Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi synthetic polymers.
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug
carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of
nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion
Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and
Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters
such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle
Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study,
Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug
carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of
nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion
Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and
Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters
such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle
Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study,
Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
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Sr no Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Types of nanoparticle
4 Classification of Nanoparticle
5 Polymers used in nanoparticles
6 Method of preparation
7 Evaluation of nanoparticles
8 Application of nanoparticles
9 References
Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means extremely small.
Nanoparticles are sub Nano sized colloidal drug delivery systems .
Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter .
They are made up of natural, synthetic or semi synthetic polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous substances, i.e. antigen(s) .
Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction.
Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the previously prepared nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity
Less amount of dose required.
They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and Reduces side effects.
Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
A) AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSS-LINKING
B) Polymerization method
C)Polymer precipitation method
Heat cross-linking
Chemical cross-linking
Emulsion chemical dehydration
By Crosslinking in W/O Emulsion
PH-induced aggregation
Counter ion induced aggregation
Emulsion polymerization a)Micellar nucleation and polymerization b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization)
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial polymerization
Emulsion solvent evaporation method
Double emulsion and evaporation method
Solvent displacement
Salting out
Nanoprecipitation
In our final webinar of the MDC Connects Series 2021 | A Guide to Complex Medicines.
This slide deck takes a closer look at the advantages of good formulation.
Claire Patterson, Seda Pharmaceutical Development Services
Increasing the efficacy of drugs and at the same time reducing the chances of adverse reaction should be the aim of drug development, which can be achieved by using 3D printing to fabricate personalized medications
Drugs with narrow therapeutic index can easily be prepared using 3D printing; and, by knowing the patient’s pharmacogenetic profile and other characteristics like age, race etc., optimal dosage can be given to the patient.
3D printing technology is a valuable and potential tool for the pharmaceutical sector, leading to personalized medicine focused on the patients’ needs. It offers numerous advantages, such as increasing the cost efficiency and the manufacturing speed. 3D printing has revolutionized the way in which manufacturing is done. It improves the design manufacturing and reduces lead time and tooling cost for new products.
Hyphenated Techniques - coupling of a separation technique and an on-line spectroscopic detection technology.
Advantages of hyphenated techniques;
1. Fast and accurate analysis.
2. Higher degree of automation.
3. Higher sample throughput.
4. Better reproducibility.
5. Reduction of contamination due to its closed system.
6. Separation and quantification achieved at same time.
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation..
Bioanalytical method validation include all the procedure that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analyte in given biological matrix are reliable and reproducible for intended use.
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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1. Presented By :
Mr. Sanket Rajiv Shinde
M. Pharmacy (QAT)
Savitribai Phule Pune University 1
2. 1. What is Nanoparticle ?
2. Classification of Nanoparticles
3. Advantages of Nanoparticles
4. Disadvantages of Nanoparticles
5. Preparation of Nanoparticles
6. Equipments for Nanoparticles
7. Pharmaceutical aspects of Nanoparticles
8. Evaluation of Nanoparticles
9. Applications of nanoparticles
10. Marketed Formulations
11. Conclusion
12. References
2
3. • “Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures
composed of synthetic or semi synthetic polymers”.
• Size range : 10–1000 nm
• The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a
nanoparticle matrix.
• Organic and inorganic in nature
• Metalic, liposomes and dendrimers etc.
• Used as carrier molecules
3
4. • The first reported nanoparticles were based on
nonbiodegradable polymeric systems.
e.g. polyacrylamide,
polymethylmethacrylate,
polystyrene etc.
• The possibilities of chronic toxicity due to tissue and
immunological response towards these polymers had
restricted their use for systemic administration.
4
5. 5
• This problem has been solved by using biodegradable
polymers.
• The term particulate is suggestively generalized
because they could be;
Nanospheres
Nanocapsules
Nanocrystals
Nanoparticles
6. 6
Nanoparticles
Nanospheres Nanoencapsules
These are systems in
which the drug is
confined to a cavity
surrounded by a unique
polymer membrane.
These are matrix systems
in which the drug is
physically and uniformly
dispersed.
10. • New type of colloidal drug carrier system for IV.
• Consists of spherical solid lipid particles in the nm range
(50-100nm), dispersed in water or in aqueous surfactant
solution.
10
12. 12
Small size and relatively narrow size distribution which
provide biological opportunities for site specific drug
delivery by SLN.
Controlled release of active drug over a long period can be
achieved.
Protection of incorporated drug against chemical
degradation.
No toxic metabolites are produced.
Relatively cheaper and stable.
Ease of industrial scale production by hot dispersion
technique.
13. 13
• PNPs are defined as particulate dispersions or solid
particles with size in the range of 10-1000nm.
• Composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic Polymers.
• Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles;
Polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA),
Polylactic - glycolic acid (PLGA), and Polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA) Phospholipids Hydrophobic
core.
14. 14
• These are the nanoparticles made up of inorganic
(ceramic) compounds silica, (Inorganic/metal) titania
and alumina.
• Exist in size less than 50 nm, which helps them in
evading deeper parts of the body.
15. 15
• Polymeric system involving the self-assembly and self
aggregation of natural polymer amphiphiles cholesteroyl
pullulan , cholesteroyl dextran and agarose cholesterol
groups provide cross linking points.
• Drug moiety is covalently bound to the carrier instead of
being physically entrapped.
16. 16
• Pure drug coated with surfactant, Aggregation of these
particles in crystalline form.
• Drug powder dispersed in aqueous surfactant solution.
• Biological materials like proteins, enzymes, peptides etc…
are being utilized as a carriers for the drug delivery.
19. 19
• Nano particle can be administered by parenteral, oral,
nasal, ocular routes.
• By attaching specific ligands on to their surfaces, nano
particles can be used for directing the drugs to specific
target cells.
• Improves stability and therapeutics index and reduce
toxic affects.
• Both active & passive drug targeting can be achieved by
manipulating the particle size and surface characteristics
of nanoparticles.
20. • Small size & large surface area can lead to particle
aggregation.
• Physical handling of nano particles is difficult in liquid
and dry forms.
• Limited drug loading.
• Toxic metabolites may form.
20
22. a) Size of nanoparticles required
b) Inherent properties of the drug, e.g., aqueous solubility and
stability;
c) Surface characteristics such as charge and permeability;
d) Degree of biodegradability, biocompatibility and toxicity;
e) Drug release profile desired; and
f) Antigenicity of the final product.
22
24. Two approaches for preparation :
1. Dispersion Polymerization (DP): Used for preparation
of biodegradable polyacrylamide & polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA).
The acrylate or methyl methacrylate monomer is dissolved in
aqueous phase.
polymerization by γ-irradiation or chemical initiation
combined with heating to tem. above 65 ˚c.
The oligomer formed subsequently aggregate & above certain
molecular weight precipitate in the form of nanoparticles
24
Polymerization Method
25. 2. Emulsion Polymerization (EP):
Monomer
Dissolved in aqueous phase which contains an initiator
which is a surfactant
Vigorous agitation
Emulsion formation
Particle smaller than 100nm
Initiator which generates either radicals or ions depending
upon the type of initiator & these radicals or ions nucleate
the monomeric unit & starts polymerization process. 25
26. • EP in an organic continuous phase :- Water soluble
monomers are polymerized.
Polyalkyl cynoacrylate (PACA) nanoparticles were
prepared by EP in continuous organic phase.
26
Drug dissolved in Aq. Phase
Organic solvent (hexane, chloroform) containing
surfactant
Microemulsion & monomer diffuse in
swollen micelles
Nanospheres
Emulsified
OH¯ ions initiate polymerization
27. 1. Solvent evaporation method :
27
Preformed Polymer
Example : polylactic acid nanoparticle loaded with testosterone
using poloxamer 188 as stabilizer by using homogenizer.
Drug & polymer is dissolved in organic solvent.
Emulsified with an aq. phase containing surfactant to
obtain o/w emulsion.
Organic phase is then evaporated
Nanoparticles
28. 28
Drug dissolved in organic phase (ethanol/methanol)
Emulsified with Aq. Phase
Immediate polymer precipitation because of complete
miscibility of both the phase.
Nanoparticles
Displacement of organic phase
2. Solvent displacement / Nanoprecipitation :
• Useful for slightly water soluble drug.
29. 29
3. Salting out method :
• Suitable for drug & polymers that are soluble in polar
solvent such as acetone or ethanol.
Organic Phase
Organic solvent
(Acetone), Drug polymer
Aqueous Phase
Distilled water, PVA
o/w emulsion
Nanoparticle
Mechanical stirring
Distilled water
30. 30
Super Critical Fluid (SCF)
Technique
SCF Technology
Rapid Expansion of
Supercritical solution
(RESS)
For drugs soluble in SCF
Super Critical Anti-
solvent (SCA)
For drug insoluble in
SCF
31. Drug dissolved in super critical fluid
Solution sprayed into region of low pressure
Solvent power of super critical fluid decreases
Precepitation of
nanoparticles
31
32. 32
Drug + Methanol
Drug is dissolved
Add Super critical fluid
(miscible with methanol)
Precepitation of drug
as fine particles
33. 33
• Formation of dry nanoparticles.
• Rapid precipitation process.
• Contain very low traces of organic solvent.
• Involves use of environment friendly solvent like super
critical carbon dioxide or nitrogen.
40. • Nanoparticles should be;
– free from potential toxic impurities
– easy to store and administer
– sterile if parentral use is advocated
• Process parameters are performed before releasing
them for clinical trials;
A. Purification
B. Freeze drying
C. Sterilization 40
45. • This technique involves the freezing of the nanoparticle
suspension and subsequent sublimation of its water content
under reduced pressure to get free flowing powder material.
Advantages :
• Prevention from degradation.
• Prevention from drug leakage, drug desorption .
• Easy to handle and store and helps in long term preservation.
• Readily dispersed in water without modifications in their
physicochemical properties
45
46. • Nanoparticles intended for parenteral use should be
sterilized to be pyrogen free.
• Sterilization can achieved by
• Using aseptic technique throughout their preparation,
processing and formulation.
• Subsequent sterilizing treatments like autoclaving,
irradiation.
46
47. 1. Particle size
2. Density
3. Molecular weight
4. Structure and
crystallinity
5. Specific surface area
6. Surface charge &
electronic mobility
7. Surface hydrophobicity
8. Invitro release
9. Nanoparticle yield
10. Drug entrapment
efficiency
47
48. 1. Particle size :
• Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) : For smaller particle.
• Laser diffractrometry : For larger particle.
• Electron microscopy (EM) : Required coating of conductive
material such as gold & limited to dry sample.
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) : Easier method &
Permits differntiation among nanocapsule & nanoparticle.
• Atomic force microscope
• Laser force microscope High resolution Scanning electron
microscope
48
49. 2. Density :
• Helium or air using a gas pycnometer
• Density gradiant centrifugation
3. Molecular weight :
• Gel permeation chromatography using refractive index
detector.
4. Structure & Crystallinity :
• X-ray diffraction
• Thermoanalytical method such as,
1. Differential scanning calorimetry
2. Differential thermal analysis
3. Thermogravimetry 49
50. 5. Specific surface area :
• Sorptometer;
specific surface area A = σ
Density x diameter of particle
6. Surface charge & electronic mobility :
• Surface charge of particle can be determined by measuring particle
velocity in electrical field.
• Laser Doppler Anemometry tech. for determination of Nanoparticles
velocities.
• Surface charge is also measured as electrical mobility.
• Charged composition critically decides bio-distribution of
nanoparticle .
• Zeta potential can also be obtain by measuring the electronic
mobility.
50
51. 7. Surface Hydrophobicity :
• Important influence on intraction of nanoparticles with
biological environment.
• Several methods have been used,
1. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
2. Two phase partition.
3. contact angle measurement.
8. Invitro release :
• Diffusion cell
• Recently introduce modified Ultra-filtration tech.
• Media used : phosphate buffer 51
52. 10. Drug entrapment efficiency :
52
9. Nanoparticle yield :
% yield = Total weight of excipient & Drug x 100
Actual weight of product
Drug entrapment % = Mass of drug in Nanoparticles x 100
Mass of drug used in formulation
54. EMEND
(Merck & Co. Inc)
Rapamune
(Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories)
OLAY MOISTURIZERS
(Proctor and Gamble)
ABRAXANE
(American Biosciences, Inc.)
54
55. • Nanoparticles are one of the novel drug delivery systems,
which can be of potential use in controlling and targeting drug
delivery as well as in cosmetics textiles and paints.
• Judging by the current interest and previous successes,
nanoparticulate drug delivery systems seems to be a viable and
promising strategy for the biopharmaceutical industry.
55
56. 1. Encyclopedia of controlled drug delivery system edited by Edith
Mathiowitz, Pg. no:551-564.
2. Vyas S.P. , Khar R.K. Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery, Novel
Carrier Systems, CBS Publication ,2002 ,Page No.249-277,331-387.
3. www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/nanoparticles-and-its-applications-
field-pharmacy
4. Nanoparticles –A Review by VJ Mohanraj & Chen Y, Tropical
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2006; 5(1): 561-573
5. Google.com(images)
6. Jain N. K., Controlled and novel Drug Delivery, 1st edition 2001,
CBS Publication; 292 - 301.
56