from other wire pairs
• Causes of NEXT include:
– Split pairs
– Too much wire untwisted at the patch panel, jack,
or connectors
– Bends, kinks, or stretches in the cabling
84. Cable Testers:Cable Testers:
Distance MeasureDistance Measure
• EIA/TIA-568A specifies maximum cable
lengths for network media
• Cables that are too long can cause delays in
transmission and network errors
• Time-domain reflectometer (TDR)
– Cable tester that can detect the overall length of a
cable or the distance to a cable break
85. Cable Testers:Cable Testers:
BaselineBaseline
• Take baseline measurements to tell how well
the network is performing at a given moment
• Baseline measurements can include:
– Error rates
– Collision rates
– Network utilization
86. Network ArchitectureNetwork Architecture
• Logical topology
– Describes the way a signal travels in a network,
which is a function of the access method
• Usually a bus or a ring
• IEEE 802
– Covers issues concerning all types of networks
• LAN, MAN, WAN, and wireless
87. Logical Link Control (IEEE 802.2)Logical Link Control (IEEE 802.2)
• In the IEEE 802.2 specification, the Data Link layer is
divided into:
– The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
– The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
• LLC sublayer is closer to software components of the
protocol stack because it controls data link
communications and defines Service Access Points
(SAP)
• MAC sublayer is closer to the underlying hardware
architecture
88. Logical Link Control (IEEE 802.2)Logical Link Control (IEEE 802.2)
Figure 4-20:
802.2
specification
89. CSMA/CD (802.3)CSMA/CD (802.3)
• IEEE 802.3 defines the access method used by
most Ethernet networks
• Jam signal
– 32-bit message to all computers on an Ethernet network
that tells all stations not to transmit
• 10BaseT
– Describes an Ethernet network connected by twisted-pair
cable that can support transmissions of 10 Mbps using
baseband (digital) signals
90. CSMA/CD (802.3)CSMA/CD (802.3)
• 10Base2
– Also known as thin Ethernet
• 10Base5
– Also known as thick Ethernet
• Fast Ethernet
– Also known as 100BaseT
• Gigabit Ethernet
– A more recent addition to the IEEE 802.3
specifications
91. Token Ring (802.5)Token Ring (802.5)
• In the 802.5 specification, Token Ring networks use
token-passing to keep track of which node is
communicating
• Star-ring
– Network architecture utilizing physical star topology with
logical ring topology
• Nearest active upstream neighbor (NAUN)
• Nearest active downstream neighbor (NADN)
92. Token Ring (802.5)Token Ring (802.5)
• Active monitor
– Computer in a Token Ring network that is
powered on first and that manages the beaconing
process
• Beaconing
– Fault-detection method implemented in Token
Ring networks
93. Wireless Technologies (802.11)Wireless Technologies (802.11)
• The 802.11 standard for wireless LANs specifies
parameters at both Physical and Data Link layers of
OSI model
• At the Physical layer, infrared (IR) or spread
spectrum technologies are supported
• At the Data Link layer, 802.11 specifies Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) as the network access method
94. FDDIFDDI
• Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
standard
– Responsibility of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)
– Describes a network that can span up to 100
kilometers (62 miles) over single-mode fiber-optic
cabling
– Based on the Token Ring (802.5) specification but
with different limitations
95.
96. LAN Design ModelsLAN Design Models
• You can choose many different network
design models to implement on your network
• There are two basic designs strategies that are
typically followed:
– Mesh design
– Hierarchical design
98. LAN Design ModelsLAN Design Models
• Compared to a mesh design, a hierarchical
design:
– Is easier to manage
– Is easier to troubleshoot
– Has improved scalability
– Allows easier analysis
99. Three-Layer Network ModelThree-Layer Network Model
• Divides a network into three connectivity
layers
• Consists of:
– Core layer
– Distribution layer
– Access layer
101. Two-Layer Network ModelTwo-Layer Network Model
One-Layer Network ModelOne-Layer Network Model
• Two-layer network model
– Divides a network into two connectivity layers:
• Core
• Access
• One-layer network model
– Includes WAN connectivity equipment and organizes
a network so that is can be easily adapted to the two-
layer and three-layer design models in the future
106. Network-Management ToolsNetwork-Management Tools
• Other sophisticated network-management
tools can be used for daily network-
management and control functions
• These tools typically have three components:
– Agent
– Manager
– Administration system
107. Simple Network ManagementSimple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)Protocol (SNMP)
• A Management
Information
Base (MIB) is a
database that
maintains
statistics and
information the
SNMP reports and
uses
Figure 4-25:
SNMP in action
108. Simple Network ManagementSimple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)Protocol (SNMP)
• Management tasks include:
– Network traffic monitoring
– Automatic disconnection of problem nodes
– Connection or disconnection of nodes based on
time and/or date
– Port isolation for testing purposes
– Remote management capabilities
109. CMIPCMIP
• Common Management Information Protocol
• Similar to SNMP in that it uses the MIB to
monitor the network
• Not as widely implemented as SNMP
• More efficient than SNMP because the client
reports the information to the management
device
110. Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
• There are three basic physical LAN topologies
• These topologies typically involve cable
• The IEEE has defined many standards that
have influenced the way networks are
designed and implemented
• One of the largest contributions from the
IEEE is the 802 standard
111. Chapter SummaryChapter Summary
• Installing media on a network is multifaceted
project
• Obstructions and EMI/RFI must be overcome
• When implementing a network, you can
choose on of three hierarchical models
• Network administrators use network monitors
and network analyzers to manage a network
on daily basis
Editor's Notes
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.
There are 5 main ways to arrange nodes in a network. In a ring network, devices are connected in a ring and message are routed around the ring from one device to the next. A bus network contains devices connected directly in a straight line. Each device can communicate directly with every other device one the network. In bus and ring topologies, there is no central coordinating computer. A hierarchical network is structured as an upside down tree like an organizational chart. Messages are passed to computers along the “branches”. As in the bus and ring networks, there is no coordinating computer. A star network has a central, coordinating device; each computer on the network is directly attached only to the central device. The central device is the vulnerability of the network – it can become a bottleneck under heavy traffic and the whole network fails if it fails.
Many organizations use a combination of these various topologies, or a hybrid network.