Nanoparticle use in pharmaceutical analysis

1. • P R E P A R E D B Y : - B H A U M I K R . B A V I S H I 1 5 M P H 3 0 1
•G U I D E D B Y ; - D R . P R I T I J . M E H T A
•D E P A R T M E N T O F P H A R M A C E U T I C A L A N A L Y S I S
Nanoparticle Use in
Pharmaceutical Analysis

2. Nanoparticle
 Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100
nanometers in size.
 Particles are further classified according to diameter,
Ultrafine particles are the same as nanoparticles and
between 1 and 100 nanometers in size,
 Fine particles are sized between 100 and 2,500
nanometers, and
 coarse particles cover a range between 2,500 and
10,000 nanometers.

3. Nanoparticle Use in Pharmaceutical Analysis
NanoParticles are widely uses in these areas..
1. In Electrochemical Analysis
2. In Separation Analysis
3. In Clinical Analysis
4. Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy
5. Other Pharmaceutical Applications

4. 1) In Electrochemical Analysis
• The unique chemical and physical properties of
NanoParticles make the suitable sensing devices for
analysis like
• Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
• Many kinds of NanoParticles, such as metal, oxide and
semiconductor nanoparticles have been used for
constructing electrochemical sensors and biosensors
• These NanoParticles play different roles in different sensing
systems

5.  Metal NanoParticles have excellent conductivity and
catalytic properties, which make them suitable for acting as
“electronic wires” .
 And also for enhance the electron transfer between redox
centers in proteins and electrode surfaces, and as catalysts
to increase electrochemical reactions.
 Oxide NanoParticles are often used to immobilize
biomolecules due to their biocompatibility, while
semiconductor nanoparticles are often used as labels or
tracers for electrochemical analysis.
 Such as enzyme sensors, immunosensors and DNA sensors.

6.  The important functions provided by NanoParticles include
 The immobilization of biomolecules, the catalysis of
electrochemical reactions, the enhancement of electron
transfer between electrode surfaces and proteins, labeling
of biomolecules and even acting as reactant

7. Electrochemical Immunoassay
o An immunoassay work as Electrochemical Analysis
o It is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of
a macromolecule in a solution through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin.
o The macromolecule detected by the immunoassay is often referred to as an
"analyte" and in many cases it is a protein

8. 2) In Clinical Analysis
• NanoParticles can be used to target tumor antigens as well
as Biomarkers with high affinity and specificity.
• NanoParticle-based detection technologies have the
potential to improve detection sensitivity
• Point of care testing has become the most famous way of
diagnosis in clinical analysis
 In recent years, Quantum dots (QDs), or semiconductor
nanocrystals, are another type of NanoParticles which
having a wide range of potential clinical applications
including cell labeling, in vivo imaging and diagnostics

9. • Due to the Quantum dots's photophysical properties such
as broad absorption spectra coupled to a narrow emission
spectrum,
• Quantum dots of different emission colors may be excited
by a single wavelength, thus enabling multiple detection of
molecular targets.

10.  Other fluorescent labels used in medical research include
magnetic NanoParicles such as SuperParamagnetic Iron
Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs)
 SPIONs are one of the few clinically approved metal oxide
NanoParticles and find applications in the biomedical field
such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), drug and
gene delivery and hyperthermic destruction of tumor
tissue.
 Fluorescent NanoParticles can be used for multiple
profiling of tumour biomarkers and for detection of
multiple genes and matrix RNA with fluorescent in-situ
hybridization.

11.  Supermagnetic NanoParticles have exciting possibilities as
agents for cancer detection in vivo, and for monitoring the
response to treatment.

12. 3) In Separation Analysis
 NanoParticles, containing magnetic materials, such as magnetite
(Fe3O4), are particularly useful for imaging and separation
techniques.
 As these NanoParticles are generally considered to be
biologically and chemically inert, they are typically coated with
metal catalysts, antibodies or enzymes to increase their
functionality as separation agents
 MagneticNanoParticles have been used for separating proteins,
DNA and cells from samples, for drug and gene targeting , for
tissue engineering , for magnetic resonance imaging, as magnetic
biosensors and as mediators of heat for cancer therapy.

13.  NanoParticles having ability to catalyse the oxidation of
organic substrates to reduce their toxicity and/or to
produce a colour change is frequently used in wastewater
treatment or as a detection tool.
 MagneticNanoParticles (such as Fe3O4) have been coated
with metal catalysts or conjugated with enzymes, to
combine the separating power of the magnetic properties
with the catalytic activity of the metal surface or enzyme
conjugate.
 For example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-entrapped
MagneticNanoParticles have been used for biocatalysis and
bioseparation, and a magnetic core of Co coated with Pt
allows magnetic separation and catalysis of hydrogenation.

14. Figure 1 Fe3O4 MNPs show peroxidase-like activity. a, TEM images of Fe3O4 MNPs of
different sizes.
b, The Fe3O4 MNPs catalyse oxidation of various peroxidase substrates in the presence of
H2O2 to produce different colour reactions.
c, Scheme of the mechanism of catalysis by Fe3O4 MNPs. AH represents the
substrate, which is a hydrogen donor

15. 4) Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
 NanoParticle Enhanced LIBS (NELIBS) in order to improve
the sensitivity of LIBS on metals without changing the
classical set-up and keeping the analysis operations easy
and fast.
 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed
on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor,
allows the detection of inorganic elements such as Na, Ca,
Cu, Mg, and Fe, naturally present in the body.

16.  Nanoparticles appear as the perfect solution for several
reasons: first of all,
 they contaminate the target only in a negligible extent (less
than 0.04 %);
 they can be easily deposited on the sample surface and be
completely removed during the laser irradiation.
 And their effect on the sample under laser irradiation is
huge, because of their physical properties.
 In NELIBS a micro-drop of solution containing
NanoParticles (NPs) is deposited on the sample surface in
an area covering the focused laser spot.

17. • When the solvent evaporates, NanoParticles adhere to the
surface and change its properties, notably increasing the
efficiency of laser energy deposition on the sample.
 NanoParticles can be considered as ideal thermally-
insulated defects able to lower the breakdown threshold.
• NanoParticle-enhanced LIBS (NELIBS) was found to be a
robust and flexible tool for the chemical analysis of metals.
• because the sample emission signal did not appear to be
affected much by the size and concentration of deposited
NanoParticles (NPs) within the ranges of 10 nm for
diameter and 1 order of magnitude for concentration.

18. 5) Other Pharmaceutical Applications
• Optical Applications: Silver NanoParticles are used to
efficiently harvest light and for enhanced optical
spectroscopies including metal-enhanced fluorescence
(MEF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
• Conductive Applications: Silver NanoParticles are used in
conductive inks and integrated into composites to enhance
thermal and electrical conductivity

19.  Diagnostics: Nanoparticles in particular have exhibited
tremendous potential for detecting fragments of viruses,
pre-cancerous cells, disease markers, and indicators of
radiation damage
 A NanoParticle-based biobarcode amplification assay
(BCA) utilizes gold NanoParticles and magnetic
microparticles attached to large numbers of DNA strands
and antibodies for a specific disease marker.
 This BCA technology has been applied to the detection of
markers for Alzheimer’s disease and is being investigated
for other numerous disease.

20. Targeted Drug Delivery:
• Therapeutic drug molecules have been immobilized on the
surface of magnetic NanoParticles or nanocrystals and
directed to a specific target tissue using a magnetic field
gradient
• In hypothermal treatment, magnetic NanoParticles are
directed to diseased tissue containing heat sensitive
tumors.
• Such as enzyme sensors, immunosensors and DNA sensors.

21.  The important functions provided by nanoparticles include
 The immobilization of biomolecules, the catalysis of
electrochemical reactions, the enhancement of electron
transfer between electrode surfaces and proteins, labeling
of biomolecules and even acting as reactant.

22.  Biosensors and Biolabels: Multi-color labeling of both fixed
and living cells with fluorescent NanoParticles conjugated
with biological ligands that specifically bind against certain
cellular targets enables the recording of diffusion pathways
in receptor cells
 Other medical and pharmaceutical field having applications
like include gene therapy, antibacterial/antimicrobial
agents for burn and wound dressings, repair of damaged
tissues, artificial tissues, enhancing signals for magnetic
resonance imaging examinations, and as radio frequency
controlled switching of complex biochemical processes.

23. REFERENCE
 Application of Nanoparticles in Electrochemical Sensors
and Biosensors Xiliang Luo, Aoife Morrin, Anthony J.
Killard, Malcolm R. Smyth* School of Chemical Sciences,
National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City
University, Dublin 9, Ireland
 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-
science/nanomaterials/silver-nanoparticles.html
 http://moscow.sci-
hub.bz/c4f7ba410853d33f55ba966450fcf112/10.1038%40n
nano.2007.260.pdf

24.  Nanoparticle Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy (NELIBS): effect of nanoparticles deposited
on sample surface on laser ablation and plasma emission.
A. De Giacomo* 1,2, R. Gaudiuso1,2 , C. Koral1 , M.
Dell’Aglio2 , O. De Pascale2 1. University of Bari,
Department of Chemistry, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari-Italy
2. CNR-IMIP, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari-Italy
 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy of Metallic Samples A. De Giacomo,*,†,‡ R.
Gaudiuso,†,‡ C. Koral,† M. Dell’Aglio,‡ and O. De Pascale‡ †
Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona
4, 70126 Bari, Italy ‡ IMIP-CNR, Via Amendola 122/D,
70126 Bari, Italy