The document summarizes key properties of various textile fibers including cotton, wool, flax, jute, silk, nylon, and polyester. It discusses properties such as fiber length, flexibility, tenacity, luster, density, moisture content, elasticity, resilience, and end uses. For each fiber, it provides 3-4 sentences on typical properties and 2-3 sentences on common applications and uses of that fiber type.

1. TEXTILE-176
Date : 23-03-2016
Submitted to : Sir Imran Raza
Submitted by : Shahzaib Yousuf
AMM-1A

2. Some major properties of textile fiber are discussed below :
Uniformity:
To make yarn it is very important for fibers to be similar in length & width.
Flexibility:
The property of bending without breaking is called flexibility.
Cohesiveness:
Cohesiveness is the ability of fiber to stick together in yarn manufacturing
process. It may refer to the surface or skin structure of the fiber, which causes fibers
to stick together. If fiber shape surface do not contribute then coils, crimps or zigzag
shapes are produced for cohesiveness. This property is usually added to the man-
made fibers.
Tenacity:
It is defined as the maximum stress bear by a fiber before it breaks. Tenacity
is expressed as grams of force per denier g/d and grams of force per tex
Cotton 3.0-5.0 g/d
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

3. Physical Shape:
In addition to high length to width ratio previously discussed, a fiber is
described by average fiber length, cross sectional shape, and surface irregularities.
Luster:
Shine or sheen is called as luster. It is the result of the amount of light
reflected by a fiber, and it determines the fiber natural brightness or dullness.
Density:
Density is the mass per unit volume of a fiber expressed in as grams/cm3 or
pounds/ft3. Density is commonly determined on balance or scale; it is frequently but
incorrectly called as weight.
Moisture Content & Moisture Regain:
Textile fibers in general have a certain amount of water as an integral part of
their structure. Moisture regain or absorbency depends on the fiber morphology or
molecular arrangement and the pore size in the outer layer of the fiber skin. Fibers
with good moisture regain will accept dyes and finishes more readily than fibers with
low regain. Moisture Regain is calculated by the formula:
% Regain = conditioned weight – dry weight/dry weight *100.
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

4. Elastic Recovery & Elongation:
The amount of stretch or extension that a fiber will accept is called
elongation. Elastic recovery is the percentage of return toward the original length. If a
fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of extension, it is said to
have 100% elastic recovery.
Resiliency:
Resiliency is the ability of a fiber to return to shape following compression,
bending or similar deformation. Elastic recovery is a significant factor in the resilience
of the fiber, and usually good elastic recovery indicates good resiliency.
High Length to Width Ratio:
Fiber must posses high length to width ratio. This mean that a fiber is at
least 100 times longer than it is wide. Typical ratios of several natural fibers are
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

5. Shrinkage:
Reduction in the size of textiles after washing, soaking, or treatment
with moist heat; the articles may bereduced in linear dimensions, area, or
volume.
Drapability:
Drape is the term used to describe the way a fabric hangs under its
own weight. It has an important bearing on how good a garment looks in
use. The draping qualities required from a fabric will differ completely
depending on its end use.
Resilience:
The property of a material that enables it to resume its original shape
or position after beingbent, stretched, or compressed; elasticity.
PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBER

6. COTTON FIBER

7. PROPERTIES OF COTTON FIBER
 Comfortable & soft feel.
 Highly absorbent.
 Color retention.
 Gets Printed well.
 Washable.
 Can be Dry cleaned.
 Good strength.(cotton get strength in wet condition)
 Poor drapability.
 Easy to handle and sew.
 Very little natural elasticity.
 Low resilience, wrinkles easily.
 Shape is Fairly uniform in width, 12–20 micrometers;
length varies from 1 cm to 6 cm (½ to 2½ inches);
typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm (⅞ to 1¼ inches).

8. PROPERTIES OF COTTON FIBER
 Contains moister content 8.5%
 Dimensional stability is good
 Acids damage, weaken fibers
 resistant to alkalis no harmful effects
 high resistant to most organic solvent
 Bacteria in soil can also degrade cotton
 Long expodure to light turns fiber yellow and loses its strength
 Fungus can grow on cotton
 Withstand moderate heat
 Acid perspiration has a slightly deteriotating effect

9. END USES OF COTTON FIBER.
 Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for
highly absorbent bath towels and robes.
 Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton.
 Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used
in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton
that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting
process.
 While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with
other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be
used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a
stretcher thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.
 Cotton is used in fishing nets, coffee filters, tents, explosives manufacture, cotton
paper, and in bookbinding.
 Cotton is a food AND a fiber crop.
 Cotton seed is fed to cattle and crushed to make oil. This cottonseed oil is used for
cooking and in products like soap, margarine, emulsifiers, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, rubber and plastics.
 Linters are the very short fibers that remain on the cottonseed after ginning. They are
used to produce goods such as bandages, swabs, bank notes, cotton buds and x-
rays.

10. WOOL FIBER

11. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER
 Length vary from ½ inch to 15 inch width 15 to 70 micron
 Color vary from off white ,gray ,brown to black
 99% Elastic recovery at 2 % extension
 Moister regain 13.6 to 16%
 Wool can withstand the action of acid except very strong mineral acid
 Wool is very sensitive to alkali
 Prolong exposure tender the fiber generally good
 Burn slowly
 Has high degree of resilience
 Nonconduter of heat
 Becomes harsh at 100 degree centigrade

12. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER
 Weakest of all natural fiber
 Good elasticity and high resiliency
 Excellent drapability
 Non conductor of heat
 Initially water repellent
 High shrinkage
 Very good affinity for dyes
 Wool protein is food for bacteria and insects
 Has high affinity for dyes
 Requires frequent dry cleaning

13. END USES OF WOOLFIBER.
 Wool fabric is used for all kinds of clothing, couch covers, bedspreads,
toilet covers, tablecloths, and more.
 Bedding and blankets are also created using wool or a blend of
different fabrics that includes wool.
 Most active wear is made from wool blended fabric. Shirts, pants,
dresses, ties, skirts, and jackets can be made from wool.
 It is used to make carpets, rugs etc.
 Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and
noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers.

14. FLAX FIBER

15. PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER
 Soft & smooth,
 lustrous
 Flexible.
 stronger than cotton fiber but has low natural elasticity.
 more difficult to spin into yarn
 Linen is durable
 fiber absorb moister and dries more quick
 low resilience, wrinkles easily
 Acids damage, weaken fibers
 Flax is flammable
 resistant to alkalis no harmful effects
 Acid perspiration will deteriorate

16. PROPERTIES OF FLAX FIBER
 low shrinkage
 good drapability
 Prolonge exposure weakens fibers.
 Bacteria in soil can also degrade flax
 length varies from 5 to 12 inches);
 color of flax varies from white to gray
 linen is 20% stronger when wet
 Contains moister content 12%
 Does not face any static problem
 Linen clothes do not deform themselves.
 More resistant to light than cotton

17. USES OF FLAX FIBER
 Flax fiber is used to make different apparel products like Shirts, jackets
etc.
 It is used to make bed sheets, pillow cover etc.
 Flax fiber is also used to make High quality papers.
 It is used in medical textile also to make surgical thread.
 Recently there has been some interest in seed flax as a health food
because of its high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil
 Table wear
 Suiting
 Sewing thread

18. USES OF FLAX FIBER
 Decorative fabrics
 Bed linen
 Kitchen towels
 High quality papers
 Handkerchief linen
 Shirting
 Draperies
 Wall coverings
 Artist’s canvases
 Luggage fabrics
 Paneling
 Insulation
 Filtration
 Fabrics for light aviation use
 Reinforce plastics and composite materials.
 Flax could conceivably be mixed with excess grass seed straw or softwood fiber in
composite boards

19. JUTE FIBER

20. PROPERTIES OF JUTE
 The reeds of Jute fibre vary from 3 to 14 feet long, depending on the
grade.
 It is a coarse fibre. Its diameter varies from 6 to 20 microns.
 FIbres are not so strong when compared with some other bast fibres
but have good tensile strength.
 Fibres are naturally hard and brittle and break off with abrasion.
 Resistance to mechanical wear is low and not durable especially on
exposure in moisture reduces its strength.
 Its extension at break is 2%.
 The best quality fibres are pale white or silvery grey
 Better quality fibres shows matt and pitted surface with very poor
strength.
 Better quality fibres have fairly high luster but inferior quality fibres
shows matt and pitted surface with very poor strength.

21. PROPERTIES OF JUTE
 damaged by the action of strong acid
 safe in alkali medium; hence wet treatment is done on alkali medium.
 It is attacked and damaged by the action of micro-biological agents like
bacteria, fungus, moths, insects etc.
 in worm damp condition. Yellowing of the fibre is observed due to the
effect of sunlight.
 Relatively inelastic
 Contains low resiliency
 Doesn’t face any static problem
 Has moderate dry strength but low wet strength.
 Jute is a hygroscopic fibre
 Contains 14.6% moisture regain.

22. USES OF JUTE FIBER.
 Used to make packaging products like bags, sacks, wrapping material
i.e. cotton packs and wool packs.
 The fibers are also woven into curtains, chair coverings, carpets, area
rugs
 Used in Geo textiles like landfill covering etc
 Together with the sugar can be used to build airplane panels.
 jute can also be blended with wool. By treating jute with caustic soda,
crimp, softness, pliability, and appearance is improved, aiding in its
ability to be spun with wool.
 Recently being used as filler with Abaca and Sisal.

23. SILK FIBER

24. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER
 low density makes for light and comfortable clothing
 high resistance to deformation
 good insulation properties / warm in winter, cool in summer
 strongest natural fiber available
 shimmers and shines
 good affinity to dye
 Contains 20-25% elongation at break
 Colour could be yellow, brown, green or grey
 Sun light tends to encourage the decomposition of silk by atmospheric
oxygen
 Contains 11% moisture regain but can absorb upto 35%

25. PROPERTIES OF SILK FIBER
 Specific gravity is 1.25 to 1.34.
 The fibroins of silk can be decomposed by strong acids.
 Silk is less readilly damaged be alkalis
 Dissolves in solution of concentrated caustic alkalis
 Maybe attacked by larvae
 Silk is affected by mildew slightly.
 Resistant to alkali
 Has very good affinity for dyes
 Damaged by perspiration

26. USES OF SILK FIBER
 It is used in sewing thread for high quality articles,
particularly silk apparel, and in a range of household textiles
 Medical uses are as biodegradable micro tubes for repair of blood
vessels and teeth reconstruction.
 Interiors: pillows, wall hangings, draperies, upholstery
 Apparel: luxury items, wedding dresses, evening gowns, blouses,
scarves, neckties underwear and robes.
 Ribbons for typewriters, computers, cash-register, etcare often made of
silk
 Chiffon silk is a soft and light silk made from a very highly twisted yarn
--- strong but still very thin used for women's formal dresses..

27. NYLON FIBER

28. PROPERTIES OF NYLON FIBER
 Variation of luster: nylon has the ability to be very lustrous, semi
lustrous or dull.
 Durability: its high tenacity fibers are used for seatbelts, tire cords,
ballistic cloth and other uses.
 Produced in both regular and high tenacity
 Highly elastic
 Excellent Resiliency
 Excellent Drapability.
 Retains its shape. No shrinkage
 Substantially inert to alkalis.
 acids Decomposes.
 Excellent. Resistance to insects

29. PROPERTIES OF NYLON FIBER
 Fabric color might fade in perspiration
 Low absorbency.
 High elongation
 Excellent abrasion resistance
 Highly resilient (nylon fabrics are heat-set)
 Paved the way for easy-care garments
 High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, as well as molds, mildew, rot
and many chemicals
 Melts instead of burning
 Used in many military applications
 Good specific strength

30. USES OF NYLON FIBER
 Nylon is a high strength fiber. It is used for making fishing nets,
parachutes and type cords.
 It is used for making fabrics in textile industry.
 Nylon is widely used as plastic for making machine parts.
 Apparel: Blouses, dresses, foundation garments, hosiery, underwear,
raincoats, ski apparel, windbreakers, swimwear, and cycle wear
 Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, carpets, curtains, upholstery
 Industrial and Other Uses: Tire cord, hoses, conveyer and seat belts,
parachutes, racket strings, ropes and nets, sleeping bags, tarpaulins,
tents, thread, monofilament fishing line, dental floss

31. POLYESTER FIBER

32. PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
FIBER
 Any of numerous synthetic resins; they are light and strong and
weather resistant and easy to wash.
 Resistant to stretching and shrinking and most chemicals
 Quick drying
 Crisp and resilient when wet or dry
 Abrasion resistant
 Able to retain heat-set pleats and creases
 Very strong
 Satisfactory draping quality

33. PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
FIBER
 Very low absorbency.
 Heat conductivity better than acrylic.
 Melts nd flamable by effect of heat.
 Good resistance when exposed to light.
 Good resistance to bleaches.
 Fair resistant to alkalis at room temperature.
 Good resisitance to acids.
 Resistant to insects.

34. USES OF POLYESTER FIBER
 Apparel: Every form of clothing .Polyester fibers are the first choice for
apparel and are used in trousers, skirts, dresses, suits, jackets, blouses
and outdoor clothing
 Polyester fabrics used for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics
and plastic supporting with high-energy absorption.
 Home Furnishings: Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow
cases, wall coverings, and upholstery
 Other Uses: hoses, power belting, ropes and nets, thread, tire cord,
auto upholstery, sails, floppy disk liners, and fiberfill for various
products including pillows and furniture

35. ACETATE FIBER

36. PROPERTIES OF ACETATE FIBER
 Soft & smooth hand feel
 Comfortable (breathes, wicks, dries quickly)
 linings move with the body linings conform to the garment
 deep brilliant shades with atmospheric dyeing meet colorfastness
requirements
 light reflection creates a signature appearance
 colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air and vapor
permeable
 High melting point about 230 degree
 No static problem

37. PROPERTIES OF ACETATE FIBER
 weak fiber with breaking tenacity of 1.2 to 1.4 g/d; rapidly loses strength
when wet; must be dry cleaned
 poor resistant to abrasion.
 poor thermal retention; no allergenic potential (hypoallergenic)
 Contains tenacity about 0.9-1.4 gm/den
 Contains 6% moisture regain
 Low resilient
 Can be damaged by strong oxidizing agents
 Resistant to mildew
 low moistersorbancy, relative fast drying

38. USES OF ACETATE FIBER
 Appare l- Blouses, dresses, linings, special occasion apparel, sweater
scarves
 Home Fashions - Draperies, upholstery, curtains, bedspreads curtains
blanket.
 Umbrella cigerate filter
 KEM brand playing cards, used at the World Series of Poker and in
many poker rooms at major casinos, are made of cellulose acetate.
 diapers and surgical products.
 Award Ribbon: Rosettes for equestrian events, dog/cat shows,
corporate awards, advertising and identification products all use
cellulose acetate ribbon.

39. THANK YOU