The interaction function I. Nervous system (neurons, CNS, PNS). Endocrine system.

1. INTERACTION FUNCTION I
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Transmitting, analyzing and working out responses.

2. - Endocrine glands.
- Slow and long-lasting
response (homeostasis).
- Communication via
hormones through the
blood.
-Nervous tissue
- Quick and short-lasting
responses
- Communication via
nervous impulses through
nerves.
INTERACTION
PROCESS
To adapt our body to
changing conditions
To connect and coordinate all
our organs.
Nervous
system
Endocrine
system
The interaction process.

3. Receptor
Estimulus
Response
Nervous system
Effector (muscle) Effector (gland)
Motor
response
Endocrine
response
Elements that take
part in coordination.

5. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

6. Ramón y Cajal “the neuron
is the anatomical and
functional unit of the
nervous system”.
Apart from NEURONS, which are highly specialized cells that
mainly made up the NS, there are GLIAL cells too. These give
the neurons support and nutrients.
All together,
make up
Central Nervous System CNS
Perypheral Nervous System PNS

7. They are not mushrooms, things, bugs…
THEY ARE CELLS, with the following parts:
Cell bodies join and form nervous centres (brain and
spinal cord).
Axons of those neurons make up (joined) the nerves
(sensory, motor, interneurons).

8. Types of
neurons
According to structure
According to function
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Sensory (receptornerve centres)
Motor (nerve centreseffector)
Interneurons (connect both. Part of CNS)

10. Glial /ˈɡliːə / cells: the main ones are Schwann /ʃwɑn/ cells (cover the axon
of some neurons, providing an insulating sheath of myelin /ˈmaɪɪlɪn/), and
astrocytes /ˈæstrəʊˌsaɪt/ (provide nutrients).

11. TRANSMITTING INFORMATION.
The “empty” space between neurons is called
SYNAPSE. /saɪnæps/
In that space, the transmitting neuron releases a
chemical compound, a NEUROTRANSMITTER.
/njʊərəʊtrænzˈmɪtə /
The receiving neuron, detects that substance,
becoming electrically excited.

12. The transmition of nervous impulse is
electrochemical, it means that:
1. Through the surface of the neuron, it is electric.
(in a neuron, “in the path”)
2. Trough the synapse, it is chemical.
(between two neurons, “in the space”)
Synapse and neurotransmitters.

13. 1. Cell body of the
following neuron.
2. Cell body of the first
neuron.
3. Vesicles.
4. Mitochondria.
5. Synaptic cleft.
6. Neurotransmitters.
7. Nerve pulse
production.

14. NEURAL PATHWAYS

15. The nervous system.
No entra.

16.  Receives information from sensory organs.
 Intreprets information received.
 Transfers signals to effectors.
 Coordinates all organs.
 Carries out intellectual and mental functions.
 Responsible of emotions and feelings.
FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system.

17. NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CENTRAL N.S.
Protected by
bone and
meninges
BRAIN
CEREBRUM
CEREBELLUM
SPINAL BULB
(brain stem)
SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL
N.S.
Connects
receptors, CNS
and effectors
NERVES
SENSORY
MOTORS
MIXED
The nervous system.
http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv02.html

18. Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…
CEREBRUM  So cool...
- The most complex organ.
- We can observe 2
HEMISPHERES.
- From the inside to the outside
we have:
- White matter (inside)
- Grey matter: Cerebral cortex.
(CIRCUNVOLUCIONES)

19. Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…

20. Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…
CEREBRUM
-Several areas
depending on
their function

21. Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…
CEREBELLUM Dancers like it
because…
Controls:
- Coordination
- Position
Two HEMISPHERES are observed too.
- Central band: VERMIS.
- White matter (inside)
- Grey matter (outside)

22. SPINAL BULB Sometimes yours are not working.
It is a pack consisting on:
1. Peduncles: axons from each hemisphere.
2. Spinal bulb (bulbo raquídeo): lower half of the
brainstem continuous with the spinal cord.
Controls:
a. Involuntary actions and responses.
b. Filters the important information (this is a problem for
you…!)
From the inside to de outside:
- Grey matter (inside)
- White matter (outside)
Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…
Sigue

23.  The hypothalamus in its inferior
middle part, is in charge of the
autonomic and vegetative
functions!!!! (CHECK sympathetic
and parasympathetic NS).
 The pituitary gland is an
endocrine gland that secretes
hormones.
THE BRAIN STEM
Sigue

24.  NO ENTRA
 El sistema límbico es un sistema formado por varias estructuras
cerebrales que regulan las respuestas fisiológicas frente a
determinados estímulos. Es decir, en él se encuentran los instintos
humanos. Entre estos instintos encontramos la memoria
involuntaria, el hambre, la atención, los instintos sexuales, las
emociones (por ejemplo placer, miedo, agresividad), la personalidad
y la conducta. Está formado por partes del tálamo, hipotálamo,
hipocampo, amígdala cerebral, cuerpo calloso, septo y mesencéfalo.
 El sistema límbico interacciona muy velozmente (y al parecer sin
que necesite mediar estructuras cerebrales superiores) con el
sistema endocrino y el sistema nervioso periférico.
Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…

25. Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/…

26. - Extension of the brain stem.
- We have from the inside to the outside:
- Grey matter (inside)
- White matter (outside)
- Protected by the BACKBONE or VERTEBRAL
COLUMN.
- Funtions:
- Some involuntary actions.
- To connect body-brain-body.
Folder_Body://NS/CNS/spinal_cord/

27. Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nerves
It’s good to be nervous.
 They are in charge of connecting:
 External and internal receptors.
 CNS
 Effectors (next unit)
 They go through
all body from (the
CNS)
◦ Brain: CRANIAL
NERVES.
◦ Spinal cord:
SPINAL NERVES.

28. Nerves are packages, made up of
- A group of several
NERVOUS FASCICLES
surrounded by a membrane.
- Each fascicle is made of a
Bundle of nervous fibers of
axons.
- * NERVOUS GANGLIA:
a group of nerve cell bodies
(“heads” of neurons) out of the CNS. Nervous fibers come out
from this ganglia, and make up fascicles. They are MINOR
COORDINATION CENTRES.
Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nerves

29. Spinal nerves.

30. Cranial nerves

31. Nerves can be:
a. Sensory: sensory neurons from sensory organs
 CNS.
b. Motor: motor neurons from CNS  organs that
carry out the response. Depending on the
movement response can be:
- Somatic nervous system: voluntary and reflex
actions.
- Autonomic nervous system: involuntary
actions.
Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nerves
Be
careful with
mixing up
REFLEX actions
and
INVOLUNTARY
movements.

32.  They are varied: from “simple” spinal responses
to complex brain cortex responses.
 3 types
 REFLEXES: cerrar los ojos cuando me van a meter
el dedo en él.
 VOLUNTARY ACTIONS: guiñar un ojo a mi
cómplice.
 INVOLUNTARY or AUTONOMIC: parpadeo
constante. (Vamos a verlas a fondo).
RESPONSES

33. AUTONOMIC
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parten de la región
central de médula
Activa el organismo.
Incrementa el gasto de
energía.
(STRESS)
Cuando oímos un ruido
extraño por la noche, se
encarga de aumentar la
frecuencia cardiaca,
dilatación de la pupila,
aumento de la
respiración y
sudoración...

34. Parten de la zona
inferior del encéfalo y
zona terminal de la
espina dorsal.
(RELAX)
Relaja el organismo.
Disminuye el gasto de
energía.
AUTONOMIC
Parasympathetic Nervous System

35. ÓRGANO SISTEMA
PARASIMPATICO
SISTEMA SIMPÁTICO
PUPILA Contracción Dilatación
GLÁNDULAS
LACRIMALES
Producción de lágrimas “Inactividad”
GLÁNDULAS SALIVALES Saliva poco densa y
abundante
Salvia escasa y espesa
RITMO RESPIRATORIO Relajación Aceleración
TUBO DIGESTIVO Aumenta actividad Reduce actividad
LATIDO CARDIACO Reducción Aceleración
VEJIGA Contracción Relajación
PIEL “Inactividad” Pelo erizado y aumento
de la sudoración
Órdenes operativas enviadas por el
hipotálamo a los órganos

36. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

37. The endocrine system is a COORDINATION SYSTEM.
1. Receives stimuli.
2. Analize the information and elaborates a response.
3. Secretes hormones. (organic molecules).
Hormones just act on specific cells called target cells.

39. It helps to control and maintain:
1. Body energy levels.
2. Reproduction.
3. Growth and organisms development.
4. Internal systems balance (homeostasis).
5. Responses to external environment
(temperature, stress or injuries).

40. The endocrine system depends on the orders made by the
nervous system, mainly the HYPOTHALAMUS.

44. ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONES DE LA HIPÓFISIS (no entra)

45. Algunas hormonas humanas y sus funciones (no entra)