The document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1) It describes different types of research studies such as reporting, descriptive, explanatory, and predictive research.
2) It outlines styles of research including applied research, pure/basic research, and business research.
3) It discusses what constitutes good research including clearly defined purposes, detailed research processes, and thoroughly planned designs.
IRJET- Opinion Targets and Opinion Words Extraction for Online Reviews wi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a technique for extracting opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews using sentiment analysis. It proposes using a partially supervised word alignment model (PSWAM) to identify opinion relations between words and extract candidates as targets or words. A graph-based algorithm is then used to estimate candidate confidence, and the highest confidence candidates are extracted. The technique aims to more precisely capture opinion relations compared to previous methods. Experimental results on online product reviews showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The document discusses research design and measurement in research. It defines research design as the plan and structure for an investigation to obtain answers to research questions. It includes selecting data sources and types of information, and specifying the relationships among variables. Measurement is also discussed, including developing valid and reliable measures, and different levels of measurement such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. Various methods of developing scales like rating and ranking scales are also covered.
This document outlines the research process, including 7 key stages: 1) observation and identifying a broad research interest, 2) preliminary data gathering, 3) problem definition, 4) theoretical framework development, 5) hypothesis generation, 6) data collection, analysis and interpretation, and 7) deduction. It then discusses how to frame research through defining the problem, research questions, and concepts. Next, it covers designing research such as choosing a design, data to collect, sources, analysis techniques and collection methods. Finally, it discusses final steps like data analysis, reporting results through an executive summary, findings and recommendations.
Choose a Research TopicHiba Al MehdiSchool of Business, NorthcJinElias52
Choose a Research Topic
Hiba Al Mehdi
School of Business, Northcentral University
BUS-7100: Scholarly Literature Review
Dr. Richard Thompson
October 3, 2021
Richard C. Thompson, Ph.D.
Grade – 9.5/10
10/6/2021
Assignment: Choose a Research Topic
Week 7 Requirements
Feedback
The problem statement is between 250-300 words. It describes the gap in the literature or the problem found in the research. It is something that has not been solved. A problem statement is used to describe what the researcher intends to solve. Include the following items in your draft:
I see you changed your topic since Week 5 – this is acceptable and I think the topic is clearer as well.
See comment on formatting of your Problem Statement and need for supporting research.
See comments on Purpose Statement.
See comments on your Theoretical Framework.
I look forward to your revisions in Week 8’s assignment
1. Write a problem statement with no more than 250 words.
1. Write a purpose statement using the directions below.
1. Include two or three paragraphs about a theory or conceptual framework.
1. Add your annotated bibliography from previous work.
From the dissertation template, use the following points to write a purpose statement: Begin with a succinct purpose statement that identifies the study method, design, and overarching goal: “The purpose of this [identify research methodology] [identify research design] study is to [identify the goal of the dissertation that directly reflects and encompasses the research questions that will follow].”
1. Indicate how the study is a logical, explicit research response to the stated problem and the research questions that will follow.
1. Continue with a brief and clear step-by-step overview of how the study will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) conducted.
1. Identify the variables/constructs, materials/instrumentation, and analysis.
1. Identify the target population and sample size that will be needed (proposal) or was obtained (manuscript).
Length: 10-12 pages total, not including title and reference pages.
Include a minimum of seven scholarly resources.
Work is free of spelling, punctuation, grammar, & word usage errors. APA was used for citations and references.
Running head: DRAFT OF RESEARCH TOPIC 2
Business Performance Risks Caused by Outsourcing of Information Technology.
The information technology (IT) growth has resulted in the rise of transaction demand by consumers and businesses. The majority of the organization's technical teams are ever-present to solve any emerging needs. Following rampant business needs growth, organizations are on a mission to keep the source and demand of particular information technology functions intact. The world's globalization has changed the production mode of enterprises from insourcing to outsourcing. The management of cost and time management efficiency are the determiners of the organization's business performance.
Furthermore, several factors ...
Choose a research topic hiba al mehdischool of business, northcnand15
The document provides feedback on a student's draft assignment on choosing a research topic. The feedback comments on the problem statement, purpose statement, theoretical framework, and annotated bibliography. It recommends revising the problem statement to better indicate what is already known from prior research. It also suggests describing how the theoretical framework of transaction cost analysis and integrated systems theory will be applied to the specific research problem. The student is asked to incorporate the feedback into a revised assignment for the following week.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a theoretical framework and conducting data analysis for research. It covers identifying a broad problem area and refining the problem definition. A theoretical framework outlines the relationships between relevant variables and influences on the situation. Hypotheses are then developed as testable statements about these relationships. Research design components include the study purpose, type of investigation, data collection methods, and time horizon. The document provides examples and explanations of these various elements of quantitative research.
Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
IRJET- Opinion Targets and Opinion Words Extraction for Online Reviews wi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a technique for extracting opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews using sentiment analysis. It proposes using a partially supervised word alignment model (PSWAM) to identify opinion relations between words and extract candidates as targets or words. A graph-based algorithm is then used to estimate candidate confidence, and the highest confidence candidates are extracted. The technique aims to more precisely capture opinion relations compared to previous methods. Experimental results on online product reviews showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The document discusses research design and measurement in research. It defines research design as the plan and structure for an investigation to obtain answers to research questions. It includes selecting data sources and types of information, and specifying the relationships among variables. Measurement is also discussed, including developing valid and reliable measures, and different levels of measurement such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales. Various methods of developing scales like rating and ranking scales are also covered.
This document outlines the research process, including 7 key stages: 1) observation and identifying a broad research interest, 2) preliminary data gathering, 3) problem definition, 4) theoretical framework development, 5) hypothesis generation, 6) data collection, analysis and interpretation, and 7) deduction. It then discusses how to frame research through defining the problem, research questions, and concepts. Next, it covers designing research such as choosing a design, data to collect, sources, analysis techniques and collection methods. Finally, it discusses final steps like data analysis, reporting results through an executive summary, findings and recommendations.
Choose a Research TopicHiba Al MehdiSchool of Business, NorthcJinElias52
Choose a Research Topic
Hiba Al Mehdi
School of Business, Northcentral University
BUS-7100: Scholarly Literature Review
Dr. Richard Thompson
October 3, 2021
Richard C. Thompson, Ph.D.
Grade – 9.5/10
10/6/2021
Assignment: Choose a Research Topic
Week 7 Requirements
Feedback
The problem statement is between 250-300 words. It describes the gap in the literature or the problem found in the research. It is something that has not been solved. A problem statement is used to describe what the researcher intends to solve. Include the following items in your draft:
I see you changed your topic since Week 5 – this is acceptable and I think the topic is clearer as well.
See comment on formatting of your Problem Statement and need for supporting research.
See comments on Purpose Statement.
See comments on your Theoretical Framework.
I look forward to your revisions in Week 8’s assignment
1. Write a problem statement with no more than 250 words.
1. Write a purpose statement using the directions below.
1. Include two or three paragraphs about a theory or conceptual framework.
1. Add your annotated bibliography from previous work.
From the dissertation template, use the following points to write a purpose statement: Begin with a succinct purpose statement that identifies the study method, design, and overarching goal: “The purpose of this [identify research methodology] [identify research design] study is to [identify the goal of the dissertation that directly reflects and encompasses the research questions that will follow].”
1. Indicate how the study is a logical, explicit research response to the stated problem and the research questions that will follow.
1. Continue with a brief and clear step-by-step overview of how the study will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) conducted.
1. Identify the variables/constructs, materials/instrumentation, and analysis.
1. Identify the target population and sample size that will be needed (proposal) or was obtained (manuscript).
Length: 10-12 pages total, not including title and reference pages.
Include a minimum of seven scholarly resources.
Work is free of spelling, punctuation, grammar, & word usage errors. APA was used for citations and references.
Running head: DRAFT OF RESEARCH TOPIC 2
Business Performance Risks Caused by Outsourcing of Information Technology.
The information technology (IT) growth has resulted in the rise of transaction demand by consumers and businesses. The majority of the organization's technical teams are ever-present to solve any emerging needs. Following rampant business needs growth, organizations are on a mission to keep the source and demand of particular information technology functions intact. The world's globalization has changed the production mode of enterprises from insourcing to outsourcing. The management of cost and time management efficiency are the determiners of the organization's business performance.
Furthermore, several factors ...
Choose a research topic hiba al mehdischool of business, northcnand15
The document provides feedback on a student's draft assignment on choosing a research topic. The feedback comments on the problem statement, purpose statement, theoretical framework, and annotated bibliography. It recommends revising the problem statement to better indicate what is already known from prior research. It also suggests describing how the theoretical framework of transaction cost analysis and integrated systems theory will be applied to the specific research problem. The student is asked to incorporate the feedback into a revised assignment for the following week.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a theoretical framework and conducting data analysis for research. It covers identifying a broad problem area and refining the problem definition. A theoretical framework outlines the relationships between relevant variables and influences on the situation. Hypotheses are then developed as testable statements about these relationships. Research design components include the study purpose, type of investigation, data collection methods, and time horizon. The document provides examples and explanations of these various elements of quantitative research.
Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
How to write research proposal?, How to write statement of the problem?, Difference between Research question and hypothesis?, Difference between internal and external validity. Difference between l
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and exploratory research are contrasted, and factors like internal/external validity, sampling strategies, and causal inference are examined in the context of sound research design. The document serves as a study guide for understanding key elements involved in defining a research problem and collecting quality evidence to address it.
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and causal research aims are also outlined. The key points are that research design ensures the research will provide valid evidence to answer the research question and different designs are suited to different types of research enquiries.
Chao Wrote Some trends that influence human resource are, Leade.docxsleeperharwell
Chao Wrote:
Some trends that influence human resource are, Leadership Development and Learning Opportunities, Data and Analytics, Compliance and Regulation, Controlling and Containing Costs, and More Competition for Talent. But the one that I like and think its much important is leadership development and learning opportunity because in this role, companies give the employees the opportunity to learn and grow with the leadership training and this will show employees that the company wants employee to be more engage. Plus, this kind of program can also help nurture leadership abilities and professional development. The other trend I think that plays a very important role is knowing the compliance and regulations because in this area, compliance and regulation changes all the time and companies need to be more pro-active and make changes as they have updates with any new compliance or regulations. For this, many companies turn to technology solutions to minimize the costs and resources devoted to this task, freeing up HR professionals to focus on other aspects of their work. Some strategic resource examples include recruitment, learning and development, compensation, and performance appraisal.
Quane Wrote:
Hi Dr. Clark and Classmates,
Through my assigned reading for week 1, I've learned that one-third of large U.S. businesses selected non-Human Resources managers to operate in top tier executive positions. Consequently, the most successful Human Resource executive do have prior Human Resources experience so for the select few managers without a Human Resource background that get the opportunity to serve in a Human Resource executive will increase their probability of successful career progression. The new tentative transition for businesses is to outsource the majority of their Human Resource operational needs to large Human Resource firms that service multiple businesses. Many frequently utilized services will be offered to employees online in order to address the increased demand for specialized Human Resource services as well as shorten response times and increase efficiency.
Strategic Human Resource Management is the process of determining ways to evaluate an organization's unique Human Resources need and create a plan that facilitates the establishment and maintenance of efficient personnel management systems that support the short term and long term functionality and sustained growth of an organization.
Exercise 8 - Case Study Research
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the case study.
What type of approach within the qualitative method would be used? Why or why not?
Exercise 9 - Perspectives in Qualitative Methods
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the ethnographic, narrative or phenomenological approach.
What type of design would be best utilized along with this approach?
Exercise 10 - Factors in Mixed Methods Research
What are the strengths.
Chao Wrote Some trends that influence human resource are, Leade.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chao Wrote:
Some trends that influence human resource are, Leadership Development and Learning Opportunities, Data and Analytics, Compliance and Regulation, Controlling and Containing Costs, and More Competition for Talent. But the one that I like and think its much important is leadership development and learning opportunity because in this role, companies give the employees the opportunity to learn and grow with the leadership training and this will show employees that the company wants employee to be more engage. Plus, this kind of program can also help nurture leadership abilities and professional development. The other trend I think that plays a very important role is knowing the compliance and regulations because in this area, compliance and regulation changes all the time and companies need to be more pro-active and make changes as they have updates with any new compliance or regulations. For this, many companies turn to technology solutions to minimize the costs and resources devoted to this task, freeing up HR professionals to focus on other aspects of their work. Some strategic resource examples include recruitment, learning and development, compensation, and performance appraisal.
Quane Wrote:
Hi Dr. Clark and Classmates,
Through my assigned reading for week 1, I've learned that one-third of large U.S. businesses selected non-Human Resources managers to operate in top tier executive positions. Consequently, the most successful Human Resource executive do have prior Human Resources experience so for the select few managers without a Human Resource background that get the opportunity to serve in a Human Resource executive will increase their probability of successful career progression. The new tentative transition for businesses is to outsource the majority of their Human Resource operational needs to large Human Resource firms that service multiple businesses. Many frequently utilized services will be offered to employees online in order to address the increased demand for specialized Human Resource services as well as shorten response times and increase efficiency.
Strategic Human Resource Management is the process of determining ways to evaluate an organization's unique Human Resources need and create a plan that facilitates the establishment and maintenance of efficient personnel management systems that support the short term and long term functionality and sustained growth of an organization.
Exercise 8 - Case Study Research
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the case study.
What type of approach within the qualitative method would be used? Why or why not?
Exercise 9 - Perspectives in Qualitative Methods
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the ethnographic, narrative or phenomenological approach.
What type of design would be best utilized along with this approach?
Exercise 10 - Factors in Mixed Methods Research
What are the strengths ...
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docxBlessingMapoka
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
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This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
Job Analysis and Design Introduction This section focu.docxpriestmanmable
Job Analysis and Design
Introduction
This section focuses on three issues in the field of personnel psychology: job analysis,
job description, and job design. Job analysis and job description are foundation issues
in the field that are often looked at closely from a legal perspective. Job design focuses
on the motivation, efficiency, and effectiveness of the worker.
Job Analysis
A job analysis is the foundation for a variety of human resource functions. For
example, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, compensation,
and promotion all rely upon the information gained through a job analysis. A job
analysis is, essentially, a snapshot of the job and includes specific information such as
the tasks performed by the worker, why the worker performs those tasks, the tools or
techniques the worker uses to perform the tasks, and the conditions under which the
tasks may be performed. For example, one task statement for a police officer might be,
"Under various weather conditions, patrols are assigned an area on foot for the purpose
of checking on the security of business establishments." A task statement for a
telephone installation technician might read, "Using a staple gun, a screwdriver, and a
handheld drill, install inside wiring and telephone instrument connection point." A job
analysis may also list the knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality characteristics (or
the KSAPCs) required to successfully perform the job. For instance, the requirements
for the police officer task statement might be knowledge of criminal law, knowledge of
patrol procedures, and ability to observe details. It is important to note that instead of
KSAPCs, job analysts may use the acronym KSAO for knowledge, skills, abilities, and
other characteristics.
There is no one way to perform a job analysis. Choice of a job analysis technique
depends upon the purpose of the analysis as well as the training of the analyst. Job
analysis data may be collected by observing workers performing the job, having the
analyst perform the job, reviewing training materials, interviewing persons who
perform the job, interviewing those who supervise the workers, or having workers
complete a survey which asks them about the job. The job analyst may design the
survey or use a published job analysis survey. Often, more than one data collection
method is used. This multimethod approach increases the probability of achieving an
in-depth understanding of the job.
Assessing Job Descriptions
A job description is one of the results of a job analysis. It is a brief statement that
summarizes the information contained in the job analysis. A job description is the
document that job candidates typically see during the recruitment or selection process.
By reviewing a job description, a candidate for the position should have a fairly good
understanding of the duties, responsibilities, and requirements of the jo ...
Research is the process of systematically studying a problem to find solutions. It involves gathering data through objective investigation to analyze and draw valid conclusions. Scientific research follows a rigorous process including developing hypotheses based on theory, collecting data to test hypotheses, and analyzing results to generalize findings. The manager in the example would conduct scientific research on employee commitment by first surveying literature to understand important variables, then collecting data to test hypotheses on how commitment can be increased, ensuring the research is rigorous, objective, and generalizable.
Intra Cranial Pressure ( Icp ) Measurements Are Taken Via...Michelle Love
Invasive procedures to measure intra cranial pressure (ICP) carry health risks, so researchers are testing a non-invasive technique using a cerebral and cochlear fluid pressure (CCFP) analyzer. The CCFP measures ICP fluctuations in perilymphatic fluid. A study is recruiting healthy male volunteers to have ICP measured with the CCFP during weight lifting, as exertion is expected to cause transient ICP increases detectable by the device. The CCFP utilizes tympanic membrane displacement to non-invasively measure ICP.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research statement for job applications in science and engineering fields. It discusses when a research statement is required, such as for postdoc, assistant professor, associate professor, and tenure-track professor positions. The purpose of the research statement is to assess an applicant's areas of expertise, research potential, academic qualifications, and fit for the department. It should describe current and planned research topics, their significance, and how the research will build upon past work in an innovative way. The research statement is typically 1-3 pages and includes sections on research background, goals, and future plans. It is important to get feedback and proofread the statement carefully.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks and hypothesis generation in research. It defines a theoretical framework as a conceptual model that shows the relationships between important variables in a study. An example theoretical framework is presented with variables related to air traffic violations. Hypothesis generation is then discussed, with a hypothesis defined as a testable relationship between two or more variables. Examples of hypotheses related to reducing air traffic violations through crew communication and training are provided.
This document provides instructions for conducting research methodology (RM) projects in SPSS. It outlines the steps to import data from Excel, identify sample characteristics, conduct factor analysis to identify key factors, test the reliability of factors, examine correlations between factors, and analyze descriptive statistics. The key steps are to import the data, analyze sample proportions, run factor analysis to group variables into factors based on correlations, ensure reliable factors via reliability testing, study correlations between factors, and examine mean, standard deviation and other descriptive statistics of the factors. Conducting these analyses in SPSS helps quantify relationships between variables for research objectives.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
This
Discussion: Research Project Review consists of presenting your Results and Discussion sections of your Research Project and providing professional feedback to your peers. These activities will enable you to continue honing your scientific writing skills (being concise and precise) and using the systematic organization of a professional empirical paper. It forces you to consider research results within a bigger picture – how do findings fit, contradict, and expand our current understanding in the field? Try to see multiple perspectives in the interpretations to avoid confirmation bias. Sharing your research findings with the scientific and lay community is essential to expanding our understanding of mental processes and behavior, with the ultimate goal of bettering the lives of ourselves and others. Receiving and providing constructive feedback related to scientific writing is a professional skill that deepens as one’s knowledge of research methods and statistics expands. As we near the end of this course, this is your chance to illustrate your deepened understanding of these concepts. See the Instructions document for further information.
1
Insert Title Here
Insert Your Name Here
Insert University Here
2
Sun Coast Remediation Course Project Guidance
Background
To help make a connection between business research and its use in the real world, this course
will use an iterative course project. Throughout the term, you will serve as the health and safety
director for Sun Coast Remediation (Sun Coast).
Sun Coast provides remediation services to business and governmental organizations. Most of
their contracts involve working within contamination sites where they remove toxic substances
from soil and water. In addition to the toxicity of the air, water, and soil their employees come
into contact with, the work environment is physically demanding and potentially contributory to
injuries involving musculoskeletal systems, vision, and hearing. Sun Coast genuinely cares about
the health, safety, and well-being of their 5,500 employees, but they are also concerned about
worker compensation costs and potential long-term litigation from injuries and illness related to
employment.
Health and Safety Director Task
Sun Coast hired you last month to replace the previous health and safety director, who left to
pursue other opportunities. This is a critical position within the company because there are many
health and safety-related issues due to the nature of the work. The former health and safety
director was in the midst of analyzing these issues through the implementation of a research
project when she left the organization.
3
Sun Coast Remediation Course Project
Introduction
Senior leadership at Sun Coast has identified several areas for concern that they believe
could be solved using business research methods. The previous directo ...
The document discusses steps 4 and 5 of the research process - theoretical framework and hypothesis generation. It defines a theoretical framework as identifying and labeling variables and their relationships. A theoretical framework provides the foundation for developing testable hypotheses. Variables can be dependent, independent, moderating, or intervening. The document provides examples of each variable type. It emphasizes that a theoretical framework must clearly define the variables and their hypothesized relationships, along with explanations for why the relationships are expected to exist. Hypotheses are conjectured relationships between two or more variables expressed as testable statements. The document concludes by providing an example theoretical framework for air safety violations at Delta Airlines, identifying relevant variables and their hypothesized relationships.
The document discusses several analytical methods used for strategic analysis including SWOT analysis, critical success factors analysis, matrix analysis, value chain analysis, and Porter's five forces analysis. It provides details on how to conduct a SWOT analysis, including examining a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. It also outlines the key components of Porter's five forces model which examines the competitive environment including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, and rivalry among existing competitors.
This document discusses strategic issues for information systems planning (SISP) in the 1990s. It notes key business forces of globalization, competition, and productivity requirements. Strategic issues include increased connectivity within and between organizations, as well as new information technology opportunities from advances in networks, databases, and interfaces. SISP aims to align information systems with organizational objectives and strategies in a cost-effective way that provides competitive advantage. It helps prioritize investments, integrate systems, and manage information and relationships between users and IT specialists.
Opportunities, threats, industry competition, and competitor analysisDhani Ahmad
This document provides an overview of analyzing a company's external environment and competitors. It discusses the components of the general environment including political, economic, technological, and other factors. It also explains SWOT analysis and its purpose in developing a strategic overview of a company. Porter's Five Forces model is introduced as a framework for assessing industry competition, including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, substitute products, and rivalry among existing competitors. The chapter emphasizes that competitor analysis should follow industry analysis by evaluating a competitor's objectives, strategies, assumptions, capabilities, and likely responses. The purpose is to understand relative strengths and weaknesses compared to competitors.
How to write research proposal?, How to write statement of the problem?, Difference between Research question and hypothesis?, Difference between internal and external validity. Difference between l
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and exploratory research are contrasted, and factors like internal/external validity, sampling strategies, and causal inference are examined in the context of sound research design. The document serves as a study guide for understanding key elements involved in defining a research problem and collecting quality evidence to address it.
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and causal research aims are also outlined. The key points are that research design ensures the research will provide valid evidence to answer the research question and different designs are suited to different types of research enquiries.
Chao Wrote Some trends that influence human resource are, Leade.docxsleeperharwell
Chao Wrote:
Some trends that influence human resource are, Leadership Development and Learning Opportunities, Data and Analytics, Compliance and Regulation, Controlling and Containing Costs, and More Competition for Talent. But the one that I like and think its much important is leadership development and learning opportunity because in this role, companies give the employees the opportunity to learn and grow with the leadership training and this will show employees that the company wants employee to be more engage. Plus, this kind of program can also help nurture leadership abilities and professional development. The other trend I think that plays a very important role is knowing the compliance and regulations because in this area, compliance and regulation changes all the time and companies need to be more pro-active and make changes as they have updates with any new compliance or regulations. For this, many companies turn to technology solutions to minimize the costs and resources devoted to this task, freeing up HR professionals to focus on other aspects of their work. Some strategic resource examples include recruitment, learning and development, compensation, and performance appraisal.
Quane Wrote:
Hi Dr. Clark and Classmates,
Through my assigned reading for week 1, I've learned that one-third of large U.S. businesses selected non-Human Resources managers to operate in top tier executive positions. Consequently, the most successful Human Resource executive do have prior Human Resources experience so for the select few managers without a Human Resource background that get the opportunity to serve in a Human Resource executive will increase their probability of successful career progression. The new tentative transition for businesses is to outsource the majority of their Human Resource operational needs to large Human Resource firms that service multiple businesses. Many frequently utilized services will be offered to employees online in order to address the increased demand for specialized Human Resource services as well as shorten response times and increase efficiency.
Strategic Human Resource Management is the process of determining ways to evaluate an organization's unique Human Resources need and create a plan that facilitates the establishment and maintenance of efficient personnel management systems that support the short term and long term functionality and sustained growth of an organization.
Exercise 8 - Case Study Research
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the case study.
What type of approach within the qualitative method would be used? Why or why not?
Exercise 9 - Perspectives in Qualitative Methods
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the ethnographic, narrative or phenomenological approach.
What type of design would be best utilized along with this approach?
Exercise 10 - Factors in Mixed Methods Research
What are the strengths.
Chao Wrote Some trends that influence human resource are, Leade.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chao Wrote:
Some trends that influence human resource are, Leadership Development and Learning Opportunities, Data and Analytics, Compliance and Regulation, Controlling and Containing Costs, and More Competition for Talent. But the one that I like and think its much important is leadership development and learning opportunity because in this role, companies give the employees the opportunity to learn and grow with the leadership training and this will show employees that the company wants employee to be more engage. Plus, this kind of program can also help nurture leadership abilities and professional development. The other trend I think that plays a very important role is knowing the compliance and regulations because in this area, compliance and regulation changes all the time and companies need to be more pro-active and make changes as they have updates with any new compliance or regulations. For this, many companies turn to technology solutions to minimize the costs and resources devoted to this task, freeing up HR professionals to focus on other aspects of their work. Some strategic resource examples include recruitment, learning and development, compensation, and performance appraisal.
Quane Wrote:
Hi Dr. Clark and Classmates,
Through my assigned reading for week 1, I've learned that one-third of large U.S. businesses selected non-Human Resources managers to operate in top tier executive positions. Consequently, the most successful Human Resource executive do have prior Human Resources experience so for the select few managers without a Human Resource background that get the opportunity to serve in a Human Resource executive will increase their probability of successful career progression. The new tentative transition for businesses is to outsource the majority of their Human Resource operational needs to large Human Resource firms that service multiple businesses. Many frequently utilized services will be offered to employees online in order to address the increased demand for specialized Human Resource services as well as shorten response times and increase efficiency.
Strategic Human Resource Management is the process of determining ways to evaluate an organization's unique Human Resources need and create a plan that facilitates the establishment and maintenance of efficient personnel management systems that support the short term and long term functionality and sustained growth of an organization.
Exercise 8 - Case Study Research
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the case study.
What type of approach within the qualitative method would be used? Why or why not?
Exercise 9 - Perspectives in Qualitative Methods
Develop a hypothetical research scenario that would warrant the application of the ethnographic, narrative or phenomenological approach.
What type of design would be best utilized along with this approach?
Exercise 10 - Factors in Mixed Methods Research
What are the strengths ...
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docxBlessingMapoka
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
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This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
Job Analysis and Design Introduction This section focu.docxpriestmanmable
Job Analysis and Design
Introduction
This section focuses on three issues in the field of personnel psychology: job analysis,
job description, and job design. Job analysis and job description are foundation issues
in the field that are often looked at closely from a legal perspective. Job design focuses
on the motivation, efficiency, and effectiveness of the worker.
Job Analysis
A job analysis is the foundation for a variety of human resource functions. For
example, recruitment, selection, placement, training and development, compensation,
and promotion all rely upon the information gained through a job analysis. A job
analysis is, essentially, a snapshot of the job and includes specific information such as
the tasks performed by the worker, why the worker performs those tasks, the tools or
techniques the worker uses to perform the tasks, and the conditions under which the
tasks may be performed. For example, one task statement for a police officer might be,
"Under various weather conditions, patrols are assigned an area on foot for the purpose
of checking on the security of business establishments." A task statement for a
telephone installation technician might read, "Using a staple gun, a screwdriver, and a
handheld drill, install inside wiring and telephone instrument connection point." A job
analysis may also list the knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality characteristics (or
the KSAPCs) required to successfully perform the job. For instance, the requirements
for the police officer task statement might be knowledge of criminal law, knowledge of
patrol procedures, and ability to observe details. It is important to note that instead of
KSAPCs, job analysts may use the acronym KSAO for knowledge, skills, abilities, and
other characteristics.
There is no one way to perform a job analysis. Choice of a job analysis technique
depends upon the purpose of the analysis as well as the training of the analyst. Job
analysis data may be collected by observing workers performing the job, having the
analyst perform the job, reviewing training materials, interviewing persons who
perform the job, interviewing those who supervise the workers, or having workers
complete a survey which asks them about the job. The job analyst may design the
survey or use a published job analysis survey. Often, more than one data collection
method is used. This multimethod approach increases the probability of achieving an
in-depth understanding of the job.
Assessing Job Descriptions
A job description is one of the results of a job analysis. It is a brief statement that
summarizes the information contained in the job analysis. A job description is the
document that job candidates typically see during the recruitment or selection process.
By reviewing a job description, a candidate for the position should have a fairly good
understanding of the duties, responsibilities, and requirements of the jo ...
Research is the process of systematically studying a problem to find solutions. It involves gathering data through objective investigation to analyze and draw valid conclusions. Scientific research follows a rigorous process including developing hypotheses based on theory, collecting data to test hypotheses, and analyzing results to generalize findings. The manager in the example would conduct scientific research on employee commitment by first surveying literature to understand important variables, then collecting data to test hypotheses on how commitment can be increased, ensuring the research is rigorous, objective, and generalizable.
Intra Cranial Pressure ( Icp ) Measurements Are Taken Via...Michelle Love
Invasive procedures to measure intra cranial pressure (ICP) carry health risks, so researchers are testing a non-invasive technique using a cerebral and cochlear fluid pressure (CCFP) analyzer. The CCFP measures ICP fluctuations in perilymphatic fluid. A study is recruiting healthy male volunteers to have ICP measured with the CCFP during weight lifting, as exertion is expected to cause transient ICP increases detectable by the device. The CCFP utilizes tympanic membrane displacement to non-invasively measure ICP.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research statement for job applications in science and engineering fields. It discusses when a research statement is required, such as for postdoc, assistant professor, associate professor, and tenure-track professor positions. The purpose of the research statement is to assess an applicant's areas of expertise, research potential, academic qualifications, and fit for the department. It should describe current and planned research topics, their significance, and how the research will build upon past work in an innovative way. The research statement is typically 1-3 pages and includes sections on research background, goals, and future plans. It is important to get feedback and proofread the statement carefully.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks and hypothesis generation in research. It defines a theoretical framework as a conceptual model that shows the relationships between important variables in a study. An example theoretical framework is presented with variables related to air traffic violations. Hypothesis generation is then discussed, with a hypothesis defined as a testable relationship between two or more variables. Examples of hypotheses related to reducing air traffic violations through crew communication and training are provided.
This document provides instructions for conducting research methodology (RM) projects in SPSS. It outlines the steps to import data from Excel, identify sample characteristics, conduct factor analysis to identify key factors, test the reliability of factors, examine correlations between factors, and analyze descriptive statistics. The key steps are to import the data, analyze sample proportions, run factor analysis to group variables into factors based on correlations, ensure reliable factors via reliability testing, study correlations between factors, and examine mean, standard deviation and other descriptive statistics of the factors. Conducting these analyses in SPSS helps quantify relationships between variables for research objectives.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
This
Discussion: Research Project Review consists of presenting your Results and Discussion sections of your Research Project and providing professional feedback to your peers. These activities will enable you to continue honing your scientific writing skills (being concise and precise) and using the systematic organization of a professional empirical paper. It forces you to consider research results within a bigger picture – how do findings fit, contradict, and expand our current understanding in the field? Try to see multiple perspectives in the interpretations to avoid confirmation bias. Sharing your research findings with the scientific and lay community is essential to expanding our understanding of mental processes and behavior, with the ultimate goal of bettering the lives of ourselves and others. Receiving and providing constructive feedback related to scientific writing is a professional skill that deepens as one’s knowledge of research methods and statistics expands. As we near the end of this course, this is your chance to illustrate your deepened understanding of these concepts. See the Instructions document for further information.
1
Insert Title Here
Insert Your Name Here
Insert University Here
2
Sun Coast Remediation Course Project Guidance
Background
To help make a connection between business research and its use in the real world, this course
will use an iterative course project. Throughout the term, you will serve as the health and safety
director for Sun Coast Remediation (Sun Coast).
Sun Coast provides remediation services to business and governmental organizations. Most of
their contracts involve working within contamination sites where they remove toxic substances
from soil and water. In addition to the toxicity of the air, water, and soil their employees come
into contact with, the work environment is physically demanding and potentially contributory to
injuries involving musculoskeletal systems, vision, and hearing. Sun Coast genuinely cares about
the health, safety, and well-being of their 5,500 employees, but they are also concerned about
worker compensation costs and potential long-term litigation from injuries and illness related to
employment.
Health and Safety Director Task
Sun Coast hired you last month to replace the previous health and safety director, who left to
pursue other opportunities. This is a critical position within the company because there are many
health and safety-related issues due to the nature of the work. The former health and safety
director was in the midst of analyzing these issues through the implementation of a research
project when she left the organization.
3
Sun Coast Remediation Course Project
Introduction
Senior leadership at Sun Coast has identified several areas for concern that they believe
could be solved using business research methods. The previous directo ...
The document discusses steps 4 and 5 of the research process - theoretical framework and hypothesis generation. It defines a theoretical framework as identifying and labeling variables and their relationships. A theoretical framework provides the foundation for developing testable hypotheses. Variables can be dependent, independent, moderating, or intervening. The document provides examples of each variable type. It emphasizes that a theoretical framework must clearly define the variables and their hypothesized relationships, along with explanations for why the relationships are expected to exist. Hypotheses are conjectured relationships between two or more variables expressed as testable statements. The document concludes by providing an example theoretical framework for air safety violations at Delta Airlines, identifying relevant variables and their hypothesized relationships.
The document discusses several analytical methods used for strategic analysis including SWOT analysis, critical success factors analysis, matrix analysis, value chain analysis, and Porter's five forces analysis. It provides details on how to conduct a SWOT analysis, including examining a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. It also outlines the key components of Porter's five forces model which examines the competitive environment including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, and rivalry among existing competitors.
This document discusses strategic issues for information systems planning (SISP) in the 1990s. It notes key business forces of globalization, competition, and productivity requirements. Strategic issues include increased connectivity within and between organizations, as well as new information technology opportunities from advances in networks, databases, and interfaces. SISP aims to align information systems with organizational objectives and strategies in a cost-effective way that provides competitive advantage. It helps prioritize investments, integrate systems, and manage information and relationships between users and IT specialists.
Opportunities, threats, industry competition, and competitor analysisDhani Ahmad
This document provides an overview of analyzing a company's external environment and competitors. It discusses the components of the general environment including political, economic, technological, and other factors. It also explains SWOT analysis and its purpose in developing a strategic overview of a company. Porter's Five Forces model is introduced as a framework for assessing industry competition, including threats from new entrants, power of suppliers and buyers, substitute products, and rivalry among existing competitors. The chapter emphasizes that competitor analysis should follow industry analysis by evaluating a competitor's objectives, strategies, assumptions, capabilities, and likely responses. The purpose is to understand relative strengths and weaknesses compared to competitors.
This document defines key concepts related to information systems. It distinguishes between data and information, noting that information involves processed data that is meaningful. It also categorizes different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, knowledge work systems, office automation systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. Finally, it provides examples of information systems that various organizational functions may use at different levels, from operational to strategic.
This document provides an overview of information resource management (IRM). It discusses the history of cryptography and securing information. IRM is defined as the process of managing information as a valuable organizational resource. The components of an IRM system include information resources, facilities, hardware, software, databases, information specialists, and users. IRM provides benefits such as identifying redundant information, clarifying roles, and supporting management decision-making. Adaptive, knowing, and learning organizations especially need IRM to effectively share information. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and the Willard model are approaches for implementing IRM.
Types of islamic institutions and recordsDhani Ahmad
There are eleven categories of Islamic institutions in Malaysia that create and manage various records. These institutions include Islamic educational institutions, Islamic courts, Islamic museums, Islamic banks, zakat institutions, Islamic preaching organizations, Islamic libraries, non-governmental Islamic organizations, Islamic training centers, Islamic insurance companies, and Islamic foundation organizations. The records managed by these institutions provide information on Islamic knowledge, laws, history, financial transactions, religious obligations, training programs, and more, depending on the specific role and functions of each organization.
The document discusses sources of Islamic information for Muslim information seekers. It describes various Islamic institutions in Malaysia that provide Islamic education, courts, museums, and other services. It also mentions Muslim scholars and resources persons. For printed sources, it lists many books, journals, magazines, bibliographies, indexes, encyclopedias, and dictionaries available. The document provides a detailed overview of where Muslims in Malaysia can seek Islamic knowledge.
This document discusses Islamic information management. It begins by providing contact information for the instructor, Nor Kamariah BT Chik.
It then covers key topics including terminologies related to Islamic information and records, the scope of Islamic information management and Islamic records management, and the characteristics of Islamic information and records.
Terminologies discussed include data, information, records, Islam, records management, information management, Islamic information, Islamic records, Islamic information management, Islamic records management, and Islamic information/records managers.
The document differentiates between Islamic information management, which organizes information according to classification, and Islamic records management, which organizes records according to their lifecycle. Finally, it outlines the characteristics of Islamic records
Islamic information management sources in islamDhani Ahmad
This document discusses sources of knowledge in Islam and how knowledge is classified from an Islamic perspective. It outlines that primary sources in Islam are the Quran and Hadith, which are directly revealed by God. Secondary sources include consensus of scholars, analogy, and reasoning based on public interest. Knowledge can be acquired through revelation, senses, mind, and ideas. The hierarchy of knowledge receivers starts with prophets, then pious people, scholars, and finally the public. Knowledge is typically divided into revealed knowledge from the Quran and Hadith, and acquired knowledge from observation and reasoning. It can also be categorized as individual or social obligations.
This document discusses the need for information security. It covers threats to information security like human error, hackers, malware attacks, and natural disasters. The document is from an Illinois Institute of Technology course on information security and outlines objectives, threats, and examples of common threats like software attacks, intellectual property theft, and power outages. It aims to explain the business need for security and describe common information security threats.
This document discusses the process of conducting an information security audit. It begins by defining an information security audit and explaining that it assesses how an organization's security policies protect information. It then describes the general methodology, which involves assessing general controls at the entity, application, and technical levels. The document outlines the planning, internal control, testing, and reporting phases of an audit. It provides details on tasks like developing audit scopes and checklists, assessing policies and documentation, and writing the final audit report. The overall purpose is to explain the end-to-end process of performing an information security audit.
This document discusses security technologies taught in an Illinois Institute of Technology course. It covers firewalls, intrusion detection systems, dial-up protection, and other topics. The learning objectives are to define types of firewalls, discuss firewall implementation approaches, and understand technologies like encryption and biometrics. Firewalls examined include packet filtering, proxy, stateful inspection, dynamic, and kernel proxy firewalls. Intrusion detection systems can be host-based or network-based, using signatures or anomalies. Remote authentication and terminal access control systems help secure dial-up access.
This document discusses information security policies and their components. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand management's role in developing security policies and the differences between general, issue-specific, and system-specific policies. It then defines what policies, standards, and practices are and how they relate to each other. The document outlines the three types of security policies and provides examples of issue-specific and system-specific policies. It emphasizes that policies must be managed and reviewed on a regular basis to remain effective.
This document discusses security and personnel issues related to an information technology security course. It covers positioning the security function within an organization, staffing the security team, and qualifications for security roles. It also addresses how to integrate security practices into human resources policies like hiring, contracting, and training new employees. The overall goal is to successfully implement security while gaining employee acceptance and support.
The document discusses security and ethics issues related to information management in government offices. It provides an overview of areas that need to be addressed to ensure proper policies and procedures are in place, including security, privacy, intellectual property, appropriate use, and social impacts of technology. The summary discusses how the office needs to have security policies, privacy protections, and records of compliance in order to be prepared for an upcoming audit and allow the director to enjoy an upcoming vacation without concerns.
This document is a slide presentation for a risk management course at Illinois Institute of Technology. It discusses risk control strategies such as avoidance, transference, mitigation and acceptance. It also covers categories of controls including control function, architectural layer, strategy layer and information security principles. The overall goal is to help students understand how to identify, analyze and address risks to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of organizational systems and data.
This document provides an overview of risk management concepts and the risk management process as it relates to information security. It discusses defining risk management and its role in the secure software development lifecycle. It also describes identifying risks through asset identification, classification, and valuation. Additionally, it covers identifying threats, assessing risks based on likelihood and impact, and documenting the risk identification and assessment process. The overall purpose is to teach students the fundamentals of risk management for information security.
This document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy and Security Rules. It discusses who and what organizations are affected by HIPAA, the standards it sets for electronic health information transactions, and the penalties for non-compliance. It also summarizes the requirements of the HIPAA Privacy Rule regarding use and disclosure of protected health information and the HIPAA Security Rule regarding safeguarding electronic protected health information.
The document discusses the importance of physical security for protecting information systems. It covers various physical security controls for restricting access to facilities, including locks, ID badges, alarms, security cameras and fire suppression systems. The document also addresses the need to protect against threats from utilities failures, temperature fluctuations, water damage and theft of computing devices through measures like uninterruptible power supplies, air conditioning and physical access restrictions.
This document discusses laws and ethics related to information security. It begins with an overview of the differences between laws and ethics. It then provides details on several relevant US and international laws, such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and various privacy and copyright laws. The document also discusses ethics, fair use, and how culture influences conceptions of ethical behavior.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
Impact of Effective Performance Appraisal Systems on Employee Motivation and ...Dr. Nazrul Islam
Healthy economic development requires properly managing the banking industry of any
country. Along with state-owned banks, private banks play a critical role in the country's economy.
Managers in all types of banks now confront the same challenge: how to get the utmost output from
their employees. Therefore, Performance appraisal appears to be inevitable since it set the
standard for comparing actual performance to established objectives and recommending practical
solutions that help the organization achieve sustainable growth. Therefore, the purpose of this
research is to determine the effect of performance appraisal on employee motivation and retention.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
Ganpati Kumar Choudhary Indian Ethos PPT.pptx, The Dilemma of Green Energy Corporation
Green Energy Corporation, a leading renewable energy company, faces a dilemma: balancing profitability and sustainability. Pressure to scale rapidly has led to ethical concerns, as the company's commitment to sustainable practices is tested by the need to satisfy shareholders and maintain a competitive edge.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Sethurathnam Ravi: A Legacy in Finance and LeadershipAnjana Josie
Sethurathnam Ravi, also known as S Ravi, is a distinguished Chartered Accountant and former Chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). As the Founder and Managing Partner of Ravi Rajan & Co. LLP, he has made significant contributions to the fields of finance, banking, and corporate governance. His extensive career includes directorships in over 45 major organizations, including LIC, BHEL, and ONGC. With a passion for financial consulting and social issues, S Ravi continues to influence the industry and inspire future leaders.
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
2. 03/17/1503/17/15
Why Do Research?Why Do Research?
Research provides you with theResearch provides you with the
knowledge and skills needed for the fast-knowledge and skills needed for the fast-
paced decision-making environmentpaced decision-making environment
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Types of Research StudiesTypes of Research Studies
ReportingReporting
DescriptiveDescriptive
ExplanatoryExplanatory
PredictivePredictive
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Styles of ResearchStyles of Research
Applied ResearchApplied Research
Pure Research/Basic ResearchPure Research/Basic Research
Business ResearchBusiness Research
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What is Good Research?What is Good Research?
Purpose clearly definedPurpose clearly defined
Research process detailedResearch process detailed
Research design thoroughly plannedResearch design thoroughly planned
High ethical standards appliedHigh ethical standards applied
Limitations frankly revealedLimitations frankly revealed
6. 03/17/1503/17/15
What is Good Research (cont.)What is Good Research (cont.)
Adequate analysis for decision-Adequate analysis for decision-
maker’s needsmaker’s needs
Findings presented unambiguouslyFindings presented unambiguously
Research design thoroughly plannedResearch design thoroughly planned
Conclusions justifiedConclusions justified
Limitations frankly revealedLimitations frankly revealed
7. 03/17/1503/17/15
The ResearchThe Research
ProcessProcessOBSERVATION
Broad Area of
Research
Interest
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research
problem
delineated
PRELIMINARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interviews &
Literature
review
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables
clearly
identified
GENERATION
OF
HYPOTHESES
DATA
COLLECTION,
ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION
DEDUCTION
Hypotheses
substantiated?
Research
Questions
answered?
9. 03/17/1503/17/15
Framing yourFraming your
ResearchResearch
What is your Research Problem?
Why is it Important?
How is your Research related to the present
body of Knowledge?
What are your Research Questions?
What are various Concepts involved in your
Research and how are they interrelated ?
What are their Hypothesized Relationships?
10. 03/17/1503/17/15
Designing yourDesigning your
ResearchResearch
What Research Design to use?
What Data to Collect?
Where to Collect your Data From?
How to Analyze your Data?
- Survey vs Experiments
- Measurement
- Sampling Design
- Data Collection
Techniques
- Data Analysis
How to Collect your required Data?
11. 03/17/1503/17/15
Final Steps in ResearchFinal Steps in Research
Data analysisData analysis
Reporting the resultsReporting the results
- Executive summary- Executive summary
Overview of the researchOverview of the research
Findings, Implementation strategies forFindings, Implementation strategies for
the recommendationsthe recommendations
Technical appendixTechnical appendix
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Problem StatementProblem Statement
Existing problem that requires solution
Specific areas in the organisation requiring
improvement
Eg. Complaint of harrassment by senior officers
E.g When policy about “harassment” exist but genuine
complaint still occur
Theoretical or conceptual issue that needs tightening up
Eg: What is meant by “harrassment”
Research questions that basic researcher needs to
answer empirically
E.g: Impact of “harrassment” on performance
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Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Purpose: Gather related information of research areas
Why?
Avoid “reinventing the wheel”
We do not missed out important variables
Problem statement can be stated precisely and
accurately
“Testability” and “replicability” of findings
Clearer idea of what are the important variables
15. 03/17/1503/17/15
Examples of ProblemExamples of Problem
StatementsStatements
To what extent the organizational structure and type of
information system implemented explain the
effectiveness of managerial decision-making?
To what extent the SSB has enhances the motivation
level of civil servants?
Does leadership style influence the number of
turnover?
16. 03/17/1503/17/15
Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework
A conceptual model that depict how YOU relate all
the important variables identified in your study.
Helps you generate and test the relationships to
enhances your understanding of the dynamics of the
problem.
Consists of variables and relationships between the
variables.
17. 03/17/1503/17/15
Example of a TheoreticalExample of a Theoretical
FrameworkFramework
Air traffic
violations
Communication
between cockpit crew
Communication
between cockpit and
air traffic tower
Decentralization
Crew training
Independent
variables
Dependent Variable
18. 03/17/1503/17/15
Example of a TheoreticalExample of a Theoretical
FrameworkFramework
Air traffic
violations
Communication
between cockpit crew
Communication
between cockpit and
air traffic tower
Decentralization
Crew training
Independent
variables
Dependent
Variable
Nervousness
Intervening
Variable
19. 03/17/1503/17/15
Example of a TheoreticalExample of a Theoretical
FrameworkFramework
Air traffic
violations
Communication
between cockpit crew
Communication
between cockpit and
air traffic tower
Decentralization
Independent
variables
Dependent
Variable
Moderator
Variable
training
20. 03/17/1503/17/15
Hypothesis GenerationHypothesis Generation
An hypothesis is a relationship that is assumed based
upon logic, between two or more variables in the form
that is testable.
Format 1: Differences
Testing and validating an assumed hypothesis can
leads to problem solution.
Format 2: If-then
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Examples ofExamples of
HypothesesHypotheses
If communication among crew is good then the
number of air traffic violation will be reduced
Good training among crew members will reduced
nervousness and subsequently reduces the number of
air traffic violations.
If the communication among crew members is good
then the number of air traffic violations will be
reduced provided they had sufficient training.
22. 03/17/1503/17/15
Research DesignResearch Design
PROBLEMSTATEMENT
Purpose of
Study
•Exploration
•Description
•Testing
Types of
Investigation
•Relationship
•Correlation
•Group
differences
Unit of
Analysis
•Individual
•Dyads
•Groups
•Organizations
Sampling
Design
•What/Who?
•How many?
Study
Setting
•Contrived
•Noncontrived
Researcher
Interference
•Minimal
•Manipulation
/ control/
simulate
Time Horizon
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
Measurement
•Items
•Scaling
•Categorizing
•Coding
Data
Collection
•Observation
•Interviews
•Physical
•Unobstrusive
DATAANALYSIS
•Feelfordata
•Goodnessofdata
•Testing
23. 03/17/1503/17/15
What data to collect?What data to collect?
Issue of measurement:Issue of measurement:
Measurement must beMeasurement must be validvalid andand
reliablereliable
Source:Source:
LiteratureLiterature
Self-developSelf-develop
24. 03/17/1503/17/15
MeasurementMeasurement
““Development of science is nothingDevelopment of science is nothing
but the development of measurement”but the development of measurement”
““Whenever you can, count”Whenever you can, count”
““Everything that countsEverything that counts
should be counted”should be counted”
25. 03/17/1503/17/15
MeasurementsMeasurements
Empirical research often implies measurementsEmpirical research often implies measurements
Quality of information depends on theQuality of information depends on the
measurement processmeasurement process
Measurement Defined:Measurement Defined:
The mapping of some propertiesThe mapping of some properties
Rules for assigning numbers to empirical propertiesRules for assigning numbers to empirical properties
Rules: specify the procedure according to whichRules: specify the procedure according to which
numbers are to be assigned to objectsnumbers are to be assigned to objects
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Working DefinitionsWorking Definitions
MeasurementMeasurement is a process through which theis a process through which the
kind or intensity of something is determined: i.e.kind or intensity of something is determined: i.e.
measurement ismeasurement is
the process of linking abstract concepts to empiricalthe process of linking abstract concepts to empirical
indicants.indicants.
DimensionalityDimensionality refers to the number of differentrefers to the number of different
qualities inherent in a theoretical concept.qualities inherent in a theoretical concept.
AA conceptconcept is a general idea referring to ais a general idea referring to a
characteristic of an individual, group, or a nation.characteristic of an individual, group, or a nation.
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Working DefinitionsWorking Definitions
Example:Example:
•
The Theoretical Concept:The Theoretical Concept: Social StatusSocial Status
•
Dimensions:Dimensions: Occupational Prestige,Occupational Prestige,
Ethnicity, Popularity, EducationalEthnicity, Popularity, Educational
Prestige, Financial Resources, and so on.Prestige, Financial Resources, and so on.
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How are Variables Measured?How are Variables Measured?
Objective – precise measurementObjective – precise measurement
Subjective – nebulous & abstract; e.g.Subjective – nebulous & abstract; e.g.
attitude, beliefs, involvement,attitude, beliefs, involvement,
satisfactionsatisfaction
Concept ofConcept of “Thirst”“Thirst”
Process of reducing abstract concept toProcess of reducing abstract concept to
measurable items is calledmeasurable items is called
OperationalizationOperationalization
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Operationalizing: MotivationOperationalizing: Motivation
Achievement
Motivation
Driven by
work
Unable
to relax
Impatience with
ineffectiveness
Constantly
working
Reluctance
to take
time off
e
d
Seeks moderate
challenges
Seeks
feedback
Persist
despite
setbacks
Work at
home
No hobby
Swears at
small
mistakes
Does not like
to work with
incompetent
people
Opt for
challenging
not routine
Opt for
moderate
rather than
overwhelming
challenge
Ask for
feedback
about job
done
Wants
immediate
feedback
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ScalesScales
A tool or mechanism by whichA tool or mechanism by which
individuals are distinguished on howindividuals are distinguished on how
they differ from one anotherthey differ from one another
E.g. how do we distinguish individualE.g. how do we distinguish individual
A from B in terms of learning?A from B in terms of learning?
Also refers to level of measurementAlso refers to level of measurement
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Levels Of MeasurementsLevels Of Measurements
Empirical
Scale
Basic
Operations
Measures of
Typical use
Averages
Nominal Determination of
equality
Classification
Male-Female
Occupations
Mode
Ordinal Determination of
greater or less
Ranking
Preference
Attitude
Median
Interval Determination of
equality of intervals
Index numbers
Temperature
Mean
Ratio Determination of
equality of ratios
Sales
Unit produced
No. of customers
Mean
Geometric
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Ordinal ScaleOrdinal Scale
Categorize and rank
e.g. Preference in job attributes
Please rank from 1 most important to 5 least
important the following attributes:
Interacting with others
Using multiple skills
Completing a task from beginning to end
Serving others
Work independently
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Interval ScaleInterval Scale
Allows for measurement of distance between
two points on the scale
e.g. Preference in job attributes
Using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (neither agree
nor disagree), 4 (agree) and 5 (strongly agree), please indicate the
extent of your agreement by circling the appropriate number.
The following are very important to me
Interacting with others 1 2 3 4 5
Using multiple skills 1 2 3 4 5
Complete a task from beginning to end 1 2 3 4 5
Serving others 1 2 3 4 5
Working independently 1 2 3 4 5
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Ratio ScaleRatio Scale
Has absolute zero; thus allowing for not
only differences but also proportions in the
differences
e.g. Number of years in the organization
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Properties of the 4 ScalesProperties of the 4 Scales
Characteristics
Difference Order Distance Unique
Origin
Measure of
Center
Measure of
Dispersion
Scale
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mode
Median
Mean
Arithmetic
&Geometric
mean
Semi-
interquartile
range
Standard
deviation
Standard
deviation,
Coefficient
of variation
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Examples: Rating ScaleExamples: Rating Scale
Likert
Do you own a car Yes NoDichotomous
Where do you stay Kedah Penang
Perlis
Category
My work is very interestingMy work is very interesting
Strongly agreeStrongly agree
AgreeAgree
Neither agree nor disagreeNeither agree nor disagree
DisagreeDisagree
Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree
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Examples: Rating ScaleExamples: Rating Scale
How would you rate your work partners
Responsive __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Unresponsive
Semantic
Differential
Numerical
Rating Scale
How please are you with your insurance agent
Extremely Extremely
Pleased __ __ __ __ __ __ __ displeased
Itemized
Rating Scale
Very netiher unlikely Very
Likely likely nor likely unlikely unlikely
1 2 3 4 5
I will be changing my job within the next 3 months __
I will take on new assignment in the near future __
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Examples: Ranking ScaleExamples: Ranking Scale
When comparing a small number of objects,
respondents are asked to choose between
two objects at a time
Paired
Comparison
Forced Choice
Rank your preferences among the following magazines,
which you would like to subscribe to, 1 being the most
preferred choice and 4 being the least preferred:
Asiaweek __
Economist __
Fortune __
Newsweek __
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Examples: Ranking ScaleExamples: Ranking Scale
Comparative
Scale
In a volatile financial environment, compared to
stocks, how wise or useful is it to invest in bonds?
Please circle the appropriate response.
More usefulMore useful About the sameAbout the same Less usefulLess useful
11 22 33 44 55
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Goodness of MeasuresGoodness of Measures
1. Item Analysis
Test whether items in the instruments
should belong there. Steps:
1. Calculate Total Score
2. Divide respondents into high and
low score
3. Compute t-test for each item
4. Use only items that are significant
2. Reliability
Analysis
Is the measure without bias (error free)
and therefore consistent across time
and across items in the instrument?
i.e. is it stable and consistent?
3. Validity
Analysis
Is the instrument measuring the concept
it sets out to measure and not
something else?
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Goodness of MeasuresGoodness of Measures
GOODNESS
OF DATA
Reliability
(Accuracy)
Validity
(Actuality)
Stability
Consistency
Test-retest
Parallel form
Interitem
consistency
Split-half
Logical
(content)
Criterion
related
Congruent
(construct)
Face
Predictive
Concurrent
Convergent
Discriminant
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ReliabilityReliability
Observed scores may reflect true scores,Observed scores may reflect true scores,
but it may reflect other factors as well:but it may reflect other factors as well:
stable characteristics: two people having thestable characteristics: two people having the
same opinion may circle different responsessame opinion may circle different responses
transients personal factors such as moodtransients personal factors such as mood
situational factors, time pressure, timesituational factors, time pressure, time
variations in administration and mechanicalvariations in administration and mechanical
factorsfactors
Reliability: Stability and consistencyReliability: Stability and consistency
StabilityStability – over time, conditions, state of– over time, conditions, state of
respondentsrespondents
ConsistencyConsistency – Homogeneity of times; items can– Homogeneity of times; items can
measure the construct independentlymeasure the construct independently
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Reliability of MeasuresReliability of Measures
RELIABILITY
Stability Consistency
Test-retest Parallel form
Repeated
measures on
the same
respondent;
high correlation
– high reliability
Two comparable
sets of measures
for the same
construct; same
items, same
response format
but different
wording; Analysis -
correlation
Interitem Split-half
Consistency of
respondents’
answer to all the
items; high
correlation among
responses to the
items – Cronbach
α
Correlation
between two-
halves of a
measure;
correlation
between the
two halves
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ValidityValidity
Multiple indicators: - often used to capture aMultiple indicators: - often used to capture a
given construct e.g. attitude; togiven construct e.g. attitude; to
cover the domain of the constructcover the domain of the construct
robust - reduce random errorrobust - reduce random error
Cronbach alpha - measures intercorrelationCronbach alpha - measures intercorrelation
between indicators - they should be positivelybetween indicators - they should be positively
correlated but not perfectly correlatedcorrelated but not perfectly correlated
Construct ValidityConstruct Validity
Face validityFace validity
Convergent validity (Correlation to assess it)Convergent validity (Correlation to assess it)
Divergent validityDivergent validity
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Data Source: SamplingData Source: Sampling
Two Central QuestionsTwo Central Questions
Do weDo we samplesample oror censuscensus??
If sample:If sample:
How to identifyHow to identify Who/whatWho/what to include into include in
the sample? - sampling designthe sample? - sampling design
HowHow manymany to include in the sample? -to include in the sample? -
sample sizesample size
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What is a Good Sample?What is a Good Sample?
RepresentativeRepresentative of the Populationof the Population
Estimates from sample areEstimates from sample are accurateaccurate
Estimates from sample areEstimates from sample are preciseprecise
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Steps in Sampling DesignSteps in Sampling Design
What is the relevantWhat is the relevant populationpopulation??
What are theWhat are the parametersparameters of interest?of interest?
What is theWhat is the sampling framesampling frame??
WhatWhat sizesize sample is needed?sample is needed?
What is theWhat is the typetype of sample?of sample?
How much will itHow much will it costcost??
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Types of SamplingTypes of Sampling
DesignDesign
Non-
probability
Design
Probability
Design
Convenience
Judgement
Quota
Snowball
Simple Random
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster
Simple Random
Stratified
Combination
Sampling
Design
One-stage design
Multistage design
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Choosing a SamplingChoosing a Sampling
DesignDesign
Is REPRESENTATIVENESS critical?
Area
samples
Only experts
have
information
Info from
special
interest
groups
QuotaJudgement
Quick,
unreliable
information
Relevant
information
about certain
groups
Convenience
Simple
random
Systematic
Cluster if not
enough RM
Double
samples
Equal sized subgroups?
Proportionate
stratified samples
Disproportionate
stratified samples
YES NO
Choose PROBABILITY design Choose NON-PROBABILITY design
NOYES
Generaliza
bility
Subgroup
Differences
Collect
localized
information
Information
about
subsets of
sample
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Sample Size: FactorsSample Size: Factors
HomogeneityHomogeneity of sampling unitsof sampling units
ConfidenceConfidence levellevel
PrecisionPrecision
Analytical ProcedureAnalytical Procedure
Cost, Time and PersonnelCost, Time and Personnel
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Roscoe’s Rule of ThumbRoscoe’s Rule of Thumb
Larger than 30 and less than 500Larger than 30 and less than 500
appropriate for most researchappropriate for most research
A minimum of 30 for each sub samplesA minimum of 30 for each sub samples
Multivariate research: At least 10 timesMultivariate research: At least 10 times
the number of variablesthe number of variables
Simple Experiments with tight controlsSimple Experiments with tight controls
- samples as small as 10 to 20- samples as small as 10 to 20
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Types of Primary DataTypes of Primary Data
Collection MethodCollection Method
Data Collection Method
Passive Active
Disguised/
Undisguised
Structured/
Unstructured
Human/
Mechanical
Disguised/
Undisguised
Structured/
Unstructured
•Personal
•Telephone
•Mail
•Mechanical
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Personal InterviewPersonal Interview
Major concerns:Major concerns:
Non-responseNon-response
Response errorsResponse errors
Non-responseNon-response
Call-back, prior introduction, specific timesCall-back, prior introduction, specific times
Response BiasResponse Bias
Interview variations (situations, interviewer)Interview variations (situations, interviewer)
Question structuring & sequence (protocol)Question structuring & sequence (protocol)
Method of administration (socially accepted)Method of administration (socially accepted)
Respondent error (intentional and unintentional)Respondent error (intentional and unintentional)
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The InterviewThe Interview
IntroductionIntroduction
Establishes rapportEstablishes rapport
Gather DataGather Data
Probing (brief assertion of understanding,Probing (brief assertion of understanding,
expectant pause, repeating the question,expectant pause, repeating the question,
repeating the answer, neutral comment,repeating the answer, neutral comment,
question clarification)question clarification)
Recording the InterviewRecording the Interview
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Data Analysis – The StagesData Analysis – The Stages
InterpretationInterpretation
PreanalyticalPreanalytical
•Data Editing
•Variable Development
•Data Coding
•Error Check
Data AnalysisData Analysis
•Feel for Data
•Goodness of Measures
•Inferential: Testing & Relationships
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Data Analysis - TypesData Analysis - Types
Number of VariablesNumber of Variables
Univariate; Bivariate; MultivariateUnivariate; Bivariate; Multivariate
Level of MeasurementsLevel of Measurements
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval & RatioNominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio
Purpose of StudyPurpose of Study
Exploratory; Test of Differences;Exploratory; Test of Differences;
Establishing RelationshipsEstablishing Relationships
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The Right Technique?The Right Technique?
Number of VariablesNumber of Variables
Univariate; Bivariate; MultivariateUnivariate; Bivariate; Multivariate
Level of MeasurementsLevel of Measurements
Parametric and Non-parametricParametric and Non-parametric
Research QuestionResearch Question
Concern for Central Tendency;Concern for Central Tendency;
Comparing groups; RelationshipsComparing groups; Relationships
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The Right Technique?The Right Technique?
What is the purpose of the analysis?What is the purpose of the analysis?
What is the level of measurement?What is the level of measurement?
How many variables are involved?How many variables are involved?
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Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive Analysis
TechniquesTechniques
Frequencies Distribution - if 1 ordinal orFrequencies Distribution - if 1 ordinal or
nominal variable,nominal variable,
Cross-tabulation - if 2 ordinal or nominalCross-tabulation - if 2 ordinal or nominal
variablesvariables
Means - if 1 interval or ratio level variableMeans - if 1 interval or ratio level variable
Means of subgroups - if 1 interval or ratioMeans of subgroups - if 1 interval or ratio
level variable by subgroupslevel variable by subgroups
PurposePurpose:: To describe the distribution of theTo describe the distribution of the
variables of interestvariables of interest
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Test of DifferencesTest of Differences
TechniquesTechniques depends ondepends on
Levels of Measurement of the VariableLevels of Measurement of the Variable
Number of GroupsNumber of Groups
Independence of the GroupsIndependence of the Groups
PurposePurpose:: To evaluate the differencesTo evaluate the differences
between 2 or more groups with respect to abetween 2 or more groups with respect to a
variable of interestvariable of interest
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Test of DifferencesTest of Differences
More than 2
group?
Are they
independent
?
Are they
independent
?
Nominal: χ2-
test
Ordinal:
Mann-Whitney
Continuous: t-
test
Yes
Nominal:
McNemar
Ordinal: Wilcoxon
Signed Rank
Continuous:-
Paired t-test
No
No Yes
Nominal: χ2
test
Ordinal: Kruskal-
Wallis ANOVA
Continuous: 1-way
ANOVA
Nominal: χ2
- test
Ordinal: Friedman
2-way ANOVA
Continuous:
Factorial 2-way
ANOVA
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RelationshipRelationship
TechniquesTechniques depends ondepends on
Whether or not there exist dependentWhether or not there exist dependent
variable(s)variable(s)
Number of dependent and independentNumber of dependent and independent
variablesvariables
Levels of Measurement of the VariableLevels of Measurement of the Variable
PurposePurpose:: To establish relationshipTo establish relationship
between variablesbetween variables
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Contents of a ResearchContents of a Research
ProposalProposal
Data preparationData preparation
A brief description of researchA brief description of research
methodologymethodology
Data collectionData collection
Data analysis and interpretationData analysis and interpretation
Research reportingResearch reporting
A statement of the research problemA statement of the research problem