The document discusses several network topologies including LANs, WANs, bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless. It provides details on the physical and logical layout of each topology, their advantages and disadvantages. Key standards setting bodies like IEEE and their standards for different network types are also covered. The document provides a comprehensive overview of traditional and common network topologies.
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial field busses and computer networks.
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial field busses and computer networks.
These slides discuss the basics of network security.
The first question that should be answered is, why is network security important?
Understanding the increasing threats to security from the past to today.
How to think like an attacker?
Step 1. Perform footprint analysis (reconnaissance).
Step 2. Enumerate information.
Step 3. Manipulate users to gain access.
Step 4. Escalate privileges.
Step 5. Gather additional passwords and secrets.
Step 6. Install backdoors.
Step 7. Leverage the compromised system.
The trade off between open versus closed networks.
Developing a security policy for the company or organization is a must.
Understanding the common security threats and the different types of network attacks.
Finally, general mitigation techniques and the security appliances and applications
Edhole School provides best Information about Schools in India, Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon. Here you will get about the school, contact, career, etc. Edhole Provides best study material for school students.
These slides discuss the basics of network security.
The first question that should be answered is, why is network security important?
Understanding the increasing threats to security from the past to today.
How to think like an attacker?
Step 1. Perform footprint analysis (reconnaissance).
Step 2. Enumerate information.
Step 3. Manipulate users to gain access.
Step 4. Escalate privileges.
Step 5. Gather additional passwords and secrets.
Step 6. Install backdoors.
Step 7. Leverage the compromised system.
The trade off between open versus closed networks.
Developing a security policy for the company or organization is a must.
Understanding the common security threats and the different types of network attacks.
Finally, general mitigation techniques and the security appliances and applications
Edhole School provides best Information about Schools in India, Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon. Here you will get about the school, contact, career, etc. Edhole Provides best study material for school students.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
Computer Network Topology By Team_Community Connectors (Dept . of Sociology)Suman Mia
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Presentation on concept of Networking including the syllabus of class 8. Easy to understand and most important points are being covered here so that students can easily grasp the jest of the chapter
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Network Topologies
• LANs and WANs - Geographical coverage
• LANs
– A single geographical location, such as office building,
school, etc
– Typically High speed and cheaper.
• WANs
– Spans more than one geographical location often
connecting separated LANs
– Slower
– Costly hardware, routers, dedicated leased lines and
complicated implementation procedures.
1
Network Topologies
• Topology - Physical and logical network
layout
– Physical – actual layout of the computer cables
and other network devices
– Logical – the way in which the network appears
to the devices that use it.
• Common topologies:
– Bus, ring, star, mesh and wireless
2
1
2. Bus topology
• Uses a trunk or backbone to which all of the computers on
the network connect.
• Systems connect to this backbone using T connectors or
taps.
• Coaxial cablings ( 10Base-2, 10Base5) were popular
options years ago.
3
Bus Topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cheap and easy to implement
Network disruption when computers are
added or removed
Require less cable
A break in the cable will prevent all
systems from accessing the network.
Does not use any specialized network
equipment.
Difficult to troubleshoot.
4
2
3. Ring Topology
• Logical ring
– Meaning that data travels in circular fashion
from one computer to another on the network.
– Typically FDDI, SONET or Token Ring
technology are used to implement a ring
network
– Ring networks are most commonly wired in a
star configuration
• Token Ring has multi-station access unit
(MSAU),equivalent to hub or switch. MSAU
performs the token circulation internally.
5
Ring Topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cable faults are easily located, making
troubleshooting easier
Expansion to the network can cause
network disruption
Ring networks are moderately easy to
install
A single break in the cable can disrupt the
entire network.
6
3
4. Star Topology
• All computers/devices connect to a central
device called hub or switch.
• Each device requires a single cable
• point-to-point connection between the
device and hub.
• Most widely implemented
• Hub is the single point of failure
7
Star Topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easily expanded without disruption
to the network
Requires more cable
Cable failure affects only a single
user
A central connecting device allows
for a single point of failure
Easy to troubleshoot and isolate
problems
More difficult to implement
8
4
5. Mesh Topology
• Each computer connects to every other.
• High level of redundancy.
• Rarely used.
–
–
–
–
Wiring is very complicated
Cabling cost is high
Troubleshooting a failed cable is tricky
A variation hybrid mesh – create point to point
connection between specific network devices, often
seen in WAN implementation.
9
Mesh Topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Provides redundant paths between
devices
Requires more cable than the other
LAN topologies
The network can be expanded
without disruption to current uses
Complicated implementation
10
5
6. Wireless networking
• Do not require physical cabling
• Particularly useful for remote access for
laptop users
• Eliminate cable faults and cable breaks.
• Signal interference and security issue.
11
Wireless networking
Advantages
Disadvantages
Allows for wireless remote access
Potential security issues associated with
wireless transmissions
Network can be expanded without
disruption to current users
Limited speed in comparison to other
network topologies
12
6
7. IEEE and Networking standards
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) developed a series of
networking standards
– Networking technologies developed by
manufacturers are Compatible
– Cabling, networking devices and protocols are
all interchangeable under the banner of a
specific IEEE
13
Specification Name
802.1
Internetworking
802.2
The LLC(Logincal Link Control) sublayer
802.3
CSMA/CD ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection) for Ethernet networks
802.4
A token passing bus
802.5
Token Ring networks
802.6
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
802.7
Broadband Technical Advisory Group
802.8
Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Group
802.9
Integrated Voice and Data Networks
802.10
Standards for Interoperable LAN/MAN Security (SILS) (Network
Security)
802.11
Wireless networks
802.12
100Mbps technologies, including 100BASEVG-AnyLAN
14
7
8. 802.3 IEEE standard
•
•
Defines characteristics for Ethernet networks.
New additions,
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
802.3u for Fast Ethernet
802.3z for Gigabit Ethernet, referred to as 802.3x.
……
802.3ac 10gbits/s, expe. 2009
……
Speed: Original 10Mbps, Fast Ethernet 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet
1000Mbps
Topology: bus or star.
Media: Coaxial and twisted pair cabling, also fiber optic cable.
Access method: CSMA/CD
15
802.5 IEEE standard
• Specifies the characteristics for Token Ring
Networks.
• Introduced by IBM in the mid 80s, network
topology of choice until the rise of the popularity
of Ethernet.
• Speed: 4 to 16Mbps
• Topology: logical ring and most often a physical
star. Logical ring is often created in the
Multistation Access Unit (MSAU)
• Media: twisted pair cabling.
16
• Access method: token passing.
8
9. 802.11b IEEE Standard
•
- Wireless
Specifies the characteristics of wireless LAN Ethernet networks.
– Special devices called wireless access points to allow communicate.
– Also connect to wired networks to create wireless portions of entire
networks.
– Access method: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA ), a variation of CSMA/CD.
– Topology: physical wireless, logical bus
•
Protocol
–
–
–
–
802.11b 1999 2.4GHz, 11Mbits/s
802.11g 2003 2.4GHz, 54 Mbits/s
802.11n 2008 2.4G,5GHz, 248Mbits/s
... …
17
FDDI
• Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) standard
was developed by American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
• Dual ring technology for fault tolerance
• Speed: 100Mbps or higher
• Topology: dual ring topology
• Media: fiber optic cable, > 2 kilometers. Also
possible use copper wire as Copper Distributed
Data Interface (CDDI).
• Access method: token-passing access method
18
9
10. Standard
Speed
802.3
Physical
Topology
10Mbps
Logical
Topology
Media
Access
Method
Bus and Star
Coaxial and
Twisted pair
CSMA/CD
(802.3u)
100Mbps( Fast
Ethernet)
Star
Bus
Twisted pair
CSMA/CD
(802.3z)
1000Mbps
Star
Bus
Twisted pair
CSMA/CD
802.5
4Mbps and
16Mbps
Star
Ring
Twisted pair
Token
passing
802.11b
11Mbps
Wireless
Bus
Radio waves
CSMA/CA
FDDI
100Mbps
Dual Ring
Ring
Fiber-optic
Twisted
pair/CDDI
Token
passing
19
10