This document discusses polymers and their applications in controlled drug delivery systems. It defines polymers as macromolecules formed by linking small molecule monomers through polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), mechanism of formation (addition, condensation), origin (natural, synthetic), and degradability. Common polymers used in drug delivery include polyesters like PLA and PGA, polysaccharides like sodium alginate, and proteins like albumin and collagen. These polymers can be used to develop various drug delivery systems through diffusion, swelling, or erosion-based release.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, micellar, or hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of drug-lipid complex.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, micellar, or hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of drug-lipid complex.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
A note on Microsperes , general introduction and method of preparationsNEELAMSOMANI4
This presentation is related to Microspheres. Microspheres as a part of novel drug delivery system relevant to Pharmaceutics. The general introductions and methodology is described that will be helpful to all pharmacy students .
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. What is a Polymer?
Macromolecule.
It is defined as a large molecule consisting of many
repeatings which are formed by the process of
Polymerization.
Polymerization is the process of linking of small
molecules together.
These small molecules are called Monomers.
2
4. Types of Polymers:
These monomers are linked together in
different ways to form:
Linear Polymers
Branched Polymers
Cross linked Polymers
4
5. Linear Polymers or Branched Polymers:
Thermoplastic materials.
They flow when heated.
They can be fabricated by the application of heat
and pressure.
They are soluble in certain solvents.
Examples: Polyesters, Polyamides, Polyolefins,
LDPE, HDPE etc.
5
8. Cross Linked Polymers:
Thermosetting materials.
They do not flow when heated.
They cannot be fabricated by the application of heat and
pressure.
Examples: Bakelite, Phenol-Formaldehyde polymers,
Urea-Formaldehyde polymers, Melamine-Formaldehyde
polymers, Glyptal Resins etc.
8
10. Classification of polymers:
Polymers are classified based on:
Method of polymerization
Mechanism of polymerization
Origin of polymers
Degradability of polymers
10
11. Method of polymerization:
Here the polymers are classified depending
upon the method of polymerization:
Addition polymers
Condensation polymers
11
12. Addition polymers:
In this the repeating units of the polymers have the
same molecular formula as the monomers.
These are prepared by the polymerization of the
monomers bearing one or more double or triple bonds
or by the ring opening reactions of the cyclic structures.
Examples: Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), High
Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride
(PVC), Poly Styrene (PS), Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene
(PTFE or TEFLON), Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc) etc.
12
14. Condensation polymers:
These are formed by the successive reactions of the
functional groups.
Since the by-product formed is a smaller molecule, the
repeating units of the polymers have fewer atoms than
the monomers.
Examples: Polyesters like Dacron, Mylar etc. Polyamides
like Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Perlon, Kevlar, Nomex etc.
Polyurethanes like Spandex etc.
14
16. Mechanism of polymerization:
Here the polymers are classified depending
upon the mechanism by which they are formed:
Chain (Addition) polymerization
Step growth (Condensation) polymerization
16
17. Chain (Addition) polymerization:
In this the polymerization reaction proceeds via discrete
initiation, propagation and termination steps.
Once the polymerization starts, each polymer chain
undergoes rapid preferential growth in terms of
molecular weight with a steady decrease in monomer
concentration.
Examples: Vinyl polymers were probably the first to be
synthesized in this manner.
17
19. Step growth (Condensation) polymerization:
In this there are no discrete initiation, propagation and
termination steps.
Here the reaction proceeds via specific reactions
between the functional groups and thus any two
molecular species with appropriate groups react.
The molecular weight of the polymer increases steadily
throughout the reaction and monomer disappears early
in the reaction.
Examples: Polyesters like Dacron, Mylar etc. Polyamides
like Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Perlon, Kevlar, Nomex etc.
Polyurethanes like Spandex etc.
19
23. Origin of polymers:
Here the polymers are classified depending
upon their origin.
Natural polymers: Example: Gelatin, Collagen etc.
Semi synthetic polymers: Example: EC, HEC, HPMC,
HPC etc.
Synthetic polymers: Example: PGA, PLA etc.
23
24. Degradability of polymers:
Here the polymers are classified depending
upon their ability to degrade.
Biodegradable polymers: Example: Natural polymers
like gelatin, collagen etc and Synthetic polymers like PGA,
PLA etc.
Non-biodegradable polymers: Example: Semi synthetic
polymers like EC, HEC, HPMC, HPC etc.
24
25. Ideal characteristics of a polymer:
Should be inexpensive.
Should be readily available.
Should be easily processed on large scale.
Should be biocompatible.
Should be non-toxic.
25
26. Importance:
Polymers are used as carrier materials in the
formulation of controlled drug delivery systems.
The selection of the polymer depends upon the
intended use and the desired release profile.
26
27. Biodegradable Polymers:
These are polymers consisting of monomers linked to
one-another through functional groups and have
unstable linkages in their back bone.
These polymers are biologically degraded or eroded into
oligomers or monomers that can be metabolized and
excreted by the enzymes introduced in-vitro (or) by the
enzymes generated by surrounding living cells (or) by
the enzymatic processes.
27
28. Ideal Characteristics of Biodegradable Polymers:
They should be biocompatible – (shape, surface and
leachables).
They should be bioabsorbable – (degradability profile,
reabsorption of degradation products).
They should be bifunctional – (physical, mechanical and
biological).
They should be stable – (processing, sterilization and
storage).
28
29. Mechanism of Release through biodegradable
polymers:
Diffusion
Swelling
Erosion
29
30. Classification of Biodegradable Polymers:
Natural Polymers:
Proteins: Example: Albumin, Collagen, Gelatin etc.
Polysaccharides: Example: Sodium alginate Chitin,
Chitosan, Cellulose, Dextran, Inulin, Hyaluronic acid,
Starch etc.
30
32. Natural Polymers:
They are an attractive class of biodegradable polymers.
They are derived from natural sources.
They are easily available.
They are relatively cheap.
They qualify for a number of chemical modifications.
They can be a protein or a polysaccharide in chemical origin.
Modified natural polymers are natural polymers altered to improve
their biodegradation profile that can be achieved by chemical
modification or enzymatic alteration.
32
33. Proteins:
Albumin:
It is a major plasma protein component.
It accounts for more than 55% of total protein in
human plasma.
It is used to design particulate drug delivery
systems.
33
35. Advantages:
It is easily available.
It is biodegradable into natural products.
Non-toxic and non-antigenic.
The release pattern of drugs from albumin micro-
spheres is biphasic – initial burst release is followed
by a comparatively slower first order release.
35
36. Factors affecting drug release from albumin
micro-spheres:
Physicochemical properties and the concentration
of the drug.
Interaction between the drug and the albumin
matrix.
Size and density of microspheres.
Nature and degree of cross-linking.
Presence of the enzymes and pH of the
environment.
36
37. Uses:
Albumin micro-spheres are used to deliver drugs
like Insulin, Sulphadiazene, 5-fluorouracil,
Prednisolone etc.
It is mainly used in chemotherapy, to achieve high
local drug concentration for relatively longer time.
37
38. Collagen:
It is the primary structural protein.
It occurs in the animal tissue as aligned fibres in
skin, connective tissue and the organic substance of
the bone.
38
40. Advantages:
It is easy to isolate and purify in large quantities.
It is biocompatible and non-toxic.
It has well established physicochemical, structural
and immunological properties.
It is easy to process collagen in various forms.
40
42. Uses:
Collagen shields are used in the ocular drug delivery
systems of drugs like Pilocarpine, Gentamycin etc.
42
43. Polysaccharides:
Sodium alginate:
Alginates are hydrophilic carbohydrates obtained
from various species of brown sea weeds, by the use
of dilute alkalies.
They can be easily fabricated into particulate
systems.
43
45. Advantages:
It protects the antigens and the vaccines against
degradation in GIT.
It acts as an adjuvant.
45
46. Uses:
Alginates are particularly used as carriers of
peptides and other sensitive drug molecules since
particulate carriers can be easily prepared in
aqueous solution at room temperature.
Alginate micro-spheres are efficiently used for oral
delivery of vaccines.
46
47. Dextran:
It is a polymer of glucose.
It is prepared by subjecting the sucrose to the action of
the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
The crude high molecular weight dextran which is
formed is hydrolyzed and fractionated to yield dextran
of desired molecular weight.
It is used in the form of a gel for colonic delivery of
drugs.
47
49. 49
Partially deacetylated chitin a cellulose – like
biopolymer consisting predominantly of N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine chains.
Chitosan and hydroxy propyl chitosan degrade
enzymatically, so used for implantable controlled
release dosage forms
Chitosan can be cross-linked with citric acid, EDTA,
or glutaraldehyde, and the cross-linked have been
applied to drug delivery systems
50. Synthetic Polymers:
Most attractive class of polymers.
Biocompatible and versatile in terms of physical,
chemical and biological properties.
50
51. PGA and PLA:
They are also known as poly-glycolic acid and poly-
lactic acid respectively.
They are the simplest linear aliphatic polyesters.
51
53. Biodegradation:
PGA/PLA chains are cleaved by hydrolysis to form
monomeric acid units.
They are eliminated in-vivo through Krebs’s cycle as
CO2 and in urine.
PGA/PLA on hydrolysis Glycolic acid/Lactic→ →
acid Krebs’s cycle CO→ → ↑ 2 + Excreted in urine.
53
54. Drug release from the polymer:
Leaching of the contents from the polymer.
Bio-erosion of the matrix.
54
55. Poly-phospho esters:
These are referred to as polyphosphates,
polyphosphonates or polyphosphites depending upon
the nature of side chain attached to phosphorus.
These polymers are:
Versatile
Have good physicochemical profile
Biocompatible
These polymers are used to deliver paclitaxel and
cisplatin in the form of micro-spheres.
55
56. APPLICATIONS IN CDDS
In Reservoir System
• Drug core is separated from biological fluids by a
water insoluble polymeric membrane
• Example of polymers used in reservoir systems are
Ethyl cellulose, Poly ethylene vinyl acetate, Silicone
etc.
Example for Reservoir systems are
56
60. In Matrix System
• The drug is homogenously dispersed either at a
molecular scale or as solid particles within a
polymeric medium.
• Examples of polymers used as cellulose derivatives
like HPMC, sod.CMC, PVP, Polyurethane etc.
• Swelling Controlled Release System
• It is assumed that the shape and dimensions of the
devices do not change during the course of drug
release .
• Hydrophobic nature of the polymers are used .
60
61. APPLICATIONS IN NDDS
Osmotic pressure controlled GI delivery
Semi permeable membrane made from bio compatible
polymers are used
For example, Acutrim tablet which contain phenyl
propanolamine as a drug and cellulose acetate as a
polymer
Gel diffusion controlled GI delivery systems
It is fabricated from gel forming polymers such as
CMC
61
62. Bio adhesive GI drug delivery system
It is capable of producing an adhesion interaction
with a biological membrane
Eg ;Carbopol
62
63. CONTINUES…
•Lactic acid and glycolic acids are widely used in drug
delivery research due to their versatility in
polymer properties.
•Poly-anhydrides are used in CDDS because of their
unique property of surface erosion.
•Poly-caprolactone is used with other polymers in
designing CDDS.
63
64. •Poly-phosphazenes are used in the
formulation of Melfalan matrix systems.
•Pseudo-amino acids are used in controlled
release formulations
64
65. •Hyaluronic acid is used in controlled release
ophthalmic preparations.
•Poly-ortho esters are used in developing
implants and oral CDDS.
65
67. References:
Controlled and novel drug delivery – N.K Jain. CBS
Publishers and distributors, New Delhi
Novel drug delivery system- Y.W. Chien. Marcel
Dekkar,inc. New york, 1992
D.jone. Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for
Drug delivery. Volume 15, 2006
Darveshwar, Mule madhav. Review on applications
on polymers in pharmaceutical formulations.
Pharmatutor-art-1059
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