This document provides an overview of nanoelectronics. It defines nanoelectronics as a branch of engineering that uses electronic components with dimensions measured in nanometers. The document discusses how nanoelectronics can be used to reduce the size of electronic devices. It also outlines several applications of nanoelectronics in electronics, energy, and displays. Finally, it discusses future opportunities for nanoelectronics in areas like flexible electronics, wireless devices, and molecular devices.

1. 1
Nanoelectronics…

3. “Nanotechnology is the art and science of
manipulating matter at the nanoscale”
What is NanoNanotechnologytechnology?

4. A nanometer is…
– one billionth of a meter
How Small Is NanoNanoscale?
Human Hair: Approx. 1x105
nmDNA Sample: Approx. 2 nm

5. • Branch of Engineering which uses
nanometer scale elements in design of
integrated circuits such that one of the
three dimensions of the electronic
component is in nm.
• Generally, Nanometer scale refers to
electronic circuits less than 100nm.
• 1 nm= 10-9
metres
NANOELECTRONICS

6. What is Nanoelectronics ?
Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at atomic scale for
developing the Nano machines. The main target is to reduce the size, risk
factor and surface areas of the materials and molecules. Machines under
nano electronic process undergoes the long range of manufacturing steps
each with accurate molecular treatment.
Nanoelectronics make use of scientific methods at atomic scale for
developing the Nano machines. The main target is to reduce the size, risk
factor and surface areas of the materials and molecules. Machines under
nano electronic process undergoes the long range of manufacturing steps
each with accurate molecular treatment.
Nanoelectronics is one of the major technologies of Nanotechnology.
It plays vital role in the field of engineering and electronics.
Nanoelectronics is one of the major technologies of Nanotechnology.
It plays vital role in the field of engineering and electronics.

7. What is Nanoelectronics ?-Contd.
The Nanotechnology field has been the subject of intense focus,
particularly from the viewpoint of the electronics industry. The
commitment is, no doubt, driven to a large measure by the current top-
down methodologies for fabrication of silicon-based devices. This is
implied in the next-generation approach towards manufacture of MEMS,
microprocessors, optical switching and several other electronic
components.
Nanotechnology is expected to bring about improvisation in deposition,
implantation, lithography and metrology, thus supporting scaling up of
silicon CMOS and is eventually expected to replace CMOS.

8. Advantages of Nanoelectronics
One of the obvious advantage is that Nanoelectronics reduces size and
scale of the machine with the help of complex integration on the circuit
silicon chips.
Advanced properties of semiconductors can be determined with the
help of Nanoelectronics.
Molecular scale Nanoelectronics is also known as “the next step” in the
miniaturization of electronic devices, with latest electronics theory and
research in the field of nanoelectronics, it is possible to explore the
diverse properties of molecules.
Extreme fabrication also supported the multiple use of single machine.
Parallel processing is also empowered by Nanoelectronics.

9. Applications Of
NanoNanotechnology for
Electronics

10. Electronics:
– Nano Transistors
– Nano Diodes
– OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
Applications Of Nanotechnology

11. Electronics(contd.)
– Plasma Displays
– Quantum Computers
Applications Of Nanotechnology

12. Energy:
– Batteries
– Fuel Cells
– Solar Cells
Applications Of Nanotechnology

13. EJ MOSFET (Electrically variable shallow
junction MOSFET)
NANO MOSFET

14. SCALING LIMITS OF MOSFET
• Technical problem: For channel length<30nm ,
insulating SiO2 is expected to be less than 2nm
thick. This thin layer causes gate dielectric
tunneling
• Physical problem: For channel length<10nm,
direct source-drain tunneling occurs.

17. QUANTUM EFFECTS IN ULTRASHORT CHANNEL
MOSFET
• Mobility enhancement due to decrease
in scattering
• Threshold voltage increases with
decrease in channel width

18. THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT USING
QUANTUM EFFECTS
• For <110> oriented device n type has
greater VT shift than p type
• For <100> oriented device p type has
greater VT shift than n type
• To keep VT same for both square
scaling i.e. width = height is used.

20. BALLISTIC TRANSPORT IN
NANO STRUCTURES
• At room temperature mean free path
of electron is around 10nm.So, at
ultrashort channel length electron
scattering decreases considerably.
• At channel length less than
10nm,scattering approaches zero. It is
called ballistic transport.
• With decrease in temperature mean
free path can be increased & ballistic
transport can be obtained at larger
channel length.

21. RESONANT TUNNELING IN
NANO DEVICES
• RT is observed in hetero-structure
semiconductor devices made from
pairs of different alloys III-V alloys..
• Eg. AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs diodes

25. CURRENT APPLICATIONS
In field of electronics & communication
• In solar cells to trap electrons
• Touch screens and flexible displays
• nanoradio, a radio receiver consisting of a
single nanotube, was demonstrated in
2007
• In fabrication of ultracapacitors (which
have high energy density)

26. NANOWIRES
• Electrons in nanowires are quantum
confined laterally and thus occupy
energy levels that are different from
that in bulk materials.
• Aspect ratios (length-to-width ratio) of
1000 or more
• Poor conductivity (edge effect)

30. WORLD’S smallest transistor
quantum dot with a tiny
circular cage at the center
known as the central island.
Voltage can change the
conductivity of these
quantum dots, allowing
them to store logic states
Ability to retain conductivity when only one
atom thick.
a small sheet of graphene is taken &
channels are carved into it using electron
beam lithography. What remains is a
Graphene Sheets

33. NANO RADIO
• A nanoradio is a radio receiver or transmitter
constructed on a nanometer scale.
• Currently only receivers have been developed(
October 2007)

34. WORKING
• The nanotube, is contained in a
vacuum and one of its ends is
connected to an electrode of a battery.
The other electrode is placed a short
distance from the nanotube's other
end. The tube will vibrate in tune with
any external electromagnetic signal,
effectively acting as an antenna. The
vibration frequency can be adjusted by
changing the applied voltage.

36. NANO EMISSIVE DISPLAY
• Launched in May,2005 by motorola
• Works by moving electrons through its
driver electronics and into the
nanotubes, which then direct the
electrons at groups of phosphors
(pixels) on the interior surface of the
display. When the phosphors are
bombarded with electrons, they glow,
giving off color—similar to the
operation of a traditional CRT

37. ADVANTAGES
• Light in weight and more slim
• Saves 20% to 30% more power than other flat
panel displays
• Manufacturing cost is estimated to be a half
to a third the cost of LCD and plasma displays

38. APPLICATION
• Laptop screen due to better power
saving & size
• Screens in fighter planes due to better
brightness & resolution
• Automotive and aeronautical purposes
• TV displays

39. WHY ONLY NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
FUTURE ELECTRONICS?
WHY ONLY NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR
FUTURE ELECTRONICS?
• Today microelectronics are
used and they solve our most
of the problems. Then why do
we need Nanotechnology?
• The two exceptional
disadvantages of micro
electronics are:
 Physical size
 Increasing cost of fabrication
of integrated circuits.
• Today microelectronics are
used and they solve our most
of the problems. Then why do
we need Nanotechnology?
• The two exceptional
disadvantages of micro
electronics are:
 Physical size
 Increasing cost of fabrication
of integrated circuits.

40. FUTURE SCOPE IN NANOTECHNOLOGYFUTURE SCOPE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics
• Nanotechnology for wireless devices
• Nanotechnology for molecular devices
• Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics
• Nanotechnology for wireless devices
• Nanotechnology for molecular devices

41. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE
ELECTRONICS
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE
ELECTRONICS
• Stretchable electronics or flexible
electronics is likely to be the future of
mobile electronics.
• Potential applications include
wearable electronic devices,
biomedical uses, compact portable
devices, and robotic devices.
• In the future, it is likely that graphene
will become a dominant material in
flexible electronics. Graphene is
nothing but an allotrope of carbon that
has superb electrical conductivity,
flexibility, and physical strength.
• Stretchable electronics or flexible
electronics is likely to be the future of
mobile electronics.
• Potential applications include
wearable electronic devices,
biomedical uses, compact portable
devices, and robotic devices.
• In the future, it is likely that graphene
will become a dominant material in
flexible electronics. Graphene is
nothing but an allotrope of carbon that
has superb electrical conductivity,
flexibility, and physical strength.

42. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WIRELESS
DEVICES
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR WIRELESS
DEVICES
• Visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence:
computation and communication always available and ready
to serve the user in an intelligent way.
• All these requirements combined lead to a situation which
cannot be resolved with current technologies.
Nanotechnology could provide solutions for these new
technologies.
• SENSORS- Micromechanical sensors became an elementary
part of automotive technologies in mid 1990, Within next ten
years the development of truly embedded sensors based on
nanostructures will become a part of our everyday intelligent
environments. Nanotechnologies will enable new materials
and new sensing elements for sensors. Nanosensors will have
applications in many industries, among them transportation,
communications, building and facilities, safety, and national
security, including both homeland defense and military
operations.
• Visions of the wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence:
computation and communication always available and ready
to serve the user in an intelligent way.
• All these requirements combined lead to a situation which
cannot be resolved with current technologies.
Nanotechnology could provide solutions for these new
technologies.
• SENSORS- Micromechanical sensors became an elementary
part of automotive technologies in mid 1990, Within next ten
years the development of truly embedded sensors based on
nanostructures will become a part of our everyday intelligent
environments. Nanotechnologies will enable new materials
and new sensing elements for sensors. Nanosensors will have
applications in many industries, among them transportation,
communications, building and facilities, safety, and national
security, including both homeland defense and military
operations.

43. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MOLECULAR
DEVICES
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MOLECULAR
DEVICES
• Reducing size of electronics is the
need of era and this can be achieved
with the help of molecules that can
be used in active devices.
• These molecules behave as diodes or
programmable switches that make
connections between wires and
consume less current.
• Thousands of molecules can be
sandwiched between two crossing
micro-scale wires to create an active
devices. Since molecular devices fit
between the wires, large area
savings could be achieved.
• Reducing size of electronics is the
need of era and this can be achieved
with the help of molecules that can
be used in active devices.
• These molecules behave as diodes or
programmable switches that make
connections between wires and
consume less current.
• Thousands of molecules can be
sandwiched between two crossing
micro-scale wires to create an active
devices. Since molecular devices fit
between the wires, large area
savings could be achieved.

44. • Nanotechnology with all its challenges and opportunities
will become a part of our future.
• The researchers are optimistic for the products based
upon this technology.
• Nanotechnology is slowly but steadily ushering in the
new industrial revolution.
ConclusionConclusion

45. Thank you!!t