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POLYMERS
1. Presented By ,
Miss. Janhavi Shirish Zope
M Pharmacy 1st year
Department : Pharmaceutics
R . G . SAPKAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Polymer
Classification of Polymer
Characteristics of Polymer
Application
References
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3. INTRODUCTION
Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds
of monomers join together to form long chains .
The word POLYMER comes from the Greek words poly
means many and mer means parts .
Polymer is used as a synonym for plastic .
All plastics are polymers , but not all polymers are plastics
N(CH2-CH2) (-CH2-CH2-)s
Ethylene Polyethylene
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4. TYPES OF POLYMER
Natural Polymers
Homopolymer
Copolymer
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Long chain Polymers
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5. NATURAL POLYMERS
Definition : Natural polymer is a polymer that results from
only raw materials that are found in nature .
Some of these natural polymers include DNA and RNA
Cotton , DNA , Wool , Wood are some of the naturally
occurring polymers .
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6. HOMOPOLYMER
Homopolymers are synthesized from a single type of
monomer .
Homopolymers are consists of chains with identical
bonding linkages to each monomer unit .
This usually implies that the polymer is made from all
identical monomer molecules .
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7. COPOLYMER
When two or more different monomers together to
polymerize their result is called as copolymer .
This process is called as copolymerization .
Types of Copolymer :
1) Statistical copolymer
2) Alternating copolymer
3) Block copolymer
4) Graft copolymer
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8. THERMOPLASTIC
A type of plastic that can be softened by heat , hardened
by cooling , and then softened by heat over and over again
Thermoplastic are not cross – linked polymer .
Examples : Polyethylene , Nylon , Polyvinyl chloride .
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9. THERMOSETS
Thermoset having the property of becoming permanently
hard and rigid when heated .
Thermosets are hard and rigid at room temperature and do
not soften on heating .
Examples : Epoxy resins , Phenolic resins , Unsaturated
polyester resins .
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10. LONG CHAIN POLYMERS
A very long strand of repeating molecules linked together
by primary bond .
Polymer chains are orient themselves in lines as they
enter a mold but may be annealed so they can recoil .
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12. BASED ON ORIGIN OF SOURCE
Natural Polymer :- Polymers which are isolated from
natural materials are called as Natural Polymers . E.g. :
Cotton , silk , wool , rubber .
Synthetic Polymer :- Polymers which are synthesized
from low molecular weight compounds are called as
Synthetic Polymers . E.g. : Polyethylene , nylon , terylene.
Semisynthetic Polymers :- These polymers are mostly
derived from naturally occurring polymers by chemical
modification . E.g. : Rayon
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13. BASED ON STRUCTURE
Linear Polymer : Molecules
form long chains without
branches.
Branched Polymer : Molecules
having branch points that
connect 3 or more segments .
Cross-Linked Polymer : It
includes interconnections
between chains .
Network Polymer : A cross
linked polymer that includes
numerous interconnections
between chains .
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14. BASED ON MODE OF POLYMERISATION
Additional Polymerization :
Same kind of monomers are straight forwardly added .
It is rapid chain reaction having chemically activated mers
.
Each reaction sets up the condition for another to proceed
.
It consists of 3 stages :
Initiation
(Birth)
Propagation
(Growth)
Termination
(Death)
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15. CONT…
Condensation Polymerization :
It involves a polymerization reaction between two
monomers with the expulsion of a simple by product .
A + B AB + Simple by product
It involves individual chemical reaction between reactive
mer .
By product is formed and condensed out .
This reaction is slower than additional polymerization.
Need reactive functional groups .
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16. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMER
Low density
Low coefficient of friction
Good corrosion resistance
Good mould ability
Poor tensile strength
Low mechanical properties
Poor temperature resistance
Can be produced transparent or different colours 16
17. APPLICATION
Medicine : Many biomaterials especially heart valve
replacements and blood vessels are made up of polymers
like dacron , teflon .
Consumer Science : Plastic containers of all shapes and
sizes are light weight and economically less expensive
than more traditional containers .
Industry : Automobile parts , pipes , tanks , packing
material , adhesives are all polymer application used in
industrial market .
Sports : Playground equipment , golf clubs , swimming
pools and protective helmets are produced from polymers.
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18. REFERENCES
Robinson J R and Lee V H ; Controlled Drug Delivery –
Fundamentals and Applications ; Marcel Dekker .
Jain N K ; Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery ; CBS
publication .
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