The document summarizes a presentation on nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction defining nanoparticles as particulate dispersions between 10-1000nm in size. It then discusses the ideal properties of nanoparticles for drug delivery including stability and non-toxicity. Some advantages are increased therapeutic efficacy and targeted drug delivery. Potential disadvantages include limited targeting abilities and toxicity. Different types of nanoparticles are described such as nanocapsules, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Methods of preparation include polymerization, ionic gelation and use of preformed polymers. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as assessing particle size, drug content and in vitro drug release.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Colloidal particles ranging in size between 10 & 1000 nm are known as nanoparticles.
SLNs are new generation of submicron sized lipid emulsion where the liquid lipid(oil) has been substituted by a solid lipid.
Example: Capture - Dior
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Sr no Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Types of nanoparticle
4 Classification of Nanoparticle
5 Polymers used in nanoparticles
6 Method of preparation
7 Evaluation of nanoparticles
8 Application of nanoparticles
9 References
Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means extremely small.
Nanoparticles are sub Nano sized colloidal drug delivery systems .
Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter .
They are made up of natural, synthetic or semi synthetic polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous substances, i.e. antigen(s) .
Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction.
Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the previously prepared nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity
Less amount of dose required.
They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and Reduces side effects.
Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
A) AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSS-LINKING
B) Polymerization method
C)Polymer precipitation method
Heat cross-linking
Chemical cross-linking
Emulsion chemical dehydration
By Crosslinking in W/O Emulsion
PH-induced aggregation
Counter ion induced aggregation
Emulsion polymerization a)Micellar nucleation and polymerization b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization)
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial polymerization
Emulsion solvent evaporation method
Double emulsion and evaporation method
Solvent displacement
Salting out
Nanoprecipitation
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Colloidal particles ranging in size between 10 & 1000 nm are known as nanoparticles.
SLNs are new generation of submicron sized lipid emulsion where the liquid lipid(oil) has been substituted by a solid lipid.
Example: Capture - Dior
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Different types of methods can be used for the preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles, their advantages and disadvantages and applications of the materials in various fields are given in the presentation
Sr no Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Types of nanoparticle
4 Classification of Nanoparticle
5 Polymers used in nanoparticles
6 Method of preparation
7 Evaluation of nanoparticles
8 Application of nanoparticles
9 References
Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means extremely small.
Nanoparticles are sub Nano sized colloidal drug delivery systems .
Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter .
They are made up of natural, synthetic or semi synthetic polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous substances, i.e. antigen(s) .
Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction.
Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the previously prepared nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity
Less amount of dose required.
They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and Reduces side effects.
Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
A) AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSS-LINKING
B) Polymerization method
C)Polymer precipitation method
Heat cross-linking
Chemical cross-linking
Emulsion chemical dehydration
By Crosslinking in W/O Emulsion
PH-induced aggregation
Counter ion induced aggregation
Emulsion polymerization a)Micellar nucleation and polymerization b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization)
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial polymerization
Emulsion solvent evaporation method
Double emulsion and evaporation method
Solvent displacement
Salting out
Nanoprecipitation
International Conference on Fostering High Quality Clinical Research for A He...Prachi Pandey
This paper abstract presented as poster on a International Conference, Which Held of 26 November 2023. Organized by NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan , India.
The field of nanotechnology was first Discovered by Professor Richard P. Feynman in 1959 (Nobel laureate in physics, 1965) [2]. Nanotechnology is the science of the small; very small and it is used for the management of substance at a small scale. At this size, molecules and atoms work in a different way, and provide a variety of unpredicted and attractive uses .
European medicines agency’s scientific guidelines on nanomedicines [autosaved...AnushreeJadhav4
Nanomedicine is still a Revolutionary Technology, there are still no fix Guidelines provided by any Regulatory Agencies. EMA has provided Reflection papers through CHMP. Refer the links provided in the Reference.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Nanoparticles
1. PRESENTED BY- GUIDED BY-
DEEPALI MR. MANOJ K. SARANGI
M.PHARMA (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
2ND SEM
(Pharmaceutics)
SARDAR BHAGWAN SINGH P.G. INSTITUTE OF BIO-MEDICAL
SCIENCES & RESEARCH, BALAWALA, DEHRADUN (UTTARAKHAND)
A SEMINAR ON NANOPARTICLES
2. PRESENTATION FOCUS
INTRODUCTION
IDEAL PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
POLYMER USED IN PREPARATION
TECHNIQUES OF PREPARATION
EVALUATION
MARKETED FORMULATION
APPLICATION
CONCULSION
REFERENCE
3. INTRODUCTION
The prefix nano comes from the ancient Greek vavoc through
the Latin nanus meaning very small.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid
particles with a size in the range of 10-1000nm.
The drug dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a
nanoparticle matrix.
•TIRUWA, R. (2015).A review on nanoparticles–preparation and evaluation parameters, Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and biological Research(IJPBR),4(2), 27-31.
•Mohanraj, V. J., & Chen, Y. (2006).Nanoparticles-a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, 5(1), 561-573.
4. NANOPARTICLES
NANOCAPSULES-
The nanocapsules are
system in which the
drug is confined to a
cavity surrounded by
a unique polymer
membrane.
NANOSPHERES-
The nanospheres are
matrix systems in
which the drug is
physically and
uniformly dispersed.
•Nagavarma, B. V. N., Yadav, H. K., Ayaz, A., Vasudha, L. S., & Shivakumar, H. G. (2012). Different
techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles—a review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(3), 16-23.
•Jawahar, N., & Meyyanathan, S. N. (2012). Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: A
comprehensive review. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 1(4), 217.
5. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES
NECESSARY FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Stable in blood
Nontoxic
Non-thrombogenic
Non-
inflammatory
Non-immunogenic
Biodegradable
Athar, M., & Das, A. J. (2014). Therapeutic nanoparticles: State-of-the-art of
nanomedicine. Adv. Mater. Rev, 1(1), 25-37.
6. ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
Fairly easy preparation
Good protection
of the
encapsulated drug
Increased
therapeutic
efficacy
Targeted and drug
delivery
Retention of drug
at the active site
Increased
bioavailability
Good control over size
and size distribution
Longer clearance
time
Dose
proportionality
•Shinde, N. C., Keskar, N. J., & Argade, P. D. (2012). Nanoparticles: Advances in drug delivery
systems. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci, 3, 922-929.
7. DISADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES
Limited targeting
abilities
Discontinuation of
therapy is not possible
Toxicity
Disturbance of
Autonomic
imbalance
Cytotoxicity
•Shinde, N. C., Keskar, N. J., & Argade, P. D. (2012). Nanoparticles: Advances in drug
delivery systems. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci, 3, 922-929.
8. NANOMEDICINES FOR DRUG DELIVERY
Tinkle, S., McNeil, S. E., Mühlebach, S., Bawa, R., Borchard, G., Barenholz, Y. C., & Desai N.
(2014). Nanomedicines: addressing the scientific and regulatory gap. Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 1313(1), 35-56.
9. S.NO TYPES OF NANOPARTICLE MATERIALS UED APPLICATION
1 NANOSUSPENSIONS AND
NANOCRYSTALS
Drug powder is disperse
d in surfactant solution
Stable system for
controlled delivery of
poorly soluble drug
2
Solid lipid Nanoparticles
Melted lipid dispersed in
Aqueous surfactant
Least toxic and more
stable
Colloidal carrier systems
as
alternative materials To
polymers
3
Polymeric nanoparticles Biodegradable polymer
Controlled and targeted
drug delivery
4
Polymeric micelles
Amphiphilic block co
polymers
Controlled and systemic
Delivery of water
insoluble
Drugs
5
Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetite Fe2O3,Meghe
Mite coated with dextran
Drug targeting
diagnostics
to in medicine
6 Carbon Nanotubes Metals ,semiconductors Gene and DNA delivery
Shinde, N. C., Keskar, N. J., & Argade, P. D. (2012). Nanoparticles: Advances in drug
delivery systems. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci, 3, 922-929.
10. ROUTES
Bennet, D., & Kim, S. (2014). Polymer nanoparticles for smart drug delivery. In Application of
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. InTech.
11. POLYMER USED IN PREPARTION
Natural
Hydrophilic
PROTEINS
POLYSACCHARIDES
Synthetic
Hydrophobic
PRE-
POLYMERIZED
POLYMERIZED IN
PROCESS
12. NATURAL HYDROPHILIC POLYMER
PROTEINS POLYSACCHARIDES
Gelatin Alginates
Albumin Dextran
Lectins Chitosan
Legumin Agarose
Vicilin Pullulan
Vyas, S. P., & Khar, R. K. (2012). Targeted & controlled drug delivery: Novel carrier systems. CBS publishers
& distributors, 332-333.
13. SYNTHETIC HYDROPHOBIC POLYMER
PRE-POLYMERIZED POLYMERIZED IN PROCESS
Poly (e-caprolactone) (PECL) Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylates) (PICA)
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Poly(butylcyanoacrylates) (PBCA)
Poly ( lactide -co- glycolide )
(PLGA)
Polyhexylcyanoacrylate (PHCA)
Polystyrene Poly methyl
(methacrylate)(PMMA)
Vyas, S. P., & Khar, R. K. (2012). Targeted & controlled drug delivery: Novel carrier systems.
CBS publishers & distributors, 332-333.
15. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES
BY DISPERSION OF PREFORMED POLYMER
•Nagavarma, B. V. N., Yadav, H. K., Ayaz, A., Vasudha, L. S., & Shivakumar, H. G. (2012). Different
techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles—a review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(3), 16-23.
16. METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF NANOPRATICLES
BY POLYMERIZATION OF MONOMERS
EMULSION
POLYMERIZATION
MINI- EMULSION
POLYMRIZATION
MICRO-EMULSION
POLYMRIZATION
INTERFACIACL
POLYMERIZATION
CONTROLLED/
LIVING
RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
•Nagavarma, B. V. N., Yadav, H. K., Ayaz, A., Vasudha, L. S., & Shivakumar, H. G. (2012). Different
techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles—a review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(3), 16-23.
17. Bennet, D., & Kim, S. (2014). Polymer nanoparticles for smart drug delivery. In Application of
Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. InTech.
18. EVALUATION PARAMETER OF NANOPARTICLES
1) YIELD OF NANOPARTICLES:-
Precentage Yield = Amount of particle (100)
Amount of drug+ polymer
2) DRUG CONTENT/SURFACE ENTRAPMENT/ DRUG
ENTRAPMENT:-
Precentage drug entrapment = W-w (100)
W
3) PARTICLE SIZE:- Particle size and its distribution is important characteristics in
nanoparticles as they plays major role in distribution, pharmacological activity, toxicity and
targeting to specific sites.
Advanced methods to determine the particle size of nanoparticles is by photon-correlation
spectroscopy or dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy
Sriharitha, J Preethi, Hemanth S (2016).A Review on Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery
System”,Research & Reviews: Journal of Material Science ,4(4), 1-6.
TIRUWA, R. (2015). A review on nanoparticles–preparation and evaluation parameters, Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and biological Research(IJPBR), 4(2), 27-31.
19. 4) PARTICLE SHAPE:- Particle shape of the nano suspensions is determined by
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to form the solid particles these
nano suspensions were subjected to lyophilisation.
5) ZETA POTENTIAL:- Zeta potential is the potential difference existing
between the surface of a solid particle immersed in a conducting liquid and the bulk
of the liquid. The surface charge of the nanoparticles is usually measured by zeta
potential.
4) DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMERTY (DSC):- It is used to
determine the nature of crystallinity within nanoparticles through the measurement
of glass and melting point tempertures and their associated enthalpies.
5) ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM):- It offers a ultra-high resolution
in particle size measurement and is based on a physical scanning of sample at sub-
micron level using a probe tip of atomic scale. AFM provides the most accurate
description of size and size distribution and requires nom mathemical treatment.
•Pandey P, Mandeep D (2016). A Brief Review On Inorganic Nanoparticles”, Journal of Critical
Reviews,3(3), 18-26.
• Sriharitha, J Preethi, Hemanth S (2016).A Review on Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery
System”,Research & Reviews: Journal of Material Science ,4(4), 1-6.
20. DRUG LOADING
INCORPORATION METHOD
INCUBATION METHOD
INCORPORATION METHOD- Incorporating at the time of nanoparticle production
INCUBATION METHOD- Adsorbing the drug after the formation of nanoparticles
by incubating the carrier with the concentrated drug solution.
Both methods result in:
A solid solution of the drug in the polymers
Solid dispersion of the dug in the polymer.
Surface adsorption of the drug.
Chemical bonding of the drug in the polymer.
Ranjit, K., & Baquee, A. A. (2013). Nanoparticle: an overview of preparation,characterization
and application. Int. Res. J. Pharm, 4(4), 47-57.
21. DRUG RELEASE AND RELEASE KINETIC
The release of drug from the
particulate system depends upon
three different mechanism:
Release from the surface of
particles.
Diffusion through the
swollen rubbery matrix.
Release due to erosion.
•Ranjit, K., & Baquee, A. A. (2013). Nanoparticle: an overview of preparation, characterization and
application. Int. Res. J. Pharm, 4(4), 47-57.
• Jawahar, N., & Meyyanathan, S. N. (2012). Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: A
comprehensive review. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 1(4), 217.
22. EVALUATION FOR RELEASE OF DRUG
Various methods which can be used to study the in vitro release of the drug
from nanoparticles are:
1. Side-by- side diffusion cells with artifical or biological membranes
2. Dialysis bag diffusion technique
3. Reverse dialysis bag technique
4. Agitation followed by ultracentrifugation/ centrifugation
5. Ultra- filtration or centrifugal ultra- filtration techniques
23. IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDIES
• DISSOLUTION:-
USP Type 2
RPM 50
Immersed in 900
ml of phosphate
buffer solution
Temperature 37+
0.02 degree
Celsius
Withdrawn 5ml
solution from the
medium
Specific time
periods
Same vol. of
dissolution
medium replaced
in the flask
Maintain the
constant volume
Withdrawn
samples analyzed
using UV
Spectrophotomete
rer
RUWA, R. (2015). A review on nanoparticles–preparation and evaluation parameters, Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and biological Research(IJPBR),4(2), 27-31.
24. • STABILITY OF NANOPARTICLES:-
• Nanoparticles
detemination
• Storing
optimized
formulation
4 degree Celsius + 1
degree Celsius & 30
dergree celsius + 2
dergree celsius
• Sample
analyzed
• Stability
chamber for 90
days
0,1,2 & 3 month
time period
• Any changes in
physical
appearance
Their drug
content, drug
release rate
TIRUWA, R. (2015). A review on nanoparticles–preparation and evaluation parameters, Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and biological Research(IJPBR), 4(2), 27-31.
25. APPLICATIONS
USED IN TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY TO BRAIN THERAPY
USED IN TARGETING OF NANOPRATICLES
TO EPITHELIAL CELLS IN THE GI TRACT
USING LIGANDS
USED IN BIO
DECTECTION OF
PATHOGENS
STEM CELL
THERAPY
NANOPARTICLES
FOR GENE
DELIVERY
CANCER THERAPY
•Sriharitha, J Preethi, Hemanth S (2016).A Review on Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery
System”,Research & Reviews: Journal of Material Science ,4(4), 1-6.
•Mohanraj, V. J., & Chen, Y. (2006). Nanoparticles-a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research, 5(1), 561-573.
26. COMMERICAL PRODUCTS OF NANOPARTICLES
COMPANY TRADE
NAME
COMPOSITION INDICATION ROUTE
Enzon Abelect Liposomal
Amphotericin B
Fungal
Infection
IV
Berna Biotech
Epaxal Liposomal IRIV
Vaccine
Hepatitis A IM
Novavax Estrasorb Micellular
estradiol
Menopausal
Therapy
Topical
Nektar,
Hoffmann-La
Roche
Pegasys PEG-a-
interferon
2a
Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis C
Subcutaneous
Elan,Merck
Emend
Nanocrystalline
aprepitant
Antiemetic Oral
Genzyme Renagel Poly(allylamine
hydrochloride)
End-stage
renal
disease
Oral
Elan,Abbott Tricor Nanocrystalline
fenofibrate
Anti
hyperlipidemc Oral
Garg, A., Visht, S., Sharma, P. K., & Kumar, N. (2011). Formulation, characterization and application on
nanoparticle: a review. Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2(2), 17-26.
27. COMMERICAL PRODUCTS OF NANOPRATICLES
COMPANY TRADE
NAME
COMPOSITION INDICATION ROUTES
Astra Zeneca
Pharma
Diprivan Propofol
liposomes/lipid
Anesthetic IV
Teva Pharma Copaxone Copolymeric
mixture of L-
glutamic acid, L-
alanine, L-
tyrosine & L-
lysine
Relapsing
remitting
multiple
sclerosis
subcutaneous
Bio Sante Elestrin Estradiol gel
(0.06%)
Moderate to
severe hot
flashes in
menopausal
women
Transdermal
Abraxis
Bioscience
Abraxane Paclitaxel (Taxol)
bound albumin
nanoparticles
Various cancers IV
28. CONCLUSION
• The main goal of this review was to describle the different preparation
technique available for production of polymeric nanoparticles.
• The drug-loded nanospehere or nanocapsules now can be produced by
simple,safe and reproducible techniques available.
• The limitation like one particulae process or technique is not suitable to all
drugs,post prepartive steps, such as purifaction and preservation,
incomplete or discontinuous film, inadequate stability of certain active
components are remained to solve.
• Despite these technological challenges,naonparticles have been showed
great promise for the development.
•Nagavarma, B. V. N., Yadav, H. K., Ayaz, A., Vasudha, L. S., & Shivakumar, H. G. (2012).
Different techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles—a review. Asian J.
Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(3), 16-23.
