The document discusses nanoparticles as drug delivery systems with sizes ranging from 10-1000 nm, made from synthetic polymers that can encapsulate drugs or proteins. Advantages include their ability to penetrate physiological barriers, reduce drug toxicity, and offer various administration routes, while disadvantages include potential aggregation and limited drug loading. Various preparation techniques, such as emulsion polymerization and nanoprecipitation, are highlighted, along with evaluation parameters for assessing nanoparticle characteristics.

1. NANOPARTICLES
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. DR. RISHI PAL
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
HIMT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, GREATER NOIDA
SUBMITTED BY:
SALMAN KHAN
M.PHARM (IInd SEM).
Pharmaceutics

2. Targeted Drug
Delivery
System
NANOPARTICLES

3. INTRODUCTION
• Nanoparticles are subnanosized colloidal drug
delivery systems
• Particle size ranges from 10-1000 nm in diameter.
• They are composed of synthetic or semi synthetic
polymers carrying drugs or proteinaceous
substances, i.e. antigen(s).
• Drugs are entrapped in the polymer matrix
particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to
particle surface by physical adsorption or in
chemical form.

5. The term nanoparticle is a combined name for both
nanosphares and nanocapsules.

6. Nanospheres and
Nanocapsules

7. Advantages of nanoparticles
• Nanoparticles can be administer by various routes
including oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc.
• Due to small particle size nanoparticles overcome
resistance by physiological barriers in the body and easily
penetrates to cell walls, blood vessels, stomach epithelium
and blood–brain barrier.
• As a targeted drug carrier nanoparticles reduce drug
toxicity and enhance efficient drug distribution
• Polymeric nanoparticle an ideal drug delivery system for
cancer therapy, vaccines, contraceptives and antibiotics.
• Useful to diagnose various diseases
• Enhanced stability of ingredients
• Prolonged shelf life
• Used in dental surgery also as filling the tiny holes in teeth.

8. Disadvantages Of Nanoparticles
• Small size & large surface area can lead to
particle aggregation.
• Physical handling of nano particles is
difficult in liquid and dry forms.
• Limited drug loading.
• Toxic metabolites may form.
• Difficult to maintain stability of dosage
form.
E.g.: Resealed erythrocytes stored at 40C.

9. Preparation Techniques
• The appropriate method selection depends on
the physicochemical characteristics of the
polymer and the drug to be loaded.
• The preparation technique largely determine
the
 Inner structure
 In vitro release profile
Biological fate of the systems.

11. Emulsion polymerization (EP)
• Initiator which generates either radicals or ions
depending upon the type of initiator & these radicals
or ions nucleate the monomeric unit & starts
polymerization process.

12. Dispersion polymerization (DP)
• Used for preparation of biodegradable polyacrylamide &
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

13. Solvent Evaporation
• Polymer dissolved in organic solvent (dichloromethane,
chloroform or ethyl acetate).
• Drug is dispersed in this solution.
• Mixture emulsified in an aqueous phase containing surfactant
• Ex. Polysorbates, poloxamers sodium dodecyl sulfates
polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin
• Water emulsion by using mechanical stirring, sonication, or
micro fluidization (high-pressure homogenization through
narrow channels).
• Formation of emulsion the organic solvent evaporate by
increased the temperature and reduced pressure with
continuous stirring.

14. Fig: Preparation of nanoparticles by solvent evaporation method

15. Emulsifications/ Solvent
Diffusion Method
• It consists in the formation of a conventional o/w
emulsion between a partially water-miscible solvent
containing the polymer and the drug, and an aqueous
solution, containing a surfactant.
• In contrast with methods based on solvent evaporation,
in this technique the droplet size decreases suddenly in a
millisecond time scale during solvent diffusion.
• Nanospheres are produced by this method but
nanocapsules can be obtained just by adding a small
amount of oil, for example miglyol, in the organic phase.
• Finally, depending on its boiling point, the solvent can be
eliminated by evaporation or filtration.

16. Fig: Representation of the emulsification-solvent diffusion method for the preparation of
nanocapsules.

17. Fig: Preparation of nanoparticles by double emulsification method
Doubleemulsificationmethod

18. Emulsification–reverse salting-out
• The main difference comes from the composition of the
emulsion which is formulated from a water-miscible
polymer solvent like acetone and an aqueous gel
containing the salting-out agent
• Fig: representation of the emulsification-reverse salting-out technique.

19. Nanoprecipitation method
• This is another method which is widely used for nanoparticle
preparation which is also called solvent displacement method.
• Useful for slightly water soluble drug.

21. Dialysis
• Firstly polymer (such as Poly(benzyl-l-glutamate)-b-
poly(ethylene oxide), Poly (lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide))
• Drug dissolved in a organic solvent.
• This solution added to a dialysis tube and dialysis performed
against a non-solvent miscible with the former miscible.
• The displacement of the solvent inside the membrane is
followed by the progressive aggregation of polymer due to a
loss of solubility and the formation of homogeneous
suspensions of nanoparticles.
• Dialysis mechanism for formation of nanoparticle is not fully
understood at present.
• It may be based based on a mechanism similar to that of
nanoprecipitation.

22. Fig: representation of the dialysis method for the preparation of
nanospheres.

23. Supercritical fluid technology
Advantages:
• Formation of dry nanoparticles.
• Rapid precipitation process.
• Contain very low traces of organic solvent.
• Involves use of environment friendly solvent like super
critical carbon dioxide or nitrogen.

26. Evaluation parameter of
nanoparticles
1. Particle size
2. Density
3. Molecular weight
4. Structure and crystallinity
5. Specific surface area
6. Surface charge & electronic mobility
7. Surface hydrophobicity
8. Invitro release
9. Nanoparticle yield
10.Drug entrapment efficiency

27. 1.Particle size :
• Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) : For smaller
particle.
• Laser diffractrometry : For larger particle.
• Electron microscopy (EM) : Required coating of
conductive material such as gold & limited to dry sample.
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) : Easier method
& Permits differntiation among nanocapsule &
nanoparticle.
• Atomic force microscope
Laser force microscope
Scanning electron microscope

28. 2.Density :
• Helium or air using a gas pycnometer
• Density gradiant centrifugation
3. Molecular weight :
• Gel permeation chromatography using refractive index
detector.
4. Structure & Crystallinity :
• X-ray diffraction
• Thermoanalytical method such as,
1) Differential scanning calorimetry
2) Differential thermal analysis
3) Thermogravimetry

29. 5. Specific surface area :
• Sorptometer
6. Surface charge & electronic mobility :
• Surface charge of particle can be determined by
measuring particle velocity in electrical field.
• Laser Doppler Anemometry tech. for determination
of Nanoparticles velocities.
• Surface charge is also measured as electrical
mobility.
• Charged composition critically decides bio-
distribution of nanoparticle .
• Zeta potential can also be obtain by measuring the
electronic mobility.

30. 7. Surface Hydrophobicity :
• Important influence on intraction of
nanoparticles with biological environment.
• Several methods have been used,
1 Hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
2 Two phase partition.
3 Contact angle measurement.
8. Invitro release :
• Diffusion cell
Recently introduce modified Ultra-filtration tech.
• Media used : phosphate buffer

31. 9. Nanoparticle yield :
10.Drugentrapment efficiency: