What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
Immunology and serology is an important issue for medical science both veterinary and human medical science .The presentation shows general study about immunology and serology
This presentation is prepared on veterinary education teaching based focus on herd management in large farm .One can take a brief knowledge about herd health practice in veterinary field ,mainly this slides will be helpful for veterinary teaching and farmers.
This slide contains a brief description of some important poultry diseases with post-mortem lesion .The slide is prepared for mainly veterinary related education and other issues.
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1. A Presentation on Naval Ill
and Joint Ill
Faculty of Veterinary &
Animal Science
HSTU, Dinajpur
Department of
Medicine,Surgery and
Obstetrics
HSTU, Dinajpur
4. Definition
• Navel or joint ill is a disease of young calves, usually less
than one week of age. It occurs as a result of infection
entering via the umbilical cord at, or soon after birth and
characterized by development painful swelling or
abcessation (creamy white pus) of the navel, arthritis and
lameness.
5. Etiology
• The disease is caused by many microorganisms such as
Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp. and
Fusobacterium necrophorum.
6. Epidemiology
• Distribution: The disease is worldwide distributed and
present in Egypt.
• Animal susceptible: The disease is most common in
calve of 1-2 W. of age.
• Mode of transmission: The infection can be transmitted
through contamination of umbilicus of calve by feces,
uterine discharge from infected dams, soils and bedding
of contaminated pens.
• Predisposing factors:
• This problem mainly develops due to the poor hygiene
conditions at calving and dirty umbilicus.
7. Pathogenesis
• Microorganisms enter the umbilicus and may result in a
local reaction at the point of entry into the body, between
the muscle layers, or in the peritoneum.
• Otherwise, the bacteria may pass via the umbilical vein to
the liver and then to systemic blood.
• When infection is present in the blood, it may cause
septicemia or result in chronic illness due to localization I
the organs such as heart, brain (cause meningitis), eye
(causing panophthalmia) and joints (causing arthritis).
8. Clinical signs
• The IP is variable, morbidity and mortality are generally
low.
• Navel ill
• If infection stays mostly confined to the navel, the primary sign is a
swollen, painful navel that does not dry up
• An abscess may develop from which pus (often like thick custard)
may burst. The calf may have a high temperature and reduced
appetite.
• Septicemic form:
• Calf suffer from anorexia, pyrexia (40.5 °C) accelerated respiratory
rate. The mucous membrane become redden and has petichial
hemorrhage. There are various degrees of dehydration followed by
acidosis and death.
9.
10. Clinical signs
• Bacteremic form with localization in the internal
organs:
• The calve suffer from anorexia and fever 39-40 °C) and the
organism spread to various organs.
• In case of localization in the heart give to endocarditis.
• If the eye affected, there is panophthelmitis and hypopyon.
• The commonest sites for bacteria to settle are the joints. This leads
to swollen stiff painful (often hot) joints. Aspiration of the affected
joint reveals thick pus.
• In some calves infection spreads from the navel to the liver causing
a liver abscess. In this case problems may not be noted until the
calves are older (1 –3 months).
11. Postmortem leisons
• Swollen of umbilical vessels and filled with blood.
• There is localized peritonitis.
• Petichial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on subserosa and
submucosa of various organs.
12. Diagnosis
• Field diagnosis: based on clinical signs and history of the
disease.
• Laboratory diagnosis:
• Samples: Swabs or pus from the swelling navel or joints, blood and
serum samples.
• Procedures:
• Microscopic examination of stained smear.
• Isolation of the causative agents on specific media.
• Serological examination.
• Histopathological findings.
13. Treatment
• Separate the infected animals and isolate them.
• For large navel abscesses, veterinary intervention to drain and
remove the infected tissue is often necessary and the lesion is
washed with antiseptic such as betadin with local dressing
antibiotics.
• In joint infection, the joint should be surgically opening with
removal of pus and affected tissue and joint flushing can be
useful.
• Septicemic form should be treated with intensive course of
broad spectrum antibiotics such as amoxicillin, ampicillin and
sulfonamides by the parental route for at least 5 days.
14. Control
• Applying a disinfectant (such as iodine) to the navel can
reduce the risk of bacteria entering via the navel, applying
disinfectant two or three times to bulls can reduce the risk.
• Cattle must be born in clean environment that they aren’t
moved to other pens or contaminated pastures until the
navel has dried completely.
• Finally, like all diseases of young calves getting sufficient
colostrum is essential. Ensure that all calves get a good
suck in the first 6 hours of birth
16. Cause
• Localization of bacteria from the bloodstream into joint(s).
• E. coli and Strep. Spp are common isolates from infected
joints.
Clinical signs
• The joints most commonly affected are the fetlock, carpal
joints, hock, and stifle joints. The affected joint(s) are
swollen, hot, and painful.
• Moderate (4/10) to non-weight-bearing (10/10) lameness.
• Calves with two or more limbs affected adopt a “crab-like”
stance.
• Fetlock, knee and hock joints are most commonly
affected.
17. • Rapid muscle atrophy compared to the unaffected leg.
• The rectal temperature is often within the normal range.
• The navel may be thickened and painful.
• The affected joint(s) are swollen, hot, and painful.
19. Prevention and control
• Adequate passive antibody transfer with a minimum of 3
liters of good quality colostrum during the first 6 hours of
life but preferably the first two hours.
• An esophageal feeder can be used to administer
colostrum if the calf will not suck.
• Reduce environmental bacterial challenge in calving
boxes by cleaning out between each calving cow.
