This document provides an overview of natural polymers, including their sources, classification, mechanisms of polymerization, modeling, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and marketed products. Natural polymers include polysaccharides from plants (cellulose, starch, agar), animals (chitin, xanthan gum), and microbes (alginate, pectin). They are biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and locally available. Natural polymers find applications in drug delivery, packaging, and as excipients. Examples of uses include starch nanoparticles for controlled drug release and chitosan nanoparticles as carriers for anticancer drugs.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
Natural polymers by Dr. khlaed shmareekhخالد شماريخ
the presentation is about the natural polymers i.e. classification, applications, properties and examples. it is in 25 pages in shortcuted manner and simple method.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Polymer - a long chain molecule made up of many small identical units of Monomer is known as Polymer.
Monomer - the smallest repeating unit is known as Monomer.
Polymer is a molecule is obtained by natural and synthetic origin having group of Smallest repeating unit is known as polymer.
Polymer is important for increasing the stability of drug molecule, it is important to influencing the solubility of drug molecule, it is important to maintain the Physicochemical properties, it is important to maintain the prolong stability of drug molecule in extended period of time, it is important for influencing the Bioavailability of drug.
Polymer is important for Pharmaceutical industries and research purpose.
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
In the recent years, bio-based and biodegradable products have raised great interest since sustainable development policies tend to expand with the decreasing reserve of fossil fuel and the growing concern for the environment. Bio-Polymers are a form of polymers derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, soya bean oil, sugarcane, hemp oil, and corn starch. These polymers are naturally degraded by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Bio-plastics can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society. They have some remarkable properties which make it suitable for different applications. This paper tries to give an insight about Bio-plastics, their composition, preparation, properties, special cases, advantages disadvantages, commercial viability, its life cycle, marketing and pricing of these products.
As a result, the market of these environmentally friendly materials is in rapid expansion,
10 –20 % per year.
Done by Group: ABH-Diamond-7.
School:Ahmed bin Hanbal school for boys.
Polymers Module: Through this module, students examine the different properties of the variety of polymers. Then they design and test a humidity sensor made of a polymer film. Finally, they are asked to design their own products.
The group wants to use banana covers because it contain some kind of fibers that carrying Serotonin.
the Serotonin is very effective in removing the black from teeth
Green technologies primarily affect biodiversity by reducing emissions and other environmentally harmful outputs that contribute to climate change and habitat pollution. The main green technologies that are discussed on this page have clean energy, green transportation, and efficiency applications. The replacement of old technologies should be done with newer versions that reduce emissions by eliminating fossil fuels or increasing efficiency. Replacing current, dirty technologies with green versions is the only way to preserve the many species that are highly susceptible to climatic and environmental changes caused by humans. Replacing old technologies worldwide would be a very expensive project, so we propose replacing dirty technologies when they become obsolete with the cleanest options that are available at that time.
An introduction to an innovative new light weighting technology for Injection Moulding Machines which can be easily retro fitted and uses water as the blowing agent. A replacement mixing nozzle is the only change needed to the injection moulding machine.
Biopolymers are polymers that can be found in or manufactured by, living organisms. These also involve polymers that are obtained from renewable resources that can be used to manufacture Bioplastics by polymerization. Bioplastics are the plastics that are created by using biodegradable polymers
Microencapsulation of Insecticide
What is Microencapsulation?
Microcapsule and its type
Techniqes for microencapsulation
Application of microencapsullation
Application in Agriculture
Its Advantage and disadvantage
Different marketed formulations
Conclusion
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
The main objective is to extend the shelf life or to improve the quality and saftey of the packed food.
It involves uses of Antioxidants , Antimicrobials, and other naturally/synthetic molecules to achieve this goal.
When anti-microbial systems such as silver based or Triclosan incorporated into conventional polymers such as PE,PP,PVC is called ACTIVE PACKAGING
When substance such as oils, chitosan,bio flavonoids etc. Known for their microbial, antithrombotic,antioxidant, antiinflamatory,cholestrol lowering and anti cancer properties when incorporated into packaging material constitute BIOACTIVE PACKAGING.
Suitable bioactive substances for incorporation into package wall include, phenolic compounds, phytoestrogens, cartenoids, organosulphur compounds, plant sterols, sutable dietary fiber, prebiotics, enzymes etc
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
Novel Herbal Drug Microsphere Types of Preparation Characterization and Appli...ijtsrd
Microparticals are also known as microspheres. The free flowing protein based powder that makes up microspheres typically has a particle size range of 1 1000um. The microsphere are a cutting edge alternative to conventional or immediate release single unit dosage forms for effective therapeutic drug delivery. The efficiency of the microsphere that are created using various methods that are modified, as well as the administration of the dosage form, are compared to traditional Form. The dose of the microsphere will be assessed using two separate techniques waxe containing, and hot melt. Techniques for spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pre petition. Freeze Drying, lonic gelain method. The microsphere will get central place in novel novel drug delivery manufacture. 1 Nilesh Gavali | Radhika Kotme "Novel Herbal Drug Microsphere Types of Preparation Characterization and Application: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52410.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/52410/novel-herbal-drug-microsphere-types-of-preparation-characterization-and-application-a-review/nilesh-gavali
The following slides contain introduction to biomedical polymers, their properties and classification. These polymers are classified in the basis of their sources as natural and synthetic polymers. synthetic polymers are classified on the basis of their functionality. Selection parameter and applications of biomedical polymers are also included.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines probiotics as“ live micro-organisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.
Probiotic based products are associated with many health benefits. However, the main problem is the low survival of these microorganisms in food products and in gastrointestinal tract.
To produce these beneficial effects in health, probiotics have to be able to survive and multiply in the host. Probiotics should be metabolically stable and active in the product, survive passage through the stomach and reach the intestine in large amounts. Providing probiotics with a physical barrier is an efficient approach to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut.
Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria can be used to enhance the viability during processing, and also for the targeted delivery in gastrointestinal tract.
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successfully developed biodegradable polymers.
Among the different polymers developed to formulate polymeric nanoparticles, PLGA has attracted considerable attention due to its attractive properties: (i) biodegradability and biocompatibility, (ii) FDA and European
Medicine Agency approval in drug delivery systems for parenteral administration, (iii) well-described formulations and methods of production adapted to various types of drugs e.g. hydrophilic or hydrophobic small
molecules or macromolecules, (iv) protection of the drug from degradation, (v) possibility of sustained release,
(vi) possibility to modify surface properties to provide stealthiness and/or better interaction with biological
materials and (vii) the possibility to target nanoparticles to specific organs or cells.
This presentation covers the topic of General Characteristics & its Application of Marine Polysaccharides i.e. Agar, Agarose & Chitosan in an elaborative and easy to understand way for studying and notes purpose.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION
3. NATURAL POLYMERIC MATERIAL
4. MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION
5. NEW NATURAL POLYMER AND MODELING
6. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER
7. DISADVATAGES OF NATURAL POLYMER
8. APPLICATIONS
9. MARKETED PRODUCTS
10. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
2
3. From the Greek word
“POLYMERS”
“Poly” “Meros”
means Many mean Parts
Many parts=POLYMER
Natural polymer synthetic polymer
Polymers that occurs in
nature produced from
living organisms
• The polymers are defined as
macromolecules composed of one or
more chemical units (monomers).
3
4. • A natural polymer is a
polymer that is found in
nature and is not man made
all natural or organic polymers
come from living organisms.
GUAR GUM
POWDER
Why great attention for natural
polymer ?
Biodegradable, Biocompatible
Non-toxic
4
6. Polysaccharides from plant origin
CELLULOSE
• Major sources of cellulose are plant
fibers like cotton (genus-Gossypium,
Family-Malvaceae)
• Linear chain of several hundred to over
ten thousand β(1→4) linked D glucose
units having the formula (C6H10O5)n.
• cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin.
• MCC-Diluent/binder in tablet
• Cellulose acetate Fibers-wound
dressing.
• Carboxylated MCC-Film coating agent.
Structure of cellulose
6
7. AGAR
• Dired Gelatinous substance.
• Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae)
• Mixture-agarose and agaropectin.
• Suspending agent, emulsifying agent,
gelling agent in suppositories, surgical
lubricant, tablet disintegrants, medium for
bacterial culture, laxative.
• jellies, confectionary items,
Agar agar seaweed
STARCH
• maize (Zea mays),rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum
aestivum) (Graminae) , and potato (Solanum tuberosum)
(Solanaceae)
• Carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose
units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
• Mixture-amylose and amylopectin
• Use-Packaging,container,films,textile sizing.
7
9. Polysaccharides from animal origin
CHITIN
Source- mollusks, annelids,
arthropods.
• constituent of the mycelia
and spores of many fungi.
Application-
• Nanoparticles &
microparticles [controlled
drug delivery]
• Mucosal, nasal, peroral
drug delivery.
Structure of chitin
Structure of Chitosan
9
10. XANTHAN GUM
Source- Product of gram negative bacteria
Xanthomonas Campestris
Composition-Cellulose derivative contains a
cellulose backbone ( -D-glucose residues)
and a trisaccharide side chain of -D-
mannose- D gluronic acid – -D-mannose
attached with the main chain of alternate
glucose residues.
Application-
• Oral and topical formulations,
cosmetics, food industry as a suspending
and stabilizing agent.
• Sustained release matrix tablet.
Structure of xanthan Gum
10
11. ALGINATE
Source-Alginate is a water-soluble linear
polysaccharide extracted from brown
seaweed. ( Phaeophyceae include
Laminaria hyperborea)
Composition-1–4 linked -L-glucuronic
and –D mannuronic.
Sodium Alginate powder
Structure of alginates
Applications:
11
12. PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM MUCILAGE
SEED)
Source-Plantago ovata ( Plantaginaceae)
Applications-
• Tablet binder
• Psyllium husk hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
prepare a novel sustained release, swellable and
bioadhesive gastro retentive drug delivery
systems for ofloxacin.
PSYLLIUM
PLANTAGO
Psyllium Husk
Powder
12
13. Proteins from Animal Sources
COLLAGEN
Source-
• Primary protein component of animal
connective tissues.
• pig skin, bovine hide, and pork and cattle
bones.
Composition-
• 27 types of collagen exist & is composed of
different polypeptide , (glycine, proline,
hydroxyproline and lysine)
Applications-
• Collagen films-ophthalmology DDS for slow
release of drug.
• Tissue engineering-skin replacement, bone
substitutes, and artificial blood vessels and
valves.Structure of collagen
13
14. GELATIN
Properties and composition
• Translucent, colorless
• A high molecular weight polypeptide
• It consist of 19 amino acid.
• Water soluble
• Proteins from animal source -Elastin, albumin
and fibrin.
Applications
• Tablet coating
• Suppositories
• Gelatin emulsions
• Microencapsulation
• Gelatin as nanoparticle & microparticles
Soft gelatin capsules
Hard gelatin capsules
14
15. Proteins from vegetal sources
WHEAT GLUTEN
Source-Product of the starch
fabrication.
Composition- main groups:
proteins, gliadin and glutenin.
Advantages-
• Fastest degradation rates.
• Biodegradable, non-toxic
• Available in high quality & low
cost
Application-film forming agent
SOY PROTEIN
Source & composition-Soy
protein isolate -form of soy
protein +90% proteins.
Applications-
• Health benefits
• Helps in heart
problems.
15
17. CUTIN
• It is a complex combination of nonpolar lipids which
form part of the waxy layer that envelops the plant
on the outermost layer, protecting it against water
loss to the environment.
• outermost layer is referred to as cuticle ; it is the
structure thought to be a major enabler of plant
evolution from water to dry land due to the
enhanced water retention capacity it provides.
• discovery of natural polyester from plant cuticle came
later than that of polysaccharides and proteins.
SUBERIN –
• similar role as cutin of protecting the root tissue
against water loss. It is commonly used industrially as
the main constituent of cork.
Polyhydroxyalkanostes- Found in bacteria,
synthesized in plant,particularly in leaves.
Cutin Pathway
17
18. Polyesters used in pharmaceutical blister packaging
Polyester used in medicated cotton coil
Cleanroom Polyester Swab
18
19. SOURCE POLYMER
Cell walls of plant Pectin
Seeds and Roots Galactomannans
Seaweeds Carrageenan, Alginates, agar
Animal cell walls Hyaluronan
Shells of aquatic animals Chitin
Skins and bones of animal
and scales of fish
Gelatin
Bacteria Xanthan , Hyaluronan , gellan
19
20. • Linking together of a large molecule of small molecule termed as
monomers with each other to form a macromolecule or polymer
molecule through chemical reaction is termed as polymerization.
MECHANISM OF
POLYMERIZATION
• Chemical reaction in which polymer is formed.
• Small molecule of by-product with a lower molecular weight is released.
• Reaction can take place between two similar or different monomers,
known as step-growth polymerization.
Condensation
Polymerization or
Step-growth
Polymerization
• No elimination of any molecule.
• It is obtained by linking together the monomer molecules by a chain
reaction to give a polymer whose molecular weight is exactly an integral
multiple of that of the monomer.
Addition
Polymerization or
Chain
Polymerization
20
21. • Computer based techniques –Used to design and predict the
properties of polymers
• The potential of emerging computer based methods to predict
conformation, interactions and properties of natural polymers, their
chemical derivatives and blends is immense.
• Computer modeling may well become the "screening method" of
choice to identify new polymers without having to go through the
long and tedious process of synthesizing or "growing" every
possibility.
21
22. ADVANTAGES
Biodegradable
Biocompatible and non-toxic
Low cost
Environmentall
Local availability (especially in
developing countries.
DISADVANTAGES
Microbial contamination
Batch to Batch variation
The uncontrolled rate of hydration
Slow process
Heavy Metal contamination
22
23. APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMERS
IN NANODRUG
DELIVERY
APPLICATIONS OF
NATURAL POLYMER IN
DRUG DELIVERY
APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMERS
BLENDING IN
PACKAGING INDUSTRIES
APPLICATION OF
NATURAL POLYMER IN
NATURAL EXCIPIENTS.
23
24. Polysaccharides
STARCH
• use of starch in pharmaceutics is
extensive.
• Use as co-polymer and excipient
in controlled drug delivery.
• magnetised iron-oxide nano-
particles coated with starch were
used – targeting brain tumor.
Maize starch
modified and un-
modified – used as
polymeric material to
formulate different
types of nano-
particles.
2 different types of
nano-particles –
cross linked with
epichlorohydrin and
phosphoryl chloride
(POCl3 ) using both
the gel and emulsion
methods.
24
25. Chitosan
• A nonvirus carrier, chitosan has excellent biocompatibility
and biodegradation, which has led to increasing application
of chitosan nanoparticles in gene drug delivery.
Non-viral gene delivery vectors
• Chitosan itself has a certain antitumor activity.
• chitosan nanoparticles can increase drug concentration in the
tumor site and improve therapeutic effects.
Carrier of anticancer chemical
drugs
• Nano-particles fabricated with chitosan - to investigate the
controlled release of anti-retroviral drug, lamivudine.
• chitosan and polyoxometalates (POM) were tested as anti-cancer
preparation.
• starch nano particles – used to chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) to
coat lipid based carriers in order to enhance ocular drug delivery
Other applications
25
28. XANTHAN GUM
• free flowing powder
• soluble in both hot and cold water
to give viscous solutions at low
concentrations.
• Thickener and stabilizer-creams, eye
gels.
• In emulsions and suspesions for
pharmaceutical use xanthan gum
prevents the separation of insoluble
ingedients, e.g., Barium sulphate in
X-ray contrast media.
28
29. CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES
• Biodegradable, biocompatible and less toxic.
• used as a mucoadhesive, oral absorption enhancer and in protein and gene
delivery.
• Chitosan, typically isolated from the shell of shrimp, has the ability to react
with DNA and compact it to produce a nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles are
more readily taken up by cells.
PECTIN
• soluble in pure water
• binding agent in tablets.
• Used to prepare beads by ionotropic gelation technique, sustained
release drug delivery using calcium pectinate gel bead.
• Pectin hydrogels can be used in controlled release matrix tablet
formulations.
• Using a extruder/spheronizer, spherical pellets containing calcium
pectate were prepared.
• These were then coated in pectin solution resulting in the formation of
insoluble calcium pectinate gel around the pellets..
Structure and powder of pectin
29
30. CARRAGEENAN
• Chondrus crispus
• Gelling agent
• A good substitute for gelatin (animal-based
product) in hard and soft gel capsules.
• Thickening agent in hand lotions and
shampoos
• Carrageenan has unique properties like
viscosity, continuous phase gel formation and
specific interactions with the abrasive.
• Combination of these properties helps in
stabilizing the toothpaste preparations.
CELLULOSE ETHERS
• Pure cellulose as such is insoluble in
hot or cold water
• Cellulose is converted to cellulose
esters or cellulose ethers derivatives
which are water soluble
• Modified cellulose derivatives
enhance water retention capacity,
pseudoplastic behavior,film forming
properties and complexation.
30
31. Food packaging-
NON-
EDIBLE
EDIBLE
Starch+PE Polysacchari
des
Proteins Lipid
Polysacchari
des
Chitin/Chitos
an
Collagen/gel
atin
Soya
proteins
Bees wax
Polylactic
acid(PLC)
Starch Wheat
gluten
whey
Carnauba
wax
Polyvinyl
alcohol
Pectin Corn Zein Free fatty
acid
Pharmaceutical Industries-
• To protect the product for
distribution, storage and
until the process involved
in finishing of material
products.
• Quality and effectiveness.
Maintaining the
quality of products.
31
33. o Polymers play a vital role in the drug delivery system. So, the selection of polymer plays an
important role in the manufacturing of drugs.
o Natural biodegradable polymers have received much more attention in the last decades due to
their applications in the fields related to environmental protection and the maintenance of
physical health.
o Natural polymers can be good substitute for the synthetic polymers and many of the side
effects of the synthetic polymers can be overcome by using natural polymers.
o The polymers have great future, because of its increased demand and usage. Researches are
being carried out to use polymers more effectively.
33
34. 1. Kusum Kaushik, Ram Bhau Sharma, Shweta Agarwal, “Natural polymer and
their applications” Int. J. Pharm.Sci. Rev.Res.,37(2), March-April 2016, Article
no.5,Page no.31 to 34
2. Shradha Tomar, Lalit Singh, Vijaya Sharma, “Miraculous Adjuvants: The
Pharmaceutical polymers,” Int. Res. J. Pharm, (8)2016
3. Jaswinder Singh, “Natural polymer Based Drug Delivery system,”A Review
article,volume5,ISSUE 4,ISSN 2278-4357, March-2016,P.806
4. Abitha M H, Flowerlet Mathew, “Natural polymer in pharmaceutical
formulation”, a review Int.J. of institutional pharmacy and life science, 2015, 206
5. Krishna Sailaja, P.Amareshwar,P.Chakravarty, “Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug
delivery system”Research journal,July-sept.2010,volume-1,P.g.481,ISSN:0975-
8585
34
35. 5. Nawrath C,Poirier Y (2008).Pathway for the synthesis of polyesters in
plants;cutin,suberin and polyhydroxylalkonates. Adv.Plant Biochem Mol.Bi01:201-
239
6. A.P.Anwunobi and M.O.Emeje, “ Recent Application Of Natural Polymers In
Nanodrug Delivery,”2011,2-
7. Ikoni J.Ogaji, Elijah I Nep and Jennifer D Audu-Peter, “Advance in Natural Polymer
as pharmaceutical Excipients.” A Review, 2011,P.2-16
8. Rishi Kumar, Rishabha Malviya and Pramod Kumar Sharma,” Pharmaceutical
Application and Patents in Natural polymer Based Drug Delivery System,”
Research article 9(1),IDOSI Publications, 2015, P,25
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