Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the molecular level to build tiny devices and materials with novel properties. It could enable targeted cancer treatment using microscopic robots to detect and destroy cancer cells. Various tools like microscopes and manipulators allow working at the nanoscale. Applications include stronger and lighter materials, drug delivery, stain-resistant fabrics, flexible electronics, and cancer detection chips. While promising benefits, risks include environmental and economic disruption if not properly regulated.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. 1 INTRODUCTION
“Imagine a world in which microscopic procreating robots are sent into the human body
with the mission of NANOTECHNOLOGY detecting cancer cells, disassembling them and
sending them out into the bloodstream as a waste products. Since fiction or reality?
In 1959, Richard Feynman made a statement “there is a plenty of room at the bottom”. He
bought forth-new concept based on study devoted to manipulating smaller and smaller units
of matter.
Until 1974, the materials were generally investigated at micrometer level, which was
known as micro technology. In 1974 the term Nano technology was coined by norio
Taniguchi at the university of Tokyo.
In 1986, MIT researcher Eric Drexler wrote his much published book “Engine of Creation”
which took Nano technology to the stage of general investigations of multiple interests.
1.2 DEFINATION
The term Nano is derived from Greek word, which means dwarf. Nano means billionth part.
A Nano meter is one NANOTECHNOLOGY billionth of a meter. An atom is approximately
one third of Nano meter.
We find various definitions for Nano technology. One definition is as follows. “ Nano
technology is a branch of engineering that deals with design and manufacture of extremely
small electronics circuits and mechanical devices built at molecular level of matter”.
The institute of Nano technology in the UK expressed it as “ Science and Technology where
dimensions and tolerance in the range of 0.1 Nano meter to 100nm play a critical role”.
1.3 PROPERTIES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
·Not only miniaturization but change in physical properties NANOTECHNOLOGY
· Laws of quantum physics

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·Metals become harder
·Ceramics become softer
·Composites and alloys of a whole variety possible
·Different interactions with light/other radiation
·New electrical properties
·Novel biological properties Smart materials
1.4 SMART MATERIAL
A smart material is one which is capable of detecting a change in its environment and reacts
appropriately so as to produce desired results . The reaction may be in terms of change of
shape or significant change in its physical property.
 Smart materials are;
 piezoelectric materials
 magnetostrictive materials
 Electro rheological fluids and magneto rheological fluids
 shape memory alloys
Figure 1.4.1: smart material
1.5 MEMS (MICROELECTOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS)
MEMS are the acronym for microelectromecanical systems. This is actually a result of ever-
continuing pursuit of humankind for miniaturization.
“MEMS is a process technology to produce tiny integrated device or system which
incorporate mechanical elements such as valves, gears, sensors, actuators along with on-chip
microcircuits to fabricate high performing low cost, compact engineering systems”

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CHAPTER 2
TOOLS USED IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
2.1 TOOLS USED IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
To manipulate at the atomic level first thing we require is the tool to see and locate the atom.
To do so we have various microscopes like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),
Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM), Atomic Force microscope (AFM). Scanning
Tunneling Microscope (STM).
The next tool is NANOMANIPULATOR, which eventually helps us feel the individual
atoms in the real environment.
The third tool is NANOTWEEZERS, The Tweezer structure can be closed with an applied
electrical field like a pair of chopsticks to produce a device that grasps and moves molecules
or atoms.
Figure 2.1.1 : Nanotweezers
2.2 NANO DEVICES
2.1.1 NANOTUBE
A Nano tube is a sheet of carbon atoms joined in a pattern of hexagon and rolled into a
cylinder. Nano tubes are stronger ,non-reactive and can withstand high temperature .

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 Nanotubes are better alternative to silicon component which will pose problems
because of continuing miniaturization.
 The Nanotube has been used in a computer circuit to make logic circuits.
 Electrical properties of SWNT can be used to generate mechanical motion from
electrical energy.
 The extreme sensitivity of electrical properties to presence of trace elements also
enhances their potential as sensors.
 Nanotubes can act as bearings, gears and even as pumps and pistons in combination
with Fullenes.
Figure 2.1.1.1: Nanotube
2.1.2 CARBON NANOTUBE
 Carbon Nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical Nanostructure.
 They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto 132,000,000:1.
 Nanotubes are members of the fullerence structural family. Their name is derived
from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of
carbon, ca-ed grapheme.
Figure 2.1.2.1 : carbon Nanotube

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 PROPERTIES
 Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light weight spacecrafts.
 Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. Helps in cancer treatment.
 Electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to
the Carbon atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical vapours.
 APPLICATION
 Easton –Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in making bicycle component.
 Zyvex Technologies using CNT for manufacturing of light weight boats.
 Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as they are small and emits less heat.
 In electric cables and wires.
 In solar cells.
 In fabrics.
2.1.3 NANORODS (QUANTUM DOTS)
 Nano rods are one morphology of Nano scale objects.
 Dimensions range from 1-100nm.
 They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.
 A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of
the Nano rod with different strengths. This allows different faces of the Nano rod to
grow at different rates, producing an elongated object.

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Figure 2.1.3.1: Nano rods
 USES
 In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed
by changing their orientation with an applied electric field.
 In microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)
 In cancer therapeutics
2.1.4 NANOBOTS
 Close to the scale of 10^-9.
 Largely in R&D phase.
 Nanobots of 1.5 Nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules in a
chemical sample.
 Since Nano robots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for
very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and
macroscopic tasks.
 Capable of replication using environmental resources.

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Figure 2.1.4.1 : Nanobots

APPLICATION
 Detection of toxic components in environment.
 In drug delivery.
 Biomedical instrumentation

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CHAPTER 3
APPROACHES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
3.1 BOTTOM UP:
In the bottom up approach different materials and devices are constructed from molecular components
of their own. They chemically assemble themselves by recognizing the molecules of their own breed.
Figure 3.1.1: bottom up
Examples of molecular self assembly are Watson crick base pairing, Nano-lithoghaphy.
Figure 3.1.2: example of bottom up

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3.2 TOP DOWN:
 In top down approach Nano objects and materials are created by laager entities without
bouncing its atomic reactions usually top down approach is practiced less as compared to the
bottom up approach.
 Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as Nanoelectromechanical
systems or MEMS.
 MEMS became practical once they could be fabricated using modified semiconductor device
fabrication technologies, normally used to make electronics.
Figure 3.2.1: top down
3.3 MATERIALS USED
 ZINC OXIDE:
Dirt repellent, hydrophobic, cosmetics & stain resistant.
 SILVER ION:
Healing property.

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 GOLD ION:
Chip fabrication , drug delivery.
3.4 NANO COMPOSITES
They are the type of composite materials with at least one dimension in the range of upto few
lines of Nanometer. They posses high plasticity, high resistivity and high diffusibility. They
are used in bumoers of cars.

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CHAPTER 4
APPLICATION
4.1 APPLICATION
The MEMS technology has found ready use in developing micro sensors for control of
manufacturing processes, vehicles, and biomedical systems to micro seismometers for
monitoring the earthquake phenomena.
 Nano sensors may be integrated into a material at the production stage without
distorting it, or they may be incorporated as invisible thin polymer layers on a surface
when changes occurs.
 Nano electronics will replace microelectronics. The components of these electronics
will include molecular mimics, bio molecules and DNA SET’s .Energy may
eventually be transmitted in circuits via photons rather than electrons.
 We will be able to produce faster and smaller computers.
 Besides electronic applications it has vast scope for medicinal applications. We can
have machines moving in capillaries clearing clots, stones etc.
 Internal bleedings and fractures can be treated.
4.2 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUGS(CANCER)
 Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
 Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in the body and release
drug does on a predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
 Attach the drug to a Nano sized carrier.
 They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer tumour.

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 Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
 Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
 Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
Figure 4.2.1: Nanotechnology in drugs
4.3 NANO TECHNOLOGY IN FABRICS
The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who are adding
Nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance.
Figure 4.3.1: Nanotechnology in fabrics

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4.4 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MOBILE
 Morph, a Nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia Research Center
(NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).
 The morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt repellent.
 It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using photovoltaic
Nanowire grass covering it’s surface.
 Nano scale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a Nano scale mesh
of fibers will allow our mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any
number of conceivable shapes.
Figure 4.4.1: Nanotechnology in mobile
4.5 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
 Electrodes made from Nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as
thinner than current flat panel displays.
 Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
 The transistors are made of Nanowires, that are assembled on glass or thin films of
flexible plastic.

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 E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields.
Figure 4.5.1: Nanotechnology in electronics
4.6 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTERS
The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by transistors based on
carbon Nanotubes.

A carbon Nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter
of around a Nanometer which consists of pure carbon.

Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays techniques due to less
consumption of electricity and less heat emission.

Size of microprocessors are reduced to greater extend.

Researchers at North Carolina State University says that growing arrays of
magnetic Nanoparticles, called Nanodots.

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Figure 4.6.1: Nanotechnology in computers
4.7 VIRICHIP
Using Nanotechnology, researchers have developed a tiny silicon chip that acts like flypaper
to trap and help rapidly identify viruses. Called the "ViriChip," the device was developed in a
collaborative effort between BioForce Nanosciences Inc. of Ames, Iowa and Iowa's Des
Moines University.
Figure 4.7.1: virichip

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OTHER USES
 Cutting tools made of Nano crystalline materials, such as tungsten carbide,
tantalum carbide, and titanium carbide, are more wear and erosion-resistant,
and last longer than their conventional counterparts.
 Silver Nano crystals have been embedded in bandages to kill bacteria and
prevent infection.
 Nano particulate-based synthetic bone Formed by manipulating calcium and
phosphate at the molecular level.
 Aerogels lightest known solid due to good insulating properties is used in
space suits and are proposed to use in space craft.

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CHAPTER 5
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
5.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of Nanotechnology.
Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.
Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and Technology
Initiative(NSTI).
Then in 2007 the Nano science and Technology Mission 2007 was initiated with an
allocation of Rupees 1000 corers for a period of five years.
The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
 Basic research promotion,
 Infrastructure development for carrying out front-ranking
research,
 Development of Nano technologies and their applications,
 Human resource development and
 International collaborations.

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Figure 5.1.1: IIT Mumbai project
5.2 POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE
 Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger ,
programmable materials that Require less energy to produce than conventional
material And that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,
aircraft and space vehicles.
 The future of Nanotechnology could very well include the use of Nano
robotics.
 The Nano robots have the potential to taken on human tasks as well as tasks
that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer
could potentially be able to performed.
 There would be an entire Nano surgical field to help cure everything from
natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.
 There would be almost nothing that couldn’t be repaired (eventually) with the
introduction of Nano surgery.

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Figure 5.2.1: Nano surgery
5.3 PITFALLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus
creating free radicals that can cause cell damage.
Once Nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain
barrier. The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purpose is the Nano-bomb that
contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a
community, country or even a civilization. Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can
be big threat for GRAY GOO.
6. RISKS FACTORS
 Economic disruption from an abundance of cheap products .
 Economic oppression from artificially inflated prices .
 Social disruption from new products and lifestyles .
 Collected environmental damage from unregulated products.

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CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that covers many areas of research. Nanotechnology
enables us to do radical things in virtually every technological and scientific arena. It will
also changes things in unpredictable and unanticipated ways.
As a conclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand
new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what we
knew before. The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near
future be real. This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of nanorobots
that will repair every damage that we have in our body.Secondly it will give scientists the
ability to manipulate the combination of atoms in an object and to turn it into a lighter,
stronger, and more durable object than before, just by using carbon nanotubes that are known
to be a hundred times stronger than steel and in addition to that they are very flexible. That
will lead to the creation of objects that can change their forms and have multiple purposes as
the Nokia Morph for example which is a prototype that will soon be out on the market.
Thirdly, Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy
more effectively, for example windmills which are known to have the ability to transform
wind energy into electrical energy, well new windmills that will use Nanotechnology will
have lighter and stronger blades (using carbon nanotubes) that will transform a lot more
energy thanbefore.
Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in the near future, it
is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true like teleportation for example
which scintists are working on today.

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REFERENCES
1. http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm
2. http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition
3. http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/introduction_to_nanotechnol
ogy_1.php
4. http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0957-
4484;jsessionid=E2DCBF9615388BF7F916B98119097491.ip-10-40-1-98
5. http://www.nanotech-now.com/
https://www.foresight.org/nano/
6. http://www.nature.com/nnano/index.html