The document describes various network topologies. It discusses physical and logical topologies. Common topologies described include star, mesh, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it provides details on the structure and provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses extended star, distributed star, full mesh, partial mesh, linear bus, distributed bus, dual ring, point to point, and point to multipoint variations of the topologies.

1. NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
Presented by:
Group of Thrunks Jericho Alcantara

2.  Leader: Thrunks Jericho Alcantara
 Members:
 Eingelyn Anne Santos
 Noreen Reyes
 Marciana Domingo
 Aran Jade Federnales
 Joumeil Cotino
 Dominic Nabua
 Jerwyn Samalca
 Marvince Cleofas
 Paul Cedrick Famodulan
 Gerald Rodriguez

3. NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 In communication networks, a topology is a usually
schematic description of the arrangement of a network,
including its nodes and connecting lines.

4. TWO BASIC CATEGORIES
OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
A.Physical Topology
The Physical Topology of a network refers
to the configuration of cables,computers, and
other peripherals.

5. B. LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
Is the method used to pass
information between
workstations.

6. The star topology consists of a
central node (hub, router, etc.)
connecting the peripheral nodes of
the network together. Each
message passes through the hub
and is redirected to its destination.
STAR TOPOLOGY

7. EXTENDED STAR
 A type of network topology in which a network
that is based upon the physical star topology has
one or more repeaters between the central node and
the peripheral or 'spoke' nodes, the repeaters being
used to extend the maximum transmission distance
of the point-to-point links between the central node
and the peripheral nodes beyond that which is
supported by the transmitter power of the central
node or beyond that which is supported by the
standard upon which the physical layer of the
physical star network is based.

8. DISTRIBUTED STAR
 A type of network topology that is composed of
individual networks that are based upon the physical
star topology connected in a linear fashion – 'daisy-
chained'– with no central or top level connection point.

9. ADVANTAGES OF
STAR TOPOLOGY:
 Easy to detect errors and faults in the network. Each node is separate from all
other nodes, so it is easy to isolate and fix certain problems with individual nodes
without affecting the rest of the network.
 Any break in a connection between the central and peripheral nodes does not
cause a failure in the network.
 Minimizes the number of possible collisions.

10. DISADVANTAGES OF
STAR TOPOLOGY:
 If the hub has a fault, the entire network can fail.
 An expensive network layout to install because of the amount of cables needed.
 Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology
is depended on capacity of central device.
 The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost
of the network.

11.  Mesh topologies present multiple
paths that a message can take to
reach their destination. Each node
is connected to one or more other
nodes. If each node is connected to
every other nodes then it is called
fully connected or a full mesh.
MESH TOPOLOGY

12.  Occurs when every node has a circuit
connecting it to every other node in a
network. Full mesh is very expensive to
implement but yields the greatest amount of
redundancy, so in the event that one of
those nodes fails, network traffic can be
directed to any of the other nodes. Full mesh
is usually reserved for backbone networks.
FULL MESH
TOPOLOGY

13.  Is less expensive to implement and
yields less redundancy than full mesh
topology. With partial mesh, some nodes
are organized in a full mesh scheme but
others are only connected to one or two in
the network. Partial mesh topology is
commonly found in peripheral networks
connected to a full meshed backbone.
PARTIAL MESH
TOPOLOGY

14. ADVANTAGES OF
MESH TOPOLOGY:
 Creates inherent fault protection through the redundancy in connections between
nodes. There is generally multiple paths from node to node. A mesh network fault
will thus generally not cause a node from being disconnected from the network.
 May be easy to expand. Only a small number of nodes may need to have their
routing algorithms/tables updates to expand the network if the network is small, or
the expansion occurs in an outlying region of the network.
 Troubleshooting is easy as compared with other networks.

15. DISADVANTAGES OF
MESH TOPOLOGY: Can be much more complex than other topologies. As the size of a mesh network
grows the number of connections can grow exponentially, with the most extreme growth
rate occurring in full meshes, which have n(n-1)/2 connections.
 If the routing algorithm/table is not properly implemented in any number of nodes, faults
can occur. For example, lost messages and messages continuously passing through a
cycle.
 May be very difficult to expand. As highlighted in a full mesh, all nodes will need to have
their routing algorithms/tables updates to include the new nodes.

16.  The bus topology uses a single
transmission medium which all messages
are broadcasted on. Each node receives
every message, but only the intended
target accepts it. Only one message can
be sent at a time on a bus network,
otherwise a collision will occur, corrupting
the message.
BUS TOPOLOGY

17. LINEAR BUS
 The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the
network are connected to a common transmission medium
which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also
commonly referred to as the backbone, or trunk) – all data that
is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted
over this common transmission medium and is able to be
received by all nodes in the network simultaneously.

18. DISTRIBUTED BUS
 The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of
the network are connected to a common transmission
medium which has more than two endpoints that are created
by adding branches to the main section of the transmission
medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in
exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus topology
“(all nodes share a common transmission medium)."

19. ADVANTAGES OF
BUS TOPOLOGY:
 Simple to configure.
 Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks.
 Bus topology costs very less.
 Linear Bus network is mostly used in small networks. Good for LAN.
 Easy to expand joining two cables together.

20. DISADVANTAGES OF
BUS TOPOLOGY:
 A fault in the main connection medium can cause the network to fail.
 Very unsafe. Each computer receives all messages on the network. A computer can still
accept messages even if its address does not match the destination address leading.
 Is slow under heavy load, and can prone to collision problems.
 Cable has a limited length.

21. RING TOPOLOGY
 In a ring topology each node is connected to exactly
two other nodes forming a closed loop. Messages are
passed along the ring in a single direction until they
reach their destination.

22.  Dual-ring networks contain two
separate rings networks which pass
messages in opposite directions.
Generally, only one ring is operating at
a time. This creates redundancy in the
network so that if one of the rings fails
backup ring will allow the network to
continue to function.
DUAL-RING
NETWORK

23. ADVANTAGES OF
RING TOPOLOGY:
 Very orderly network where every device has access to the token
and the opportunity to transmit.
 Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load.
 Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity
between the computers.

24.  Due to the point to point line configuration of devices
with a device on either side (each device is connected to
its immediate neighbor), it is quite easy to install and
reconfigure since adding or removing a device requires
moving just two connections.
 Reconfiguration for line faults of bidirectional rings can
be very fast, as switching happens at a high level, and
thus the traffic does not require individual rerouting.

25. DISADVANTAGES OF
RING TOPOLOGY:
 One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for the entire
network.
 This can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch that closes off
the break.
 Moving, adding and changing the devices can affect the network.

26. Bandwidth is shared on all links between
devices.
More difficult to configure than a Star: node
adjunction = Ring shutdown and reconfiguration.
Communication delay is directly proportional to
number of nodes in the network.

27. POINT TO POINT
TOPOLOGY
 A point-to-point connection refers to a communications
connection between two nodes or endpoints. An example is
a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with
one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard
by the other.

28. POINT TO
MULTIPOINT
 Is communication which is accomplished via a
distinct type of one-to-many connection, providing
multiple paths from a single location to multiple
locations.

29. ADVANTAGES OF POINT
TO POINT TOPOLOGY :
 This network is the simplest layout for any network, and it is pretty easy to visualize. If you
can imagine a network in which there are only two nodes (say, two computers, for instance),
you can easily picture a point-to-point network.
 As you can probably guess, information on this network goes from one point to another. This
transfer of data can happen in multiple ways across the network: in a single direction (sending
and receiving), in both directions (full duplex), or can only send or receive in a single direction
(half duplex).
 This simplistic topology is very easy to set up and maintain, and it is intended for very small
networks. In fact, this type of network has a major drawback in that it can only support two
nodes.

30. DISADVANTAGES OF
POINT TO POINT TOPOLOGY:
 Though there are some situations in which this type of network may be useful,
most networks will probably require more than two nodes. However, for networks
that don’t, this point to point topology can be a great way to set up something simple.
With only two nodes, it is very easy to maintain the layout.
 However, there is another drawback in that since there are only two nodes, if
either of the nodes stop working, information cannot be sent across the network. For
example, if there are two computers in the network and one of them breaks, you
cannot send or receive messages to the broken computer.

31.  In order for the network to work effectively, you must
replace the broken computer–and this can be both time
consuming and costly. For this reason, it is important to
note that while understanding how to fix a broken point
to point topology can be fairly simple, the actual
application of this solution can be a hindrance due to
monetary and time issues.

32.  Combining the characteristics of multiple
star networks along a single bus network
using a root node forms the tree topology. The
central node of each star network is
connected to the root node of the tree creating
multiple tiers on the network. Messages
passing between star networks pass through
the root node to their destination.
TREE TOPOLOGY

33. ADVANTAGES OF
TREE TOPOLOGY: Scalable as leaf nodes can accommodate more nodes in the hierarchical chain.
 A point to point wiring to the central hub as each intermediate node of a tree topology
represents a node in the bus topology.
 Other hierarchical networks are not affected if one of them gets damaged.
 Easier maintenance and fault finding.
 Expansion of Network is possible and easy.

34. DISADVANTAGES OF
TREE TOPOLOGY:
 Huge cabling is needed.
 A lot of maintenance is needed.
 backbone forms the point of failure.
 As more and more nodes and segments are added, the maintenance becomes difficult.
 Scalability of the network depends on the type of cable used.

35. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
 A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses
two or more other network topologies, including bus
topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree
topology.

36. ADVANTAGES OF
HYBRID TOPOLOGY:
 Reliable : Unlike other networks, fault detection and
troubleshooting is easy in this type of topology. The part in which fault
is detected can be isolated from the rest of network and required
corrective measures can be taken, WITHOUT affecting the
functioning of rest of the network.
 Scalable: Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new
components, without disturbing existing architecture.


37.  Flexible: Hybrid Network can be designed according to the requirements of
the organization and by optimizing the available resources. Special care can
be given to nodes where traffic is high as well as where chances of fault are
high.
 Effective: Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more topologies, so
we can design it in such a way that strengths of constituent topologies are
maximized while there weaknesses are neutralized. For example we saw
Ring Topology has good data reliability (achieved by use of tokens) and Star
topology has high tolerance capability (as each node is not directly connected
to other but through central device), so these two can be used effectively in
hybrid star-ring topology.

38. DISADVANTAGES OF
HYBRID TOPOLOGY: Complexity of Design: One of the biggest drawback of hybrid topology is its design. Its not
easy to design this type of architecture and its a tough job for designers. Configuration and
installation process needs to be very efficient.
 Costly Hub: The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, are very expensive. These hubs
are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with different
architectures and should be function even if a part of network is down.
 Costly Infrastructure: As hybrid architectures are usually larger in scale, they require a lot of
cables, cooling systems, sophisticate network devices, etc.

39. That's all,
Thank you !