PVC plastics
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PVC is a polymer derived from sodium chloride and oil or natural gas. It is a white, odorless powder that is light, non-flammable, and resistant to chemicals and compression. PVC can be recycled and has many applications, as it does not degrade in water and has a long service life. Common uses of PVC include wire and pipe insulation, construction materials, toys, automotive parts, medical devices, and more.
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This document discusses biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradation as the process of converting polymers into harmless gaseous products via microorganisms and enzymes. It then notes that biodegradable polymers eliminate the need for disposal systems by degrading through natural biological processes. The document outlines the need for biodegradable polymers due to the large amount of non-biodegradable plastic waste produced annually. It proceeds to discuss various biodegradable polymers like biopol, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and their characteristics, production processes, uses, and degradation mechanisms.
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Similar to PVC plastics
Polyvinylchloride(PVC).
Pvc was discovered in the 19th century and developed commercially in the early 20th century. It is made through the polymerization of vinyl chloride, which is synthesized from ethylene. Pvc has a linear structure and is a hard, rigid white solid. It has applications in building materials like pipes and windows, packaging, wire insulation, and automotive and medical products due to its resistance to chemicals, moisture, and fire.
Project report on polystyrene (ps)
This document discusses polystyrene (PS), including its:
- History of discovery and early study in the 1800s.
- Manufacturing via polymerization of styrene monomer molecules.
- Various forms including expanded (EPS), extruded (XPS), and high impact (HIPS) polystyrene.
- Wide applications in packaging, consumer electronics, construction, and medical due to properties like rigidity, impact strength, and versatility.
- Environmental hazards from production and disposal processes.
- Potential for recycling to reduce waste and pollution.
Pvc
PVC is the third most widely used plastic. It was accidentally discovered in the 19th century when a white solid formed in flasks of vinyl chloride exposed to sunlight. PVC is produced via suspension or emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It has a linear structure and atactic stereochemistry. PVC has applications in pipes, cables, flooring and more due to its low cost, durability and resistance to chemicals and corrosion. However, it has disadvantages like difficulty recycling and sensitivity to heat and UV degradation.
Fish packaging
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Featured snippet from the web
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for fish requires a high barrier to carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). The pre-determined gas mixture has to stay inside the package and remain the same. Therefore, packaging films or layers with a high gas barrier are applied
History of insulation 11 2-14
HISTORY OF INSULATION
For as far back as history goes, the earth has experienced four distinct seasons. Some areas have always experienced more extremes in terms of temperatures and therefore had to find ways to maintain a comfortable living environment. Insulation has been used throughout the centuries to keep heat in and cold out or vice versa. It is interesting to note that some of the alternate environmentally friendly techniques that are being considered today, such as fabrics, were being used in ancient times as insulation.
Defining Insulation
Insulation refers to a substance that slows or retards the transfer of heat or sound. Most often, when talking about insulation in modern terms, it is in reference to the building and construction industry.
Ancient Forms of Insulation
Prehistoric people built shelters to protect themselves from the elements, originally using organic materials and later more durable substitutes.
Hot climates would construct homes with thick walls that would insulate against the heat and provide a cooler and more temperate indoor environment in which to live.
• Ancient Mayan ruins in Central America.
• Egyptians also used these construction methods to keep out the desert heat of the Sahara.
These homes had low roofs and small windows so the heat couldn’t easily enter and remain in the homes.
• Ancient Greeks probably made some of the more significant discoveries in terms of insulation - they used cavity walling to insulate the buildings. Cavity walling has a gap between two walls which traps air and moderates the temperatures. During the hot summer months, cavity walls kept the warm air out and in the cooler winter months, it would help keep the warmth inside the homes.
• The Romans also used cavity walls, though in addition, they used materials such as cork to insulate hot water pipes so the heat from the pipes would not transfer to the surrounding walls and floors, causing them to crack. Fabrics were also used as additional insulation. Scraps of cloth would be tucked into window frames to keep out the desert dusk or the icy European cold. Rugs made from animal furs were used as carpets and thick linen drapes were used as curtains. Elaborate tapestries were hung on walls and helped to manage some of the moisture buildup in the stone buildings. The tapestries also helped moderate the draughts that could sometimes cause an added chill.
Why use b earth®
The document discusses B-earth, a company that produces environmentally-friendly coatings. It summarizes B-earth's products and their benefits, including durability, environmental qualities with low VOC and no heavy metals, and long-term cost savings. It also outlines B-earth's vision to establish modular factories that provide job training and economic opportunities while producing coatings in a sustainable manner. The factories would utilize shipping containers and rammed earth construction, and incorporate permaculture and renewable energy.
food packaging lec 1 (1).pptx
This document discusses various types of polymers used in food packaging, including nylons, ethylene-vinyl alcohol, and biodegradable polymers. It describes the monomers, properties, and applications of different nylon polymers like nylon 6, nylon 12, and nylon 66. Biodegradable polymers discussed include polylactic acid, made from corn starch, as well as polycaprolactone, a biodegradable polyester. The document provides detailed information on the production and uses of these materials for food and medical packaging applications.
Polymers in everyday life.
The document discusses polymers and their uses in everyday life. It provides information on different types of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and discusses their structures, properties and applications. The document also discusses the synthesis and uses of important polymers.
Silica gel desiccant presentaion, desiccant adsorbent
Silica gel desiccant is a highly active adsorption material.It is usually made of reacting with sodium silicate an sulfuric acid, aging as well as acid bubble.
It is insoluble in water and any solvents.Non-poisonous and tasteless, chemical stability.
It won't react with any material except alkli and hydrofluoric acid.
Standard white silica gel is referred to as being non-indicating. As absorbs moisture it remains physically unchanged. Non-indicating silica gel is both cheap and effective, available loose in bulk packs or packed in sachets.
1. It will adsorb up to 34%of its own weight in water vapour. This adsorption efficiency is approximately 30 greater than typical desiccant clays, making silica gel the preferred choice where weight or efficiency are important factors.
2. It has an almost indefinite shelf life if stored in airtight conditions.
3. It can be regenerated and reused if required. Gently heating silica gel will drive off the adsorbed moisture and leave it ready for reuse.
4. It is a very inert material, it will not normally attack or corrode other materials and with the exception of
strong alkalis and hydrofluoric acid is itself resistant to attack.
5. It is non-flammable.
6. It is most frequently and conveniently used packed in a breathable sachet or bag. These are available in a wide range of sizes suitable for use with a wide range of applications.
Shoes,garment,furniture,Military Use,Container,Electronic products,leather-wear,art ware,gift box, Jewel box,tea leaf box etc.
Silica gel desiccant presentaion
Silica gel desiccant is a highly effective moisture absorber that can protect products from dampness, mold, and odors. It adsorbs up to 34% of its weight in water vapor, much more than typical desiccants. Silica gel can be reused by heating to remove absorbed moisture and remains chemically stable except for reaction with strong alkalis and hydrofluoric acid. It is commonly packaged in breathable sachets or bags and used to keep shoes, clothing, electronics and other items dry during storage or shipping.
Goldstab - Stabilizers for PVC.pptx
Commercially produced PVC is inherently thermally unstable,
due to some chain branching during polymerization.
The Plastics - Polystryrene Polyurethane Polyethylene -
This document provides information on three common plastic polymers: polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyethylene. It discusses their origins and histories, properties, and applications. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 and is a hard, brittle plastic used widely in packaging foams. Polyurethane was developed as a rubber replacement during WWII and has applications as coatings, adhesives, and flexible foams for insulation. Polyethylene was accidentally discovered in 1898 and is used today in products like bags, bottles, and pipes due to its moisture resistance and strength.
Npcs (www.niir.org) newsletter 1111
Pre-feasibility study, New Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Preparation of Project Profiles / Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Studies, Market Surveys / Studies, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports, Identification and Section of Plant /Process / Equipment, General Guidance, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial projects.
www.niir.org
Projects covered in this issue:
• Glycerine
• Hydrogen Gas from Methanol Cracking
• Shrimp Farming (Prawn Breading in Sea Water)
• Carbon Black from Oil of Tar
• Coal Tar Pitch Distillation
• PVC Flex Banner (Frontlit, Backlit & Vinyl)
• Maize Starch & Liquid Glucose
• Zero Qi Pitch for Graphite
• Bakery Unit (Rusk & Cookies)
polyvinylacetate.pdf
Polyvinyl acetate is a colorless, nontoxic thermoplastic resin prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate. It was discovered in 1912 in Germany and is one of the most widely used water-dispersed resins. Polyvinyl acetate emulsions are used as latex house paints, artists' media, and common household white glues. It has good weather resistance, withstands water, grease, oil, and petroleum fuels, and has good biodegradation resistance but poor resistance to creep under load. Common uses include latex house paints, white glues, wood glue, paper glue, adhesives, and as a mortar additive.
Polyvinylacetate
Polyvinyl acetate is a colorless, nontoxic thermoplastic resin prepared by the polymerization of vinyl acetate. It was discovered in 1912 in Germany and is one of the most widely used water-dispersed resins. Polyvinyl acetate emulsions are used as latex house paints, artists' media, and common household white glues. It has good weather resistance, withstands water, grease, oil, and petroleum fuels, and has good biodegradation resistance but poor resistance to creep under load. Common uses include latex house paints, white glues, wood glue, paper glue, adhesives, and as a mortar additive.
Advanced Materials Collaborations
William Blythe Ltd is a UK-based manufacturer of specialty inorganic chemicals established in 1845. It has three core technologies: graphene oxide, hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles, and polymer-particle composites. The company produces a range of advanced materials including graphene oxide, doped metal oxides, and composite materials. These materials have applications in areas like clean energy and environmental technologies, such as energy storage, pollution absorption, and photocatalytic surfaces. William Blythe partners with customers on R&D and aims to provide materials to enable clean urban environments, smart cities, air/water cleaning, sustainable transport, and mobility technologies.
03 Polyesters - final
Polyester resins are made from di-acids and glycols in a condensation reaction that produces water as a byproduct. They are the most common and inexpensive composite resins, and are used to make products like molding compounds, adhesives, and coatings. Styrene is often added as a reactive diluent to reduce viscosity and allow for easier processing. When cured with an initiator like a peroxide, the styrene participates in free radical chain reactions that crosslink the polyester polymers into a thermoset network. While polyesters have many advantages, styrene emissions during curing can cause health issues, so new formulations aim to reduce or eliminate styrene.
2020 08 product-data_sheet_li_oh_tg_cmp
This document provides product data and specifications for lithium hydroxide monohydrate in technical grade. It lists the chemical and physical properties including the molecular formula, CAS number, density, solubility, and packaging. It also outlines several applications for lithium hydroxide including use in producing lithium soap greases, complex soap greases, alkaline battery electrolytes, dyes, pigments, inks, protective coatings, and other lithium compounds. Lithium hydroxide is commonly used as an additive and reactant in industrial applications.
Poly olefins - Manufacturing & applications
1. Polyolefins are polymers produced from olefin or alkene monomers, with ethylene being the simplest and most common monomer. They are produced via polymerization of ethylene extracted from petroleum through cracking of longer hydrocarbon chains.
2. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is produced via free radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressures of 1000-3000 atm and temperatures of 200-275°C. It is used for products like bottles and tubing due to its low cost, chemical resistance, and flexibility.
3. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is produced using Ziegler-Natta catalysts under lower pressures than LDPE. It is stronger
Vallas pvc para jardin
The document discusses polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most widely used plastics globally. PVC exists in two forms - rigid PVC and flexible plasticized PVC. Rigid PVC is stiff but weak, while flexible PVC contains plasticizers like phthalates that make it softer and easier to bend. Both forms have various applications - rigid PVC is used in pipes, siding, and other construction materials due its strength and durability, while flexible PVC can be found in flooring, wire insulation, and medical devices where a sterile environment is needed. The document also provides background on PVC's properties, discovery, and production as well as contact information for a Spanish PVC company
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Oil pollution poses serious threats to the environment. When oil is spilled into oceans and waterways, it can severely damage ecosystems and harm wildlife. Effective cleanup and prevention methods are needed to protect sensitive habitats and reduce negative impacts of oil pollution on the natural world.
The ozone hole
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Deforestation by Saul Mayordomo, Adrian george perez and Jose miguel perez hita
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The document summarizes the causes and effects of deforestation. It notes that around 11,000 years ago, 60% of the Earth was covered in forests but now only 1/5 remains due to clearing for various uses. Deforestation results in damage to habitats and biodiversity loss. It disrupts the water cycle and causes issues like soil erosion, flooding, and drought. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are also released into the atmosphere from burned or rotting trees. Reforestation efforts are needed to mitigate the effects of deforestation.
Pp fibras sinteticas
Polyester was first produced in England in the early 1930s under the name Terylene. In 1946, DuPont acquired the license to produce polyester in the US under the name Dacron. Lycra was invented in 1959 by chemist Joseph Shivers and patented by DuPont, who named it Lycra. It provides elasticity and quality in fabrics. Nylon was discovered by Wallace Hume Carothers in 1935 and first produced by DuPont in 1938. Rayon was the first manufactured fiber and is made from a natural polymer; its properties remained unchanged until high tenacity rayon was developed in the 1940s.
Composites
Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials that are combined to produce unique properties. Concrete is a common composite made of cement (binder) and gravel (reinforcement), and rebar can be added to make it stronger. Plastics composites are made of synthetic polymers like hydrocarbons and alcohols. Dental composites are synthetic resins used as restorative materials and adhesives in dentistry. Polymer composites use long chains of bonded molecules called polymers, commonly known as plastics or resins. The earliest uses of composites date back to 1500 BC by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians who used mud and straw mixtures for building. Later, Mong
Nanotechnology, smart textiles, carbon nanotubes and nanoflakes.
This document discusses several topics related to nanotechnology:
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- Smart textiles are fabrics that can function electrically through embedded computing and digital components. They originated in the 1990s for military use and now have applications in healthcare like monitoring vital signs.
- Nanoflakes are a new material discovered by Martin Aagesen that form a perfect crystalline structure allowing absorption of all light, making them promising for highly efficient solar cells. Their use could significantly reduce the cost of solar energy production.
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Este documento describe el metacrilato y el polipropileno, dos plásticos sintéticos. El metacrilato fue desarrollado en 1928 como un sustituto del vidrio que es más ligero y resistente a los golpes. Se usa comúnmente en ventanas, vitrinas y letreros. El polipropileno fue descubierto en 1954 y se ha utilizado ampliamente en la industria desde la década de 1950 debido a su resistencia química y mecánica. Ambos plásticos tienen muchas aplicaciones como materiales de
Coltan
Coltan is a black metallic ore that is mined primarily in the Congo. It was discovered by a pygmy man who used the stone to sharpen weapons. When refined, coltan becomes a heat-resistant powder that can hold a high electrical charge, making it useful for tantalum capacitors found in many electronic devices as well as high-temperature alloys for turbines. While controversial to exploit due to mining practices, coltan can be recycled and reused through proper waste management and smelting techniques.
Polystyrene
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer. It can be rigid or foamed, and general polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon and has a variety of applications including packaging, insulation and construction. While polystyrene has good thermal and electrical insulation properties, it is not widely recycled due to its non-biodegradable nature which poses environmental challenges.
Cmc
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are now made from petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, making them useful for applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other industries where lightweight strength is important.
CARBON FIBRE, GLASS FIBRE AND OPTICAL FIBRE
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are made by heating rayon or petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, and are used in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other applications.
The plastics - Polyethylene
Polyethylene was first synthesized in 1898 by German chemist Hans von Pechmann by accident while heating diazomethane. In 1933, Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett at ICI Laboratories synthesized polyethylene as it is known today. Polyethylene has several characteristics including being an excellent electrical insulator, transparent or opaque, resistant to low temperatures, hygienic and safe, inert to chemical attack, an excellent moisture barrier, and economic. Polyethylene has many uses such as bags, coating ditches, food and industrial packaging, disposable nappies, serum bags, containers, pipes, bottles, and irrigation pipes. Polyethylene is recyclable and can be melted and transformed into new products like
Aluminium, titanium, biochips and biosensors
This document summarizes information about aluminium, titanium, biochips, and biosensors. It describes aluminium and titanium as lightweight metals that are abundant in nature. Aluminium is a silvery white metal commonly used in transportation, construction, and packaging. Titanium is stronger than steel and highly corrosion resistant, making it useful in aerospace applications and implants. The document also notes that biochips can perform many biochemical reactions simultaneously for screening and detection, while biosensors combine biological and physical elements to detect analytes.
Aluminium. Titanium. Biochips. Biosensors
Aluminum and titanium are described along with their properties and common uses. Aluminum is a light, silvery metal that is abundant in nature and commonly used in electricity, transportation, construction and packaging. It can be recycled infinitely without loss of properties. Titanium is also described with its discovery, properties as a transition metal, and common uses in alloys, aerospace, surgery and other industries. Biochips and biosensors are also summarized, with biochips enabling simultaneous biochemical reactions for screening and detection, while biosensors combine a biological component with a transducer and detector for analytical purposes.
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The document discusses steel and stainless steel. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon as the primary alloying element. Steel was first produced around 4,000 years ago and is strong, resistant to corrosion, and 100% recyclable. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel that does not rust or stain easily. It was discovered in 1913 and is used widely in cookware, buildings, transportation and industrial equipment due to its corrosion resistance, strength and recyclability. Both steel and stainless steel can be recycled repeatedly without loss of quality, saving resources and reducing environmental impact with each recycling.
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber and neoprene rubber
This document discusses three types of rubber: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and neoprene rubber. Natural rubber comes from latex and trees, was used by ancient civilizations, and is used today mainly for tires and hoses. Synthetic rubber is made from petroleum, was invented in 1909 as a cheaper alternative to natural rubber, and accounts for two-thirds of rubber production today. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber made from chloroprene polymerization that is chemically stable over a wide temperature range and used for products like wetsuits and boots.
Silicon y graphene
Silicon is a chemical element with an atomic mass of 14 that occurs in crystal or amorphous form. It is a semiconductor used in electronic chips, solar cells, and other technologies due to its strength, thermal conductivity, and elasticity. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It was discovered in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, who won the Nobel Prize. Graphene has unique properties including high strength, thermal and electrical conductivity, and transparency. Potential uses include shielding, electronics, vehicles, and information technologies.
Ardi
Ardipithecus is a genus of early hominid found in Ethiopia that lived approximately 4.4 million years ago. It is considered a descendant of Orrorin tugenensis and a direct ancestor of australopithecines. There were two species, A. ramidus and A. kadabba. A. ramidus had a skull similar in size to great apes and evidence shows it moved in a bipedal manner. New evidence from the Aramis site in Ethiopia, where a partial skeleton of A. ramidus was found, indicates through sedimentological and isotopic analysis that it lived in a river-margin forest within a savanna landscape, in
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- 2. DESCRIPTION It´s a polymer derived from two natural raw materials: -Sodium chloride or common salt and oil or natural gas. -Its original form is a white, amorphous powder & opaque. -It is odorless, innocuous tasteless and to chemicals. -High resistance to compression crushing -It is very economical
- 3. DESCRIPTION • It is light and non-flammable so it is classified as flame retardant material. • It does not degrade or dissolve in water. • It´s recyclable. Will not rust or corrode, with long service life. • High resistance to compression crushing • Easily picklable, acarreable and transportable.
- 4. Is PVC plastic recyclable? PVC is easily recyclable and recycled once has many applications. If we study history, we see that PVC recycling is as old as manufacturing. The recycling of PVC is technologically simple and feasible from an economic point of view, existing in Europe an important very competitive recycling industry.
- 5. History • In 1835 Justus discovered vinyl chloride by reacting ethylene di-chloride with potassium. • In 1915, Fritz Klatte achieved polymerize vinyl chloride. • In 1926 production begins in Germany. • In 1953, Ziegler developed polyethylene. • In 1954 Giulio Natta polypropylene developed. • In 1959 was born in Costa Rica marketing PVC pipes.
- 6. Specific properties About PVC resistance: Excellent resistance to dilute: concentrated acids, alcohols, bases, aliphatic hydrocarbons and mineral oils. Good resistance to vegetable oils and oxidizing agents. Limited resistance to aldehydes. Poor resistance (not recommended for use) with aldehydes, esters aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones.
- 7. Some interesting facts about PVC properties: o Maximum Temperature: 158°F 70°C o Minimum Temperature: -13°F -25°C o Autoclavable: No o Melting Point: 176°F 80°C o Tensile Strength: 6,500 psi o Hardness: R105 o UV Resistance: Good o Clear o Rigid o Specific Gravity: 1.34
- 8. Uses Construction:1. Wire and cable insulation 2.Door frames and windows 3.Ducts and pipes 4Profiles. Toys: 1. Dolls. 2.Balls. 3.Swimming pools for children. 4Duck Bath Cars: 1.Boards. 2.Power Cables. 3.Air filters and oil. 4.Seats General Uses: Shoes. 2.Credit cards. 3.Photo albums. 4.Blinds Medicine:1.Pipes.2.Surgical gloves.3.Bags sera.4. Dialysis