nanotechnology

1. NANOTECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONS
Presentor : Dr Jyoti Sharma
Guide : Dr Surjit Singh

2. CONTENTS
History
Types
Structure
Applications
New advances
Limitation

3. INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.
Nanotools: The use of nanomaterials, nanodevices and nano assemblies
designed to affect macro behavior and performance.
Nanomedicine: The ultra miniaturization of medical solutions through the
application of nanotechnology methods.
Nanoscience Is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at
atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale.

4. NANOSCALE

5. PROPERTIES
Catalytic High surface to volume ratio
Electric Increased conductivity in ceramics and magnetic nanocomposites,
resistance in metals
Magnetic Increased coercivity upto a critical grain size , superparamagnetic
behaviour
Mechanical Improved hardness and toughness of metals and alloys, ductility and
superelasticity of ceramic
Optical Spectral shift of optical absorbtion and fluoresecence properties ,
increased quantum efficiency of semiconductor crystals
Sterical Increased selectivity, hollow spheres for specific drug transportation and
controlled release
Biological Increased permeability through memb, BBB , improved biocompatibility

6. • DRY
Surface science, physical chemistry and gives importance on
fabrication of structure in carbon , silicon, inorganic materials
• WET
Biological system such as enzymes , membranes, cellular components
• COMPUTATIONAL
Modelling and stimulating the complex nanometer scale structure
TYPES OF NANOTECH.

7. TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES

8. 1959 R feynman initiated thought process
1974 Term used by taniguchi first time
1985 Bucky ball
1986 First book published “engines of creations”
1999 Nano medicine book by r. Freitas published
2002-3 Feynman won Prize in nanotechnology
HISTORY
vincristine sulfate
liposome
targeted trastuzumab
emtansine liposome

9. Need of
Nanotherapeutics
Better PK
improving dosing
requirement
Smaller and faster
devices
Faster
biochemical
reaction
controlled release
of drugs
Enormous potential
Difficulty in detecting
and removing
Cytotoxicity
Lack of target
specifity
Better side
effect profile

10. PRINCIPLES
Aids in building up scaffolds of innumerable sizes from miniscule nanoparticles
Bind to various other materials of diagnostic and therapeutic implications, thereby aiding
in specifically targeting necessary tissues
Specific delivery tools for materials across diverse selective barriers
Their associated properties of electrical conductance and charge enable stimulation of
local cells to induce tissue regeneration and growth.

11. TARGETED NANOPARTICLE

12. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TARGETING

13. LIPOSOMES

14. APPROVED LIPOSOMAL FORMULATIONS
Name Description MOA Approval / indication
Depodur Morphine sulphate
encapsulated in 17 -23um
multivesicular liposomes
Sustained release FDA 2004
Tt of chronic pain in
patients requiring long term
daily round the clock opiod
analgesic (epidural space )
Ambisome Amphotericin B
encapsulated in 60-70 nm
liposomes
Mononuclear phagocytic
system targeting
FDA 1997
Daunoxome Daunorubicin citrate
encapsulated in 45 nm
liposomes
Passive targeting FDA 1996
HIV related Kaposi
sarcoma
Depocyt Cytarabine encapsulated in
multivescicular 20 um
liposomes
SR cytotoxic conc. Of drug
in CSF for more than 14
days after a single 50 mg
injection
FDA 2007
Lymphomatous malignant
meningitis

15. Name Description Moa Approval/ indication
Doxil Doxorubicin HCL
encapsulated in 100 nm
stealth liposomes
Passive targeting FDA 1995 aids related Kaposi
sarcoma multiple myeloma ovarian
cancer
Inflexal v Influenza virus antigens on
surface of 150 nm liposomes
Liposomes mimic native
virus structure
Swizerland 1997 influenza vaccine
Marqibo Vincristine sulphate in 100nm
liposomes
Passive targeting FDA 2012
Ac lymphoid leukemia
Mepact Mifamurtide incorporated into
multilamellar liposomes
Mononuclear phagocytic
system targeting
Europe 2009
Non metastasizing resectable
osteocarcinoma
Myocet Doxorubicin in 180 nm
liposomes
Mononuclear phagocytic
system targeting
Europe 2000
Metastatic BR CA
visudyne Verteporfin in liposomes Drug solubulisation FDA 2000 photodynamic therapy
of age related macular degeneration
pathological myopia ocular
histaplasmosis syndrome

16. 1. Nontoxic compared to
polymeric nanoparticle
2. Cationic SLC can be
effective potent non viral
transfection agent
3. lipid component
degrade slowly- long
lasting exposure to
immune system

17. STRUCTURE OF POLYMERIC MICELLE

18. DENDRIMERS

19. MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE

20. RESEARCH
• DRUG SCREENING
• DRUG DELIVERY
• DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL
• DRUG DELIVERY
• DETECTION
• DETECTION AND MONITORING
MEDICALAPPLICATIONS
Active Agents
Contrast Medium
Medical Rapid Tests
Prostheses/Implants
Antimicrobial Agents/Coatings
Agents In Cancer Therapy

21. THERANOSTIC MEDICINE
Specific targeted therapies for different diseases, aimed at combining targeted diagnostic
and targeted therapeutic interventions .
A drug molecule, in combination with a tracking molecule, can be associated with
nanoparticles so that real-time visualization of tumor behavior, monitoring of response to
treatment, and toxicity evaluation can be simultaneously performed.
NIR photoimmunotherapy with monoclonal anti-cd133 antibody conjugated to IR700
phototoxic phthalocyanine dye for spatiotemporally controlled elimination of tumor cells.
CD133 antibodies affected rapid cell death followed by NIR light application across the
skull.

22. APTAMER TARGETED THERANOSTIC
NANOMEDICINE
Target Aptamer Nanomaterial Active molecule Application
PSMA RNA Supermagnetic iron
oxide NPS
qDS
Superparamagnetic
iron oxide NPS and
doxorubicin
Targeted MRI and
chemotherapy
Targeted optical
imaging and
chemotherapy
MUC 1 DNA qDS qDS and doxorubicin Targeted optical
imaging and
chemotherapy
A549 cells DNA AU NPS AU NPS
And fluorscence
Target triggered and
light induced optical
imaging and
photothermal therapy

23. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

24. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-
NANOCARRIERS IN CNS TUMORS
Hyperthermia. Thermoseeds and magnetic nanoparticles (nps) have been used to
apply heat locally in the region of tumor. Effectiveness of a combination of CNTS
with NIR in tumor debulking in rats. In vitro environment where photothermal
therapy with singlewalled cnts conjugated with anti-cd133 antibodies caused
targeted lysis of cd133þ glioblastoma multiforme cells.
Antitumor antibiotics. Poor BBB penetration, encapsulated pegylated
liposomes, combination of ultrasound induced microbubbles and liposomal
antibiotics
Engineering of the cell genome.

25. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

26. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-SPINAL FUSION
Applications Mechanism
Nano-roughened Ti interbody cages
Bioabsorbable cages in anterior
cervical diskectomy and fusion
Scaffold for BMP
Osteoblastic/growth factor activation and
osteointegration
PLA/nanosized b-tricalcium phosphate—
enhanced osteoconductivity, mechanical
property, and degradability
Bioactive nanofiber scaffolds with peptide
amphiphile—as carriers for BMP2

27. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-DRUG
DELIVERY
Across BBB. Vector to transport drugs across, reduce the need for more
invasive, interventional procedures . nano engineered probes can assist in
delivering drugs at the cellular level using nonfluidic channels
Hydrogels in localized drug delivery.
Systemic drug delivery.
Cancer treatment

28. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-SPINAL
INFECTION
Applications MECH.
Modified pedicle screws in spinal infection
Modified cement technology in spinal infection.
Nano-rough surfaces on ti peg-grafted,
polypropylene-based silver nanoparticle
impregnated pedicles screws nanosized particles of
antibiotics or barium sulfate PMMA cement loaded
with nanosilver particles

29. NANOPARTICLES AS SENSORS
Analyte detection
Pathogen detection and separation
Cell detection and separation
DELIVERY VEHICLES
Si RNA for biological studies
Hydrophobic compounds without solvent or excipients
Delivering agents to subcellular organelles

30. LIMITATIONS AS DRUG DELIVERY
larger surface area to volume. Friction and clumping of the nanoparticles into a larger structure is
inevitable which may affect their function as a drug delivery system.
When these are not excreted, larger nanoparticles can accumulate in vital organs causing toxicity
leading to organ failure.
Polymeric micelles were reported to cause acute hypersensitivity reactions in animal tests.
Accumulation of gold nanoparticles in bone joints and organs.

31. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-
NONMYOINVASIVE BLADDER CANCER
Deliver imaging agents facilitate identification during cystoscopy, and
guide tumor resection.
Nanoparticle-based capturing of malignant cells and/or their subcellular
components is promising and might have a role during follow-up.
Biological agents as adjuvant therapy.
Cytotoxic agents has already showed promising results in phase i trials and
can be used to treat after bcg failure.
Large cyclic photosensitizing compounds used for photodynamic diagnosis
and therapy, upon light activation, can emit light with different wave length
for cancer detection and produce reactive oxygen species for cell killing.
Photothermal therapy integrated, large cyclic compounds can absorb light
and convert into heat locally.
DIAGNOSTIC
THERAPEUTIC
THERANOSTIC

32. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS-INVASIVE &
ADVANCED BLADDER CANCER
Mri with ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide can significantly improve the
detection sensitivity and specificity of small metastasis to lymph nodes.
Formulation of therapeutic agents in nanoparticles takes advantage of the enhanced
permeability and retention effect, and preferentially delivers these agents to cancer sites.
Formulation of paclitaxel in bladder cancer-targeting micelles significantly decreases the
toxicity that allows the administration of paclitaxel at three-times the therapeutic dose
without increasing the toxicity, and prolongs the overall survival by almost three-times in
mice carrying patient-derived xenografts.
Diagnostics
Therapeutic

33. MOLECULAR IMAGING

34. APTAMER-TARGETED NANOIMAGING AGENTS
Target Aptamer Nanomaterial Active molecule Application
VEGF receptor 2 DNA Magnetic nanocrystal Magnetic
nanocrystal
MRI,
Epithelial cell
adhesion molecule
DNA Magnetic nanocrystal Magnetic
nanocrystal
MRI
MUC 1 DNA qDS qDS Optical imaging
EGFR RNA hAUNS Radionuclide in 111 CT
Tenascin c RNA Carbon nanodots Carbon nanodots Optical Imaging
Protein tyrosine
kinase 7
DNA Dendrimer Fluorescein
cadaverine
Targeted cell
labelling
nucleolin DNA Silica NPS Radioisotope cu 64 PET imaging

35. DIAGNOSTIC
Carbon nanotubes:
Covered with monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies for growth factor receptor commonly found in cancer cells
Silicon nanowires
Similar in use to nanotubes
Antibodies attached to wire
Current changes measured
Can be applied to cancer cells and viruses

36. DIAGNOSTIC
Gold nanoparticles & nanodots
Similar application
Antibodies attached to nanoparticles
Nanoparticle antibodies bind to cancer cells
Colors reflected when light hits particles
Shapes and sizes affect color

37. DIAGNOSTIC
Silicon nanowire:
Can detect specific genes
Nucleic acids attached to nanowires
Specific sequences can be created
Sensor capable of differentiating mutated and nonmutated genes

38. DIAGNOSTIC
Molecular tracking:
Use quantum dots as labels
 Dots attached to molecules before injection
Fluoroscopy used to track movement
 Colors from dots seen and imaged

39. DIAGNOSTIC
Tracking blood flow:
Tag proteins of cells with gold nanoparticles
View process of angiogenesis
Important for cancer detection and imaging
Cancer imaging:
Injection of gold nanoparticles
Localization around tumors
CT scan shows cancerous regions

40. NEW ADVANCES- DIABETES – POLYMERIC
NANOPARTICLE

41. NEW ADVANCES- Diabetes -Biomems for insulin delivery

43. NEW ADVANCES- DERMATOLOGY
both topical and systemic treatments relevant in esthetic dermatology, treatment of
malignancies, and inflammatory skin diseases.
use of gold nanoparticle, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles in the development of
non-invasive nanoimaging of high-resolution dermoscopy, microscopy, and sentinel
lymphnode.

44. NEW ADVANCES- OSTEOPOROSIS
Role of nanotech Mech.
Enhancement of calcium bioabsorption
Bone cementing
1) PMMA
2) CPC
3) Calcium sulphate cement
4) Nanosized radiopacifier
Implant technology in osteoporotic
Bones
Orally administered nanosized calcium
carbonate and calcium citrate—greater
gastrointestinal bioavailability ,
Nanoparticles of MgO increased surface roughness and
osteoblastic activity, thereby allowing for greater
osteointegration of cement.
120% increase in compressive strength—
with CNTs;Better reactivity, wettability, and compressive
strength BaSo4 nanoparticles ZrO2 nanoparticles
increase tension strain to failure, tension work of
fracture, fatigue life of cement, and osteoblast adhesion
and activation.

45. SAFETY CONCERNS
Health issues
Nanodevices are sensitive. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects
Development requires very clean environments
Redundant copies compensate for high defect rate
Environmental issues
Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants; traditional filters are too big to
catch them
Potentially explosive properties of nanostructures
Toxicity of nanosilver particles and silver ions, which emanate from nanocomposites
Barium ions released from barium sulphate nanoparticles

47. POSSIBLE CONCERNS
Negative biological side-effects:
Toxicity of quantum nanodots
Effects on living organisms not well known
Gold nanoparticles safer:
Biologically inert
Won’t interact with other chemicals

48. RESEARCH GAP/FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
nanotechnology
Multifunctional
nanomaterials
Cost
effective
Environment
friendly
Appropriate
regulatory
frame work

49. NEW RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS ARE
NEEDED
Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment
Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped)
Small size may result in particles passing into the body more easily (inhalation, ingestion,
absorption)
May be more reactive due to surface area to volume ratio
Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals
Persistence - longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown

50. SUMMARY
An emerging, interdisciplinary science
Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth science, and
computer science
The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a tiny scale will lead to
New areas of research and technology design
Better understanding of matter and interactions
New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the environment, and
technology
A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away

51. THANK YOU