recent advances

1. Role of
nanotechnology in
diagnostic pathology
BY:- DR. NEKTA ANAND
GUIDE:- DR. APARNA SHINDE
DATE:- 21/12/2020

2. The first concept of nanotechnology was given was famous physicist Sr.
Richard Feynman.
Invention of scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of
fullerene(C60) in 1985 lead emergence of Nanotechnology.

3. Nanotechnology:- It is the application of nanoscience to produce device and products.
Nano biotechnology/ Nano biology:- nanomaterial /tools for biological application . example:-
diagnosis of disease or cancer.
Nanoscience:-it is the study of nanomaterial, their properties and related phenomenon.
Bionanotecnology:- understanding biological nanostructure and its potential application. Example:-
DNA use as construction material –Nano robot, medicine,

4. Nanoparticle :- it is any material having at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1-100 nm.

5. Nanomaterial are divided into 3 categories
One dimension Two dimension Three dimension
It has only one length + breath All parameters are considered
parameters either
length(or breath) or
height
Nanoparticle
Nano shell
Nano rings

6. Nanoparticle are important because whenever size goes down the surface area
increase.
Nano-objects are:-
Faster
Lighter
Can get into small spaces
More energy efficient
Different properties at small scale.

7. Nanomaterials properties:-
The properties of material can be different at the nanoscale for 2 main reason:
1. Large surface area and chemically reactive.
2. Quantum effect can begin to dominate the behavior of the matter at the nanoscale.
The properties that change include basic properties such a melting point and color but
of greater importance to pathologists are:-
Potential increases in the physical size of each molecular component as the total
number of molecular components decreases.
An increase in the fraction of molecules on the surface of the particle, and changes in
surface reactivity.

8. Nanomaterials exhibit higher chemical reactivity, increased mechanical strength,
faster electrical and magnetic responses owing to its high surface to unit volume
ratio.
Nanoparticles can attach to biomolecules, allowing detection of disease biomarkers
in a lab sample at a very early stage.
Because of their small size, nanomaterials can readily interact with biomolecules
and gaining access to so many areas of the human body by passing through
intracellular spaces
There is variety of methods to synthesize NPs such as physical, chemical and
biological synthesis.

9. The common ways to produce nanomaterials are:-

13. NANOTECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONS :-
Information Technology:-
Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems
Energy :-
More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production
− Solar cells
− Fuel cells
− Batteries
− Bio fuels
Medicine:-
◦ Cancer treatment
◦ Bone treatment
◦ Drug delivery
◦ Appetite control
◦ Drug development
• Medical tools
• Diagnostic tests
• Imaging

14. Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Nanotechnology provides new materials with novel properties and function for
various biomedical applications such as diagnostics, drug delivery, therapy,
tissue engineering and biosensors.
Medical application of nanotechnology has ability to enable early detection,
prevention, treatment and follow up of many life-threatening disease including
cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s and AIDS as well as
infectious diseases.

15. Various nanodevices used in diagnostics
Cantilevers.
Nanopores.
Nanotubes.
Quantum dots.
Nanoshells.
Dendrimers.
Magnetic Nanoparticles.

23. MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (MNP):
MNPs are versatile diagnostic tool as it is manipulated using external magnetic field. This ‘action
at a distance’ phenomenon combined with intrinsic penetrability of magnetic field into human
tissue enables their detection in vivo using MRI.
Super -paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are made of an iron oxide core and coated
by either inorganic materials like silica or organic materials such as phospholipids, natural
polymers such as dextran or chitosan.
SPIONs are a versatile agent for early diagnosis of cancer, atherosclerosis and other diseases.
Moreover, SPIONs are used as contrast agents for MRI imaging and as an in-vitro application in
bioassay by means of a vehicle for the detection of biomarkers.
When SPION used in biosensors it improves the sensitivity and selectivity of diagnosis

25. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a hallmark of invasive behavior of cancer, responsible for the
development of metastasis. Their detection and analysis have significant impacts in cancer biology
and clinical practice.
Nanotechnology shows strong promises for CTC enrichment and detection owning to the unique
structural and functional properties of nanoscale materials.

27. Graphene oxide(GO)
Gold Nanoparticles(AuNPs) and Silver Noanoparticles (AgNPs)

28. Other Nanodiagnostic techniques
Nanochips:-
One of the most common techniques used today to analyze DNA sequences is hybridization, or the
pairing of separated strands of DNA with complementary DNA strands of known sequence that act
as probes.
Currently, DNA chips called DNA micro array assays are used to analyze DNA.
Once these probes are on specific sites of the nanochip, the test sample (blood) can then be analyzed
for target DNA sequences by hybridization with these probes.

29. MICROFLUIDICS (LAB ONA CHIP)
The newest technologies within nanodiagnostics involve microfluidic or “lab on a chip” systems, in
which the DNA sample is completely unknown.
Using a pipette, a sample of DNA containing solution is placed on one fluid-entry port and a reagent
containing solution on the other port. Capillary action draws both solutions into the device, but
hydrophobic patches positioned just beyond the vent line in each injection channel stop the samples.

30. NANOARRAYS
Microarrays are important tools for high-throughput analysis of biomolecules.
The use of microarrays for parallel screening of nucleic acid and protein profiles
has become an industry standard.

32. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices that do much more than to
diagnose and deliver treatment separately.
The goal is to create a single nanodevices that will do many things
Assist in imaging inside the body,
Recognize precancerous or cancerous cells,
Release a drug that targets only those cells
 Report back on the effectiveness of the treatment

33. CONCLUSION
It has been proved that nanotechnology is a promising area of scientific and
technological advancement.
The introduction of biocompatible materials and devices that are engineered on
the nanometer scale that interact with biological molecules and cells and provide
specified diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging functions will utterly change the
way in which health care is provided in the future.
For nanotechnology to prosper there needs to be a true unification of sciences,
which will require a multidisciplinary approach.