Veterinary Medicine

1. Dr. Ajith Y. MVSc PhD
Assistant Professor
Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, COVAS, Mannuthy
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence
Kerala Veterinary andAnimal Sciences University, Pookode

2. • Cystitis is the ‘Inflammation of Urinary Bladder’.
• Trauma: due to cystoliths/cystic calculus, stagnation of
toxic constituents, faulty catheterization.
• Ascending infections: Associated with parturition and
Uterine infections. E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp.,
Corynebacterium renale.
• Descending infection: Embolic nephritis,Septicemia.
• Iatrogenic: Contaminated catheterization, improper
obstetrical management.
• Nutritional: pH alterations favours growth of organisms.

3. • Urinary stasis: Stagnation of urine due to less water
intake, obstruction, bladder paralysis (Sudan grass & EHV
in horse). Prevent normal flushing out of bacteria.
• Hyperadrenocorticism & Diabetes Mellitus: Epithelial
integrity compromised, Immune suppression.
• Neoplasm: Rare in dog and cat. Primary transitional cell
carcinoma common. Other malignancy also.
• Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) poisoning causes
bovine enzootic hematuria. Ptaquiloside causing
bladder tumours.

4. • Pearsonema Plica (syn. Capillaria Plica)
in dogs.
• Capillaria feliscati in cats.
• Schistosoma haematobium (urinary
blood fluke) in human

5. • Very common in dogs and cats.
• Females are more prone than Males
- length of urethra less – Ease of ascending
- Uterine infections/ Parturition associated

6. • Dull, depressed and often associated septicemia.
• Pollakiuria (frequent) & Dysuria (painful).
• Increased desire to urinate and remain in that posture.
• Cloudy/Turbid urine (Pyuria, Bacteriuria).
• Frothy urination (Proteinuria).
• Reddish urine (hematuria) vs hemoglobinuria???
• Signs of abdominal pain (Arching of back, hind feet
treading – alternatively move front and back, kicking
of belly, tail swishing).

7. • History: Feeding, Reproductive, water intake and urine
output (frequency/quantity/quality of urine), concurrent
diseases and undergoing treatment.
• Physical examination: Wet hair near urethral opening due
to improper urine outflow, Irregular/Thickened bladder,
Reveal pain on palpation, Straddled gait (careful or reduced
movement of hind quarters). trans-abdominal method in small
animals & Per-rectal in large animals.
• Urinalysis: Microscopically examine sediments (stained and
unstained) to see WBC (Pus), Bacteria (Bacteriuria), RBC
(Hematuria). Proteinuria (Heller’s test), Crystalluria.

8. • Altered pH: Mostly alkaline due to inflammatory
exudates, ammonia from urea by Urease producing
Proteus, Staphylococcus etc.
Dog and cat (carnivores/animal protein) ==> 6.0 to 7.4
Cattle and Horse (herbivores/plant protein) ==> 7.4 to 8.4
• Culture and Sensitivity Testing: Sterile urine collected by
midstream free catch or catheterization (5-8 Fr tubes) or
cystocentesis (needle). 1 Fr = 0.33 mm
• Cystoscopy/ Ultrasonography (wall thickening, liths, sediments)
• Serum Biochemistry: Azotemia may be present. (Not always)

9. • Radiography: ‘Cystogram ’ – Normally using contrast
-ve contrast ==> air
+ve contrast ==> soluble iodinated contrast agents
mostly retrograde
Cysto-Conray® II (Iothalamate meglumine)

10. • Removal of etiology
- Remove or solubilize calculi.
- Chemotherapy or surgical correction of neoplasms.
• Management of pain & inflammation
- Urinary sedatives/Anticholinergics: Atropine, Glycopyrolate,
Dicyclomine (Tr. Belladona, Tr. Hyoscyamus).
- NSAIDs & Opioids. Never use steroids
• Flushing out of organisms/toxins
- Free access to clean drinking water.
- Fluid therapy (NS, DNS) and diuretics if no obstruction.
- Irrigation of bladder using NS (dilute) or non-irritant antiseptics
(acriflavin, chlorhexidine) or antibiotics (metronidazole).

11. • Correction of urine pH
– Commonly alkaline: So, use acidifiers like Ammonium chloride
(200mg/Kg B. wt.), Na/K acid phosphate (40mg/Kg B. wt.), citric
acid, ascorbic acid etc.
– In case of acidic urine, use alkalizers like Na/K citrate (80-150
mg/Kg B.wt.), Sodium bicarbonate (50mg/Kg B.wt.)
• Controlling of infection
– Sensitivity testing and 7-14 days antibiotic therapy ESSENTIAL.
– Sulpha-tmp, Amino penicillin, 3rd gen Cephalosporins
(Ceftiofur, Cefovecin), Nalidixic acid and Fluoroquinolones.
– Repeat AbST 10 days post therapy for assesment.

12. Urethral obstruction due to urolith/Urethritis
A large Cystolith

13. ajithy@kvasu.ac.in
ajithy123456789@gmail.com
8891981301 (WhatsApp)