Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging from 1 to 1000 nm in size that can be used for targeted drug delivery. There are two main types of nanoparticles - nanospheres, which are matrix structures where the drug is dispersed throughout, and nanocapsules, which have a liquid core surrounded by a membrane where the drug is housed. Nanoparticles can be formulated using various methods, the most common being solvent evaporation, solvent diffusion, and polymerization. They offer advantages for drug delivery such as reducing dosing frequency and side effects while increasing drug targeting to specific tissues.
The document discusses nanoparticles and their use as drug delivery vehicles. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 1-1000 nm in size that can be used to encapsulate, dissolve or attach drugs. Nanoparticles are classified as nanospheres or nanocapsules depending on their structure and can be made from natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers. The document discusses various methods for formulating nanoparticles, including polymerization, solvent evaporation and supercritical fluid technology. The advantages of nanoparticles for drug delivery are also summarized.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles and liposomes. It provides an introduction to nanoparticles and describes different types including nanospheres and nanoencapsules. It then discusses various natural and synthetic polymers used to prepare nanoparticles, as well as preparation techniques such as solvent evaporation and high-pressure homogenization. The document also briefly introduces solid lipid nanoparticles and describes their advantages. Purification techniques for nanoparticles like dialysis and freeze drying are also mentioned.
polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles .pptxHarshadaa bafna
This document provides information on polymeric nanoparticles, including:
- Polymeric nanoparticles are subnanosized structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers that can carry drugs, proteins, antigens, and DNA for targeted drug delivery.
- There are two main types - nanospheres, which are matrix systems with drug dispersed uniformly throughout, and nanocapsules, which have a polymer membrane surrounding a cavity containing the drug.
- Nanoparticles have advantages over traditional drug administration methods as they can increase drug stability, deliver higher drug concentrations, and provide targeted delivery. However, they are also more costly and difficult to manufacture than traditional methods.
- Common polymers used include natural proteins and polysaccharides as well
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles, including:
- A definition of nanoparticles as sub-nanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 1-100nm in diameter.
- The history of nanoparticles dating back to Richard Feynman in the 1960s.
- The need for and advantages of nanoparticles for site-specific drug targeting and reduced toxicity compared to traditional drugs.
- Common polymers and preparation methods used to produce nanoparticles, including emulsion solvent evaporation, salting out, and high pressure homogenization.
- Applications of nanoparticles in cancer chemotherapy and other areas.
Sr no Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Types of nanoparticle
4 Classification of Nanoparticle
5 Polymers used in nanoparticles
6 Method of preparation
7 Evaluation of nanoparticles
8 Application of nanoparticles
9 References
Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means extremely small.
Nanoparticles are sub Nano sized colloidal drug delivery systems .
Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter .
They are made up of natural, synthetic or semi synthetic polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous substances, i.e. antigen(s) .
Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction.
Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the previously prepared nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity
Less amount of dose required.
They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and Reduces side effects.
Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
A) AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSS-LINKING
B) Polymerization method
C)Polymer precipitation method
Heat cross-linking
Chemical cross-linking
Emulsion chemical dehydration
By Crosslinking in W/O Emulsion
PH-induced aggregation
Counter ion induced aggregation
Emulsion polymerization a)Micellar nucleation and polymerization b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization)
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial polymerization
Emulsion solvent evaporation method
Double emulsion and evaporation method
Solvent displacement
Salting out
Nanoprecipitation
The document discusses nanoparticles and resealed erythrocytes. It begins by introducing the concepts of nanoparticles and their ideal characteristics. Some advantages include improved stability and targeting ability, while disadvantages include potential toxicity. Various methods are described for preparing different types of nanoparticles using polymers, lipids, or other materials. The document discusses characterization, fate in the body, and applications of nanoparticles, such as drug delivery.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles, including their types, advantages, disadvantages, methods of preparation, and applications. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 10-1000nm that can be used to deliver drugs through various routes of administration. The two main types are nanospheres, which have a matrix structure where drugs are dispersed, and nanocapsules, which have a reservoir structure with a polymeric shell surrounding an oily core containing dissolved drugs. Nanoparticles provide benefits like increased drug bioavailability, sustained release, and targeted drug delivery. However, they also have disadvantages such as high manufacturing costs and potential long-term toxicity. Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, solvent displacement, salting out, and
The document discusses nanoparticles and their use as drug delivery vehicles. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 1-1000 nm in size that can be used to encapsulate, dissolve or attach drugs. Nanoparticles are classified as nanospheres or nanocapsules depending on their structure and can be made from natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers. The document discusses various methods for formulating nanoparticles, including polymerization, solvent evaporation and supercritical fluid technology. The advantages of nanoparticles for drug delivery are also summarized.
This document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles and liposomes. It provides an introduction to nanoparticles and describes different types including nanospheres and nanoencapsules. It then discusses various natural and synthetic polymers used to prepare nanoparticles, as well as preparation techniques such as solvent evaporation and high-pressure homogenization. The document also briefly introduces solid lipid nanoparticles and describes their advantages. Purification techniques for nanoparticles like dialysis and freeze drying are also mentioned.
polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles .pptxHarshadaa bafna
This document provides information on polymeric nanoparticles, including:
- Polymeric nanoparticles are subnanosized structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers that can carry drugs, proteins, antigens, and DNA for targeted drug delivery.
- There are two main types - nanospheres, which are matrix systems with drug dispersed uniformly throughout, and nanocapsules, which have a polymer membrane surrounding a cavity containing the drug.
- Nanoparticles have advantages over traditional drug administration methods as they can increase drug stability, deliver higher drug concentrations, and provide targeted delivery. However, they are also more costly and difficult to manufacture than traditional methods.
- Common polymers used include natural proteins and polysaccharides as well
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles, including:
- A definition of nanoparticles as sub-nanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 1-100nm in diameter.
- The history of nanoparticles dating back to Richard Feynman in the 1960s.
- The need for and advantages of nanoparticles for site-specific drug targeting and reduced toxicity compared to traditional drugs.
- Common polymers and preparation methods used to produce nanoparticles, including emulsion solvent evaporation, salting out, and high pressure homogenization.
- Applications of nanoparticles in cancer chemotherapy and other areas.
Sr no Contents
1 Introduction
2 Advantages and disadvantages
3 Types of nanoparticle
4 Classification of Nanoparticle
5 Polymers used in nanoparticles
6 Method of preparation
7 Evaluation of nanoparticles
8 Application of nanoparticles
9 References
Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means extremely small.
Nanoparticles are sub Nano sized colloidal drug delivery systems .
Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter .
They are made up of natural, synthetic or semi synthetic polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous substances, i.e. antigen(s) .
Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction.
Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the previously prepared nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can act as controlled release system depending on their polymeric composition.
As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug toxicity
Less amount of dose required.
They enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drug therefore increase its bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and Reduces side effects.
Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
A) AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSS-LINKING
B) Polymerization method
C)Polymer precipitation method
Heat cross-linking
Chemical cross-linking
Emulsion chemical dehydration
By Crosslinking in W/O Emulsion
PH-induced aggregation
Counter ion induced aggregation
Emulsion polymerization a)Micellar nucleation and polymerization b)Homogenous nucleation and polymerization)
Dispersion polymerization
Interfacial polymerization
Emulsion solvent evaporation method
Double emulsion and evaporation method
Solvent displacement
Salting out
Nanoprecipitation
The document discusses nanoparticles and resealed erythrocytes. It begins by introducing the concepts of nanoparticles and their ideal characteristics. Some advantages include improved stability and targeting ability, while disadvantages include potential toxicity. Various methods are described for preparing different types of nanoparticles using polymers, lipids, or other materials. The document discusses characterization, fate in the body, and applications of nanoparticles, such as drug delivery.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
This document provides an overview of nanoparticles, including their types, advantages, disadvantages, methods of preparation, and applications. It defines nanoparticles as solid colloidal particles between 10-1000nm that can be used to deliver drugs through various routes of administration. The two main types are nanospheres, which have a matrix structure where drugs are dispersed, and nanocapsules, which have a reservoir structure with a polymeric shell surrounding an oily core containing dissolved drugs. Nanoparticles provide benefits like increased drug bioavailability, sustained release, and targeted drug delivery. However, they also have disadvantages such as high manufacturing costs and potential long-term toxicity. Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, solvent displacement, salting out, and
Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers that can be used for drug delivery. They have a size range of 10-1000nm. Nanoparticles have several advantages like high drug carrying capacity, ability to sustain drug release, and increased drug shelf stability. Common preparation methods include emulsion solvent evaporation, double emulsion evaporation, salting out, emulsion diffusion, and solvent displacement. Nanoparticles find applications in targeted drug delivery through encapsulation and directing drugs to tissues using magnetic fields. They are being explored for drug delivery to the brain, eyes, and oral delivery of peptides.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, ideal characteristics, and methods of preparation and evaluation. Nanoparticles are subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm that can selectively target drugs to specific sites in the body. The document outlines various preparation methods like crosslinking, polymerization, solvent evaporation, and solvent displacement. Characterization techniques discussed include evaluating particle size, density, structure, and drug release profile. The goal of nanoparticles is to effectively deliver drugs to target sites while avoiding uptake by non-target tissues.
Rahul Molla's document discusses recent advances in nanosponges as a drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric particles that can be used for controlled drug delivery through various routes of administration including topical, oral, and parenteral. The document outlines the advantages of nanosponges such as increased drug solubility and controlled release as well as factors that influence nanosponge formulation and common preparation methods. Evaluation techniques for nanosponges including particle size, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses applications of nanosponges in cancer therapy, topical drug delivery, and antiviral delivery.
Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi synthetic polymers.
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm and can be prepared through various methods. They are classified based on their composition and include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, and more. Common preparation techniques include solvent evaporation, salting out, emulsions-diffusion, and ionic gelation. The solvent evaporation method involves creating an organic phase with the drug and polymer dissolved in a solvent, and an aqueous phase with a surfactant. The phases are mixed and the solvent is evaporated to form nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug
carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of
nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion
Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and
Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters
such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle
Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study,
Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles
The document summarizes a presentation on developing paclitaxel nanoparticles using human serum albumin (HSA) as a polymer. Paclitaxel is insoluble in water and has low bioavailability. Nanoparticles can increase paclitaxel's stability, target delivery to tumor sites, and reduce toxicity. The method involves dissolving paclitaxel in chloroform and mixing it with an HSA solution to form an emulsion. The chloroform is then evaporated to form paclitaxel-loaded HSA nanoparticles.
This document provides information on liposomes and nanoparticles for drug delivery. It defines liposomes as lipid bilayer structures composed of phospholipids that can encapsulate drug payload. Various preparation methods are described, including film hydration, solvent injection, and detergent removal. Key aspects of liposome characterization like size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and stability are covered. Applications include cancer therapy, gene delivery, and topical products. Common liposomal drugs are doxorubicin and amphotericin B. Nanoparticles are defined as submicron polymer structures that can be spheres or capsules. Preparation techniques include emulsion polymerization, solvent evaporation, and salting out. Nanoparticles offer advantages like versatile drug loading but
This document discusses nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles range from 10-1000 nm and are composed of polymers carrying drugs. They selectively localize drugs in target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. Ideal nanoparticles are biocompatible, stable, have controlled drug release, and are easily prepared. Common preparation methods include cross-linking, polymerization, and precipitation. Nanoparticles can be characterized and their drug release evaluated. Applications include cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Nanoparticles are solid particles between 10-1000nm that can be used to deliver drugs in the body. Drugs can be dissolved, entrapped, or attached to nanoparticles, which are either amorphous or crystalline. Nanoparticles provide controlled drug release and can target delivery in the body. They are prepared using methods like solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, and ionic gelation that disperse polymers or ionically crosslink polymers to form the nanoparticles.
This document discusses vesicular drug delivery systems (VDDS), including their classification, advantages, and formulation methods. It summarizes that VDDS can be classified as lipoidal or non-lipoidal carriers, with liposomal systems like liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes discussed in detail. The advantages of VDDS include effective drug permeation, prolonged circulation time, reduced toxicity and cost of therapy. However, VDDS also have disadvantages like low drug loading efficiency and stability issues. The document provides an overview of various vesicular carrier preparation techniques for developing novel drug delivery systems.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining the ideal characteristics of an ophthalmic delivery system. It then describes various advanced, controlled, particulate, and vesicular drug delivery systems for ocular administration. It discusses limitations of conventional eye drops and advantages of advanced delivery systems. Factors affecting intraocular bioavailability are highlighted. The objectives and approaches to improve ocular drug delivery, including enhancement of bioavailability and various dosage forms are summarized.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles used for drug delivery. Niosomes have a bilayer structure composed of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants enclosing an aqueous core. Various preparation methods are described, including ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Key factors affecting niosome stability and methods for evaluating niosome characteristics such as size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Niosomes provide advantages over other drug carriers such as targeted drug delivery and improved oral bioavailability.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They structurally consist of concentric bilayers surrounding an inner aqueous volume. This allows both hydrophilic drugs in the inner volume and hydrophobic drugs in the bilayer. Liposomes offer advantages like increased drug efficacy, reduced toxicity, and passive tumor targeting. However, developing stable liposomal formulations at an industrial scale can be difficult due to physical and chemical instability issues. Niosomes are similar non-ionic surfactant based vesicles that offer many of the same advantages as liposomes while being more stable and less toxic.
This document discusses niosomes, which are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like greater stability and lower cost. The document describes methods for preparing niosomes including ether injection, film hydration, and sonication. Factors that affect niosome formation like surfactant type and cholesterol content are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines applications of niosomes for drug delivery through various routes of administration and notes their use in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Microspheres are spherical particles sized between 50nm to 2mm that can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled manner. They are made using biodegradable polymers and can provide benefits like taste masking, controlled release and protection of drugs. Common methods to produce microspheres include single/double emulsion, polymerization and coacervation. Microspheres find applications in oral, injectable and inhalation drug delivery and have also been used for diagnostics and vaccines. Their properties are characterized through techniques like scanning electron microscopy, drug loading efficiency, particle size analysis and release kinetics studies.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
hisory of computers in pharmaceutical research presentation.pptxDhanaa Dhoni
Computers have been used in pharmaceutical research and development since the 1940s. Early computers were large mainframe systems that were expensive and shared between organizations. By the 1960s, some pharmaceutical companies had acquired early computers like the IBM 650 to assist with scientific tasks. Today, computers are essential for tasks across the pharmaceutical industry from drug design and clinical trials to manufacturing, sales, and more. Advanced statistical modeling and software continue to be important tools in pharmaceutical research and development.
This document provides an overview of liposome preparation and evaluation. It discusses the structure of phospholipids and how they form liposomes, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Classification of liposomes is described based on structural parameters, preparation method, composition, and application. Various preparation methods are outlined including mechanical, solvent dispersion, and detergent removal techniques. The document also reviews evaluation methods and therapeutic applications of liposomes before concluding with examples of marketed liposomal products.
Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers that can be used for drug delivery. They have a size range of 10-1000nm. Nanoparticles have several advantages like high drug carrying capacity, ability to sustain drug release, and increased drug shelf stability. Common preparation methods include emulsion solvent evaporation, double emulsion evaporation, salting out, emulsion diffusion, and solvent displacement. Nanoparticles find applications in targeted drug delivery through encapsulation and directing drugs to tissues using magnetic fields. They are being explored for drug delivery to the brain, eyes, and oral delivery of peptides.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, ideal characteristics, and methods of preparation and evaluation. Nanoparticles are subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm that can selectively target drugs to specific sites in the body. The document outlines various preparation methods like crosslinking, polymerization, solvent evaporation, and solvent displacement. Characterization techniques discussed include evaluating particle size, density, structure, and drug release profile. The goal of nanoparticles is to effectively deliver drugs to target sites while avoiding uptake by non-target tissues.
Rahul Molla's document discusses recent advances in nanosponges as a drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric particles that can be used for controlled drug delivery through various routes of administration including topical, oral, and parenteral. The document outlines the advantages of nanosponges such as increased drug solubility and controlled release as well as factors that influence nanosponge formulation and common preparation methods. Evaluation techniques for nanosponges including particle size, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses applications of nanosponges in cancer therapy, topical drug delivery, and antiviral delivery.
Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi synthetic polymers.
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix.
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm and can be prepared through various methods. They are classified based on their composition and include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, and more. Common preparation techniques include solvent evaporation, salting out, emulsions-diffusion, and ionic gelation. The solvent evaporation method involves creating an organic phase with the drug and polymer dissolved in a solvent, and an aqueous phase with a surfactant. The phases are mixed and the solvent is evaporated to form nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug
carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of
nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion
Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and
Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters
such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle
Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study,
Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles
The document summarizes a presentation on developing paclitaxel nanoparticles using human serum albumin (HSA) as a polymer. Paclitaxel is insoluble in water and has low bioavailability. Nanoparticles can increase paclitaxel's stability, target delivery to tumor sites, and reduce toxicity. The method involves dissolving paclitaxel in chloroform and mixing it with an HSA solution to form an emulsion. The chloroform is then evaporated to form paclitaxel-loaded HSA nanoparticles.
This document provides information on liposomes and nanoparticles for drug delivery. It defines liposomes as lipid bilayer structures composed of phospholipids that can encapsulate drug payload. Various preparation methods are described, including film hydration, solvent injection, and detergent removal. Key aspects of liposome characterization like size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and stability are covered. Applications include cancer therapy, gene delivery, and topical products. Common liposomal drugs are doxorubicin and amphotericin B. Nanoparticles are defined as submicron polymer structures that can be spheres or capsules. Preparation techniques include emulsion polymerization, solvent evaporation, and salting out. Nanoparticles offer advantages like versatile drug loading but
This document discusses nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles range from 10-1000 nm and are composed of polymers carrying drugs. They selectively localize drugs in target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. Ideal nanoparticles are biocompatible, stable, have controlled drug release, and are easily prepared. Common preparation methods include cross-linking, polymerization, and precipitation. Nanoparticles can be characterized and their drug release evaluated. Applications include cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Nanoparticles, types, preparation and evaluation ppt.pptxmanjureddy62
This ppt consists of information related to nanoparticles, their types and preparation and evaluation. it also consists of questions from the previous years exams conducted by RGUHS (Karnataka) university. Targeted drug delivery.
Nanoparticles are solid particles between 10-1000nm that can be used to deliver drugs in the body. Drugs can be dissolved, entrapped, or attached to nanoparticles, which are either amorphous or crystalline. Nanoparticles provide controlled drug release and can target delivery in the body. They are prepared using methods like solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, and ionic gelation that disperse polymers or ionically crosslink polymers to form the nanoparticles.
This document discusses vesicular drug delivery systems (VDDS), including their classification, advantages, and formulation methods. It summarizes that VDDS can be classified as lipoidal or non-lipoidal carriers, with liposomal systems like liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes discussed in detail. The advantages of VDDS include effective drug permeation, prolonged circulation time, reduced toxicity and cost of therapy. However, VDDS also have disadvantages like low drug loading efficiency and stability issues. The document provides an overview of various vesicular carrier preparation techniques for developing novel drug delivery systems.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining the ideal characteristics of an ophthalmic delivery system. It then describes various advanced, controlled, particulate, and vesicular drug delivery systems for ocular administration. It discusses limitations of conventional eye drops and advantages of advanced delivery systems. Factors affecting intraocular bioavailability are highlighted. The objectives and approaches to improve ocular drug delivery, including enhancement of bioavailability and various dosage forms are summarized.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles used for drug delivery. Niosomes have a bilayer structure composed of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants enclosing an aqueous core. Various preparation methods are described, including ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Key factors affecting niosome stability and methods for evaluating niosome characteristics such as size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Niosomes provide advantages over other drug carriers such as targeted drug delivery and improved oral bioavailability.
Liposomes are spherical vesicles made of lipid bilayers that can encapsulate aqueous content. They structurally consist of concentric bilayers surrounding an inner aqueous volume. This allows both hydrophilic drugs in the inner volume and hydrophobic drugs in the bilayer. Liposomes offer advantages like increased drug efficacy, reduced toxicity, and passive tumor targeting. However, developing stable liposomal formulations at an industrial scale can be difficult due to physical and chemical instability issues. Niosomes are similar non-ionic surfactant based vesicles that offer many of the same advantages as liposomes while being more stable and less toxic.
This document discusses niosomes, which are vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants that can be used for drug delivery. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like greater stability and lower cost. The document describes methods for preparing niosomes including ether injection, film hydration, and sonication. Factors that affect niosome formation like surfactant type and cholesterol content are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines applications of niosomes for drug delivery through various routes of administration and notes their use in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
Microspheres are spherical particles sized between 50nm to 2mm that can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled manner. They are made using biodegradable polymers and can provide benefits like taste masking, controlled release and protection of drugs. Common methods to produce microspheres include single/double emulsion, polymerization and coacervation. Microspheres find applications in oral, injectable and inhalation drug delivery and have also been used for diagnostics and vaccines. Their properties are characterized through techniques like scanning electron microscopy, drug loading efficiency, particle size analysis and release kinetics studies.
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that can be used for drug delivery. They consist of a nonionic surfactant bilayer enclosing an aqueous core. This document discusses the definition, structure, advantages, preparation methods and evaluation of niosomes. Niosomes can be prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Their stability and ability to encapsulate and release drugs can be evaluated by measuring vesicle size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release over time. Niosomes offer targeted drug delivery and improved oral absorption compared to other formulations.
hisory of computers in pharmaceutical research presentation.pptxDhanaa Dhoni
Computers have been used in pharmaceutical research and development since the 1940s. Early computers were large mainframe systems that were expensive and shared between organizations. By the 1960s, some pharmaceutical companies had acquired early computers like the IBM 650 to assist with scientific tasks. Today, computers are essential for tasks across the pharmaceutical industry from drug design and clinical trials to manufacturing, sales, and more. Advanced statistical modeling and software continue to be important tools in pharmaceutical research and development.
This document provides an overview of liposome preparation and evaluation. It discusses the structure of phospholipids and how they form liposomes, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Classification of liposomes is described based on structural parameters, preparation method, composition, and application. Various preparation methods are outlined including mechanical, solvent dispersion, and detergent removal techniques. The document also reviews evaluation methods and therapeutic applications of liposomes before concluding with examples of marketed liposomal products.
Transdermal Drug Delivery (DDS) - Naveena Quincy.pptxDhanaa Dhoni
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It defines TDDS and transdermal patches. It describes the advantages of TDDS over oral and IV routes in providing continuous drug levels while avoiding first-pass metabolism. The document reviews the anatomy of skin, pathways of drug absorption, and factors affecting skin permeability. It also outlines the basic components of TDDS including polymer matrices, drugs, permeation enhancers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and release liners.
The document discusses various types of stimuli-responsive polymers categorized as physical, chemical, or biological dependent stimuli. It provides details on light, temperature, pH, ion, glucose, enzyme, and inflammation responsive polymers. It notes the advantages of light responsive polymers for biomedical applications and summarizes temperature responsive polymers. Finally, it discusses the potential of dual stimuli polymers that can respond to more than one stimulus simultaneously for improved drug therapies and biomedical applications.
The document provides an overview of non-clinical drug development processes. It discusses the key stages including Investigational New Drug (IND) application, New Drug Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier (IMPD), and Investigator Brochure (IB). The stages involve extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing in animals and humans to evaluate safety and efficacy before regulatory approval and marketing of new drugs.
This document provides an overview of clinical trial protocols. It discusses developing protocols, different trial designs (e.g. parallel vs. crossover), blinding techniques, and key elements of a protocol. The objective of most clinical trials is to scientifically evaluate a treatment's efficacy and safety so valid conclusions can be drawn. Well-designed protocols and trials that follow the protocol are essential to meeting research objectives and regulatory requirements for drug approval.
This document discusses current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and industrial management. It begins with an introduction to cGMP and its regulation by the FDA. It then discusses various aspects of cGMP including plant layout, facilities, equipment, production organization, materials management, inventory control, and quality management. The objectives of cGMP are to ensure product quality and consistency in manufacturing. Total quality management aims to meet customer needs and expectations at every stage of production.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a retrospective study on the drug utilization pattern of online pharmacies and their impact on conventional pharmacies. Some key findings from the study include:
- Participants reported sometimes purchasing drugs from online pharmacies due to safety concerns but found the convenience appealing for chronic conditions.
- Delivery times for online orders ranged from 6-12 hours on average.
- While participants agreed online pharmacies provided discounts, many felt they did not receive all relevant drug information or have issues addressed.
- Most participants remained more satisfied with conventional pharmacies compared to online options.
- The growth of online pharmacies was found to negatively impact sales and profits for conventional pharmacies.
The document provides an overview of non-clinical drug development processes. It discusses the key stages including Investigational New Drug (IND) applications which allow clinical trials in humans after pre-clinical studies in animals. It then covers New Drug Applications (NDA) which are required for marketing approval after Phase III trials, and Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) which are required for generic drugs to demonstrate bioequivalence rather than new clinical trials. The development process aims to discover and develop new drugs safely and cost over $800 million on average.
OUTSOURCING TO BE AND BA final (1).pptxDhanaa Dhoni
This document discusses outsourcing bioavailability and bioequivalence studies to contract research organizations (CROs). It covers key considerations for identifying an appropriate CRO, including assessing their clinical, bioanalytical, and pharmacokinetic capabilities. The document also discusses important factors for qualifying CRO clinical and bioanalytical sites, such as personnel qualifications and compliance with good clinical and laboratory practices. Additionally, it addresses protocol development, clinical study population selection, laboratory tests, dose and safety considerations, and bioanalytical method validation.
Protein drugs are made of proteins and have large molecular weights and complex protein structures. Recently developed recombinant protein therapeutics have been used to treat cancers, autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, infections, and genetic disorders. Protein drugs are manufactured inside living cells and organisms and have complex purification processes due to their large size and post-translational modifications. While protein drugs have been used in medicine for over a century, advances in recombinant technology have increased their scope and production in a more standardized way. Protein drugs are developed and evaluated similarly to traditional pharmaceuticals but have some unique characteristics compared to small molecule drugs.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. INTRODUCTION
Targeted drug delivery implies for selective and effective localization of
pharmacologically active moiety at preidentified targets in therapeutic
concentration, while restricting its access to non-target normal cellular linings,
thus minimizing toxic effects and maximizing therapeutic index.
Eg: liposomes, nanoparticles and micro emulsion.
Nanoparticles is derived from the greek word nano meaning extremely small.
The prefix “ nano” comes from the ancient Greek word “vavoc” through
the latin nanus meaning very small.
Nano particles as a drug delivery vehicle were first developed by Spieser
and co-workers in the late 1960s.
DEFINITION:
“Nanoparticles are subionized colloidal structure composed of synthetic or
semisynthetic polymers”.
It is also defined as solid colloidal particles ranging from 1 to 1000 nm in
size, they consist of macromolecular materials in which the active ingredients
is dissolved , entrapped, encapsulated or adsorbed.
Size range: 10-1000 nm.
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle
matrix.
3. INTRODUCTION
Nanoparticle is made up of inner hydrophobic tail and outer hydrophilic head
(lipid bilayer).
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
4. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
The materials which are used for the preparation of nanoparticles should be
non-toxic, biodegradable , sterilizable, etc.
Based on the method of preparation, nanoparticles are classified into
nanospheres or nanocapsules.
Nanoparticles
Nanoencapsules – membrane wall structure with an oil core containing
drug.
Nanospheres-matrix type structure in which a drug is dispersed.
7. BASIC CONCEPT OF NANOPARTICLES
The basic concept involved is:
Selective and effective localization of pharmacologically active moiety at
preselected target(s) in therapeutic concentration.
Provided restriction of it’s access to non-target normal tissues and cells.
Nanoparticles are mainly taken by reticulo endothelial system after the
administration.
Hence are useful to carry drugs to the liver and to cells that are
phagocytically active.
Distribution of the nanoparticles in the body may be achieved by coating
with certain serum components, attachment of antibodies or sulfoxide
groups and use of magnetic nanoparticles.
8. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
NANOPARTICLES
• It should be biochemical inert, non toxic and non-immunogenic.
• It should be stable both physically and chemically in invivo and invitro
conditions.
• Controllable and predicate rate of drug release.
• Restrict drug distribution to non-target cells and have uniform distribution.
• Drug release should not effect drug action.
• Specific therapeutic amount of drug release must be possessed.
• Carriers used must be biodegradable or readily eliminated from the body
without any problem and no carrier induced modulation in disease state.
• The preparation should be easy.
• Simple, reproducible and cost effective.
9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
NANOPARTICLES
ADVANTAGES:
• Reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient.
• More uniform effect of the drug.
• Reduction of drug side effect.
• Reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels.
• Avoid hepatic first pass metabolism.
DISADVANTAGES:
• High cost
• Productivity more difficult
• Reduced ability to adjust the dose
• High sophisticated technology
• Requires skills to manufacture
• Difficult to maintain stability.
10. FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES
• Polymers used in Nanoparticles preparation:
Natural Hydrophilic Synthetic Hydrophobic
Proteins Pre-polymerized
Polysaccharides Polymerized in process
In spite of this two, Semi-synthetic polymers are also
available.
11. FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES
NATURAL HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS:
• Proteins and polysaccharides have been further classified into:
Proteins Polysaccharides
Gelatin alginate
Albumin Dextran
Lectins Chitosan
Legumin Agarose
viciline Pullulan
Disadvantage:
•Batch to batch variations
•Conditional biodegradability
•Antigenicity.
12. FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES
SEMISYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
• Pseudolatexes. Artificial latexes obtained from dispersion of preformed
polymers.
• Eg: Pseudo latexes of ethylcellulose, Cellulose acetate pthalate, etc.
• These are used for the preparation of nanocapsules.
SYNTHETIC HYDROPHOBIC POLYMER:
PRE-POLYMERIZED POLYMERIZED IN PROCESS
Poly (lactic acid)(PLA) Polyhexylcyanoacrylates (PHCA)
Poly styrene Poly(butylcyanoacrylates)(PBCA)
Poly (epsilon capro lactone)(PECL) Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylates)
Poly (Lactide – co-glycolide)(PLGA) Poly(methacrylate)
13. FORMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES
FACTORS DETERMINING THE MATRIX COMPONENTS:
1. Size of the nanoparticles required
2. Inherent properties of the drug eg: aqueous solubility and stability
3. Surface characteristics such as charge and permeability
4. Degree of biodegradability, biocompatibility and toxicity
5. Drug release profile desired
6. Antigenicity of the final product.
14. METHOD OF PREPARATION
There are three techniques involved in the preparation of nanoparticles.
Amphiphilic micromolecule cross linking
Polymerization based method
Polymer precipitation method
They are further subdivided into following classes:
Amphiphilic micromolecule cross linking:
1. Heat cross linking
2. Chemical cross linking
Polymerization based technique:
1. Polymerization of monomers in situ
2. Emulsion (micellar) polymerization
3. Dispersion polymerization
4. Interfacial condensation polymerization
5. Interfacial complexation
15. METHOD OF PREPARATION
Polymer precipitation methods (Preformed polymer)
1. Solvent evaporation method
2. Solvent displacement method
3. Salting out
4. Solvent diffusion method
5. Dialysis
Super critical fluid technique
AMPHIPHILIC MACROMOLECULE CROSSLINKING:
Nanoparticles can be prepared from amphiphilic macromolecules, proteins
and polysaccharides.
The process involved here is the aggregation of amphiphiles followed by
stabilization either by heat denaturation or chemical cross-linking
Occurs both in biphasic O/W or W/O type of dispersed system.
16. METHOD OF PREPARATION
1. HEAT CROSS LINKING:
It is mainly used for the nano-encapsulation of drug.
Involves high pressure homogenization or high frequency sonication.
Aqueous protein + surfactant +oil
O/W emulsion
Addition of cross linking agent and centrifugation
Nanoparticles are obtained
17. METHOD OF PREPARATION
2. CHEMICAL CROSSLINKING:
In this method, nanoparticles of size 300 nm are produced.
2,2 di-methyl propane is used as dehydrating agent used to translate internal
aqueous phase into solid particulate dispersion.
Hydroxypropyl cellulose solution in chloroform used as continuous phase.
POLYMERISATION BASED TECHNIQUES:
Method in which the monomer to be polymerized is emulsified in a non-
solvent phase(emulsion polymerisation)
Methods in which the monomer is dissolved in solvent that is non solvent for
the resulting polymer (Dispersion polymerization)
18. METHOD OF PREPARATION
1. EMULSION POLYMERIZATION:
Oil , drug, monomer, stabilizer (lecithin) + Aqueous phase(Polaxomer)
O/W emulsion
magnetic stirring
centrifugation
Isolation of Nanoparticles
20. METHOD OF PREPARATION
2. DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION:
In case of dispersion polymerization, the monomer is dissolved in
an aqueous medium which act as precipitant for subsequently formed
polymer.
3. INTERFACIAL POLYMERISATION:
Core phase + drug + Polymer
O/W emulsion
Addition of non-solvent which precipitate out polymer from either of phases
Nanocapsules(30-300 nm)
22. METHOD OF PREPARATION
4. INTERFACIAL COMPLEXATION METHOD:
Water + Monomer A + Oil phase
high pressure homogenization
W/O emulsion
Monomer B
Nanocapsules
23. METHOD OF PREPARATION
POLYMER PRECIPITATION METHOD
SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD:
Polymer dissolved in organic solvent(DCM, Chloroform or ethyl acetate)
Drug is dispersed in this solution
Mixture emulsified in an aqueous phase containing surfactant (eg:
polysorbates, poloxamers)
Stirred by mechanical stirrer
Formation of emulsion by evaporation of organic solvent by increasing the
temperature.
25. METHOD OF PREPARATION
SOLVENT DIFFUSION METHOD
Formation of O/W emulsion between a partially water-miscible solvent
containing the polymer and the drug, and an aqueous solution, containing a
surfactant.
ADVANTAGES:
• In contrast with solvent evaporation, this technique decreases the droplet
size.
• Nanospheres are obtained by this method.
• Nanocapsules are obtained by adding a small amount of oil in the organic
phase.
29. METHOD OF PREPARATION
EMULSIFICATION- REVERSE SALTING OUT:
The emulsion is formulated from a water miscible polymer solvent like
acetone and an aqueous gel containing the salting out agent.
30. METHOD OF PREPARATION
NANOPRECIPITATION METHOD:
Also known as solvent displacement method.
Useful for slightly water soluble drug.
Drug dissolved in organic phase(ethanol/methanol)
emulsified
Aqueous phase
displacement of organic phase
Immediate polymer precipitation because of complete miscibility of both the
phase.
Nanoparticles
32. METHOD OF PREPARATION
DIALYSIS:
Polymer and the drug is dissolved in a organic solvent
This solution is added to dialysis tube and dialysis performed against a non
solvent miscible with the former miscible.
The displacement of the solvent inside the membrane is followed by the
progressive aggregation of polymer due to loss of solubility and formation
of homogenous suspension of nanoparticles.
33. METHOD OF PREPARATION
SUPER CRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY:
Advantages:
Formation of dry nanoparticles
Rapid precipitation process.
Contain very low traces of organic solvent.
Involves use of environment friendly solvent like SC carbon dioxide or
nitrogen.
SCF technology
Rapid expansion of super Super critical Anti-solvent (SCA)
Critical solution(RESS)
(For drugs soluble in SCF) (For drugs insoluble in SCF)
34. METHOD OF PREPARATION
RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPER CRITICAL SOLUTION:
Drug dissolved in super critical fluid
Solution sprayed into region of low pressure
Solvent power of super critical fluid decreases
Precipitation of nanoparticles
35. METHOD OF PREPARATION
SUPER CRITICAL ANTI-SOLVENT(SCA):
Drug + Methanol
Drug is dissolved
Add super critical fluid(miscible with methanol)
Precipitation of drug as fine particles
37. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
• EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES:
Particle size
Density
Molecular weight
Structure and crystallinity
Specific surface area
Surface charge and electronic mobility
Surface hydrophobicity
Invitro release
Nanoparticles yield
Drug entrapment efficiency
38. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
PARTICLE SIZE:
• Photon correlation spectroscopy(For smaller particles)
• Laser diffractrometry(For larger particles)
• Electron microscopy(For coated materials and dry samples)
• Transmission electron microscopy
• Atomic force microscope, laser force microscope and scanning electron
microscope are used for evaluation of nanoparticles.
39. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
DENSITY:
• Helium or air using a gas pycnometer
• Density gradient centrifugation are used.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
• Gel permeation chromatography using refractive index detector .
STRUCTURE AND CRYSTALLINITY:
• X-ray diffraction
• Thermoanalytical methods like Differential scanning calorimetry,
differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry are used.
SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA:
• Sorptometer used.
• Specific surface area A=6/Density *diameter of particle
40. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
SURFACE CHARGE AND ELECTRONIC MOBILITY:
• By measuring particle velocity in electrical field.
• Laser Doppler Anemometry technique is used.
• Zeta potential can also be obtained by measuring the electronic mobility.
SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY:
• Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
• Two phase partition
• Contact angle measurement
INVITRO RELEASE:
• Diffusion
• Ultra filtration
• Media used: phosphate buffer
41. EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES
NANOPARTICLE YIELD:
• % Yield=actual weight of product/total weight of excipient and drug
DRUG ENTRAPMENT EFFICIENCY:
• Drug entrapment % = mass of drug in nanoparticles /mass of drug used in
formulation *100
42. BENEFITS OF NANOPARTICLES
• BENEFITS OF NANOPARTICLES:
Improved bioavailability by enhancing the aqueous solubility
Increased resistance time in the body(increasing half life for clearance)
Targeting drug to specific location in the body.
43. APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES
APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES:
• Used in cancer therapy for enhance uptake of anti-tumor agents. Eg:
Polyalkylcyanoacrylate with anticancer agent.
• Used in extra cellular targeting for intracellular infections.
• Used as vaccine adjuvant for enhancing immune response
• Used in DNA delivery for significantly higher expression level.
• Used in ocular delivery.
• Used in gene therapy.
44. COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS IN
THE MARKET
COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
AVAILABLE:
COMPANY TRADE
NAME
COMPOSITIO
N
INDICATION ROUTE
Novovax Estrasorb Micellular
estradiol
Menopausal
therapy
Topical
Genzyme Renagel Poly(allylamine
hydrochloride)
End stage renal
disease
Oral
Elan,Merck Emend Nanocrystalline
aprepitant
Anti emetic Oral
Berna Biotech Epaxal Liposomal IRIV
vacccine
Hepatitis A IM
Enzon Abelect Liposomal
amphotericin B
Fungal infection IV
45. REFERENCES
• REFERENCES:
• Mohanraj V.J, Chen Y, Nanoparticles- A Review. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, June 2006; 5(1): 561-573.
• Sovan Lal Pal. Utpal Jana, Mana P.K-Nanoparticle:An Overvview of
preparation and characterization. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical -
Science 01(06);2011:228-234.
• Konwar Ranjit,Ahmed Abdul Baquee-Nanoparticle:An Overview of
preparation, characterization and application,Int.Res.J.Pharm.2013.
• Nanoparticles-wikipedia.
• Shantanu Tamuly and Aman Kumar-Preparation and Characterisation of
Nanoparticles. Research gate.net-273762796.