This document provides an overview of nanoparticles including their classification, methods of preparation, evaluation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Nanoparticles are particles between 1-100 nanometers in size that can be classified based on their dimensions. They can be prepared using various methods such as micellar nucleation, polymerization, or dispersion polymerization. Nanoparticles are evaluated based on parameters like particle size, molecular weight, structure, and in vitro drug release profile. They provide benefits like targeted drug delivery and reduced toxicity but also have challenges like particle aggregation and limited drug loading. Nanoparticles have potential applications in drug delivery.

1. Presented by,
Jahnabi Sarmah
Dept. of pharmacy
M. Pharm 2nd sem
SEMINAR ON
NANOPARTICLES

2. CONTENT:
2
• Introduction of nanoparticles.
• Classification of nanoparticles.
• Method of preparation.
• Evaluation of nanoparticles.
• Advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles.
• Application.
• Reference.

3. INTRODUCTION:
3
• Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size with a
surrounding interfacial layer.
• The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally
affecting all of its properties.
• The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules.
• The colloidal carrier are based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric
systems like liposomes, nanoparticles and micro emulsion have largely
influenced the controlled and targeted drug delivery concept.
• Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or
semi-synthetic polymers.

4. BASED ON METHOD OF PREPARATION:
4
Nanocapsules:-
• Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity
surrounded by a unique polymer membrane.
Nanospheres:-
• Nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and
uniformly dispersed.

5. 5

6. CLASSIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES:
6
• Zero dimension nanomaterial: All the dimensions are measured
within all the nanoscale ( no dimensions are larger than 100nm).
Mostly these are nanoparticles.
• One dimension nanomaterial: Here one dimension is outside the
nanoscale. This class includes nanotubes, nanorods and nanowires.
• Two dimension nanomaterial: Two dimensions are outside the
nanoscale. This class exhibits plate-like shapes and includes
nanocoatings, nanofilms etc.

7. 7
• Three- dimensional nanomaterials (3D): These are materials that are
not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension. This class can
contain bulk powders, bundle of nanowires etc.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES:
8
 Solid lipid nanoparticles:
• New type of colloidal drug carrier system for i.v.
• Consists of spherical solid lipid particles in the nm range, dispersed in water
or in aqueous surfactant solution.

9. 9
 Polymeric nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid
particles with size in the range of 10-1000nm. Composed of synthetic or
semi-synthetic Polymers. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles
polylactic acid(PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA) etc.
 Ceramics nanoparticles: These are the nanoparticles made up of inorganic
(ceramic) compounds silica, ( Inorganic/metal) titania and alumina. Exist
in size less than 50 nm, which helps them in evading deeper parts of the
body.

10.  HYDROGEL NANOPARTICLES:
10
• Polymeric system involving the self-assembly and self aggregation of natural
polymer amphiphiles cholesteroyl pullulan , cholesteroyl dextran and agarose
cholesterol groups provide provide cross linking points. Nanocomposite
hydrogels (NC gels) are nanomaterial-filled, hydrated, polymeric networks that
exhibit higher elasticity and strength relative to traditionally made hydrogels.
• Copolymerized Peptide Nanoparticles: Drug moiety is covalently bound to
the carrier instead of being physically entrapped. A novel co-polymeric
nanoparticulate drug delivery system has been developed as a carrier for the oral
uptake of therapeutic peptides. The system was based on the co-polymerisation of
the active peptide.
.

11. 11
 Functionalized Nanocarriers:
Biological materials like proteins, enzymes, peptides etc… are being utilized
as a carriers for the drug delivery.
 Nanocrystals And Nanosuspensions:
• Drug nanocrystals are crystals with a size in the nanometer range, which means
they are nanoparticles with a crystalline character.
• Very finely colloid biphasic, dispersed and solid drug particles in aqueous
vehicle, size below 1µm without any matrix material stabilized by surfactant
and polymers and prepared by suitable methods for drug delivery applications
through various routes of administration”.

12. NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES:
12
 Nanotubes: A nanotube is a kind of nanoparticle, and may be large enough to
serve as a pipe through which other nanoparticles can be channeled, or, depending
on the material, may be used as an electrical conductor or an electrical insulator
 .
• Nanowires are 1D nanostructures which generally have diameters of the
order of tens of nanometers, with unconstrained length scales! The length to
diameter ratio may be as much as 1000.
• Nanorods are also 1D nanostructures where each of their dimensions range
from 1–100 nm. Standard aspect ratios (length divided by width) are 3-5.

13. 13
NANOWIRES NANORODES NANOTUBES

14. 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19

20. MICELLAR NUCLEATION AND
POLYMERISATION:
20

21. HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION AND
POLYMERIZATION:
21

22. 22

23. DISPERSION POLYMERISATION:
23

24. 24

25. 25

26. 26

27. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES :
27
1. Particle size.
2. Molecular weight,
3. Structure and crystallinity.
4. Specific surface area
5. Surface hydrophobicity.
6. Surface charge & electronic mobility
7. In vitro release.
8. Nanoparticle yield.
9. Drug entrapment efficiency.

28. 1. PARTICLE SIZE :
28
• It is one of the most important parameters of nanoparticles. Two main
techniques are being used to determine the particle size distribution of
nanoparticles and includes Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) (For
smaller particle) and electron microscopy. And letter include -
• Laser diffractro metry (For larger particle.)
• Electron microscopy (EM) : Required coating of conductive material such as
gold & limited to dry sample.
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) : Easier method & Permits
differntiation among nanocapsule & nanoparticle.
• Atomic force microscope, Scanning electron microscope, Laser force
microscope : High resolution microscpe. etc.

29. 2. Molecular weight :
29
• Determined by gel permeation chromatography using refractive index
detector.
• GPC separates based on the size or hydrodynamic volume of the analytes. This
differs from other separation techniques which depend upon chemical or physical
interactions to separate analytes. Separation occurs via the use of porous beads
packed in a column The smaller analytes can enter the pores more easily
and therefore spend more time in these pores, increasing their
retention time. These smaller molecules spend more time in the
column and therefore will elute last. Conversely, larger analytes spend
little if any time in the pores and are eluted quickly. All columns have a
range of molecular weights that can be separated.

30. 30
• If an analyte is either too large or too small, it will be
either not retained or completely retained, respectively.

31. 3.STRUCTURE & CRYSTALLINITY :
31
• Many method are used for determination of structure and crystallinity. Mainly
X ray diffraction method are used to determine the structure and crystallinity.
• X-ray imaging begins with a beam of high energy electrons crashing into a
metal target and x-rays are produced. A filter near the x-ray source blocks
these low energy rays, which means only the high energy rays pass through a
patient toward a sheet of photographic film. X-ray can penetrate liquids, gas
and solids. The point of penetration is based on the intensity, quality and
wavelength of the X-ray beams. The stronger the beam of X-ray and vise
versa. These electromagnetic radiations or X-ray work on the absorption of
low level radiation by parts of our body with higher density, making the
radiation not absorbed hit the photographic 'plate' to form a 'negative image”.

32. 4. SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA :
32
 Sorptometer specific surface area A = 6 divided by Density
multiply into diameter of particle.
5. Surface charge & electronic mobility :
 Surface charge of particle can be determined by measuring particle
velocity in electrical field. Laser Doppler Anemometry tech. are
also used for determination of Nanoparticles velocities. Surface
charge is also measured as electrical mobility. And charged
composition critically decides bio-distribution of nanoparticle .
Zeta potential can also be obtain by measuring the electronic
mobility.

33. 33
6. Surface Hydrophobicity :
The surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles has an important influence on the
interaction of colloidal particles with biological environment.
Several method,
Important influence on interaction of nanoparticles with biological environment.
Several methods have been used,
1. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
2. Two phase partition etc.
1.Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) separates molecules based on
their hydrophobicity. HIC is a useful separation technique for purifying proteins
while maintaining biological activity due to the use of conditions and matrices that
operate under less denaturing conditions.

34. 7. IN VITRO RELEASE:
34
• Mostly Diffusion cell is used to determine the in vitro release.
• Franz Cells are hand blown diffusion cells made of two borosilicate glass
components. Upper part is called the cell cap, cell top, donor chamber, or
donor compartment. Lower portion is called the body of the cell, or the
receptor chamber if not jacketed. The Franz Cell apparatus consists of two
primary chambers separated by a membrane. Although animal skin can be
used as the membrane, human skin is preferred. The upper surface of the cell
body and the mating lower surface of the donor chamber are together known as the
joint. The orifice of a Franz Cell is the area to which the donor and receptor chambers
are exposed. Size of the cell is the orifice diameter of the joint at the mating surface
and is not the outer diameter of the joint.

35. 35
• The test product is applied to the membrane via the top chamber. The
bottom chamber contains fluid from which samples are taken at
regular intervals for analysis. This testing determines the amount of
active that has permeated the membrane at each time point. The
chamber is maintained at a constant temperature of 37 degree
Centigrade. Depending on the vehicle, the rate of permeation for a
given drug as determined via Franz cell analysis can vary
significantly (perhaps from 10- to 50-fold).
8.Nanoparticle yield:
% yield = Actual weight of product divided by total weight of excipient & Drug .
9. Drug entrapment efficiency :
Drug entrapment % = Mass of drug in Nanoparticles divided by mass of drug
used in formulation multiply into 100.

36. ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES:
36
• Nano particle can be administered by parenteral, oral, nasal, occular routes.
• By attaching specific ligands on to their surfaces, Nano particles can be used
for directing the drugs to specific target cells.
• Improves stability and reduce toxic affects etc.

37. DISADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES:
37
• Small size & large surface area can lead to particle aggregation.
• Physical handling is difficult.
• Limited drug loading.
• Toxic metabolites may form etc.

38. 38

39. MARKETED DRUGS:
39

40. REFERENCE:
40
• Nanoparticles – A Review by VJ Mohanraj and Y Chen, Tropical
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, June 2006; 5 (1): 561-573.
• www.slideshare.net/ reviews/nanoparticles/ slide by Amole
kokate.
• Vyas, S.P and Khar, R.K., Targeted and Controlled Drug
Delivery, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, ISBN 81-239-0799-0.
• Mohanraj VJ, Y Chen Nanoparticles – A Review. Trop J Pharm
Res, 5 (1): 561-573.

41. 41